1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*72
Petitioner, on an accrual basis, sold automobiles and received conditional sales contracts covering the balance of purchase price due. Petitioner sold these contracts to GMAC at face value without discount and guaranteed payment of the full amount due under the contracts.
34 T.C. 1065">*1065 OPINION.
Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's income tax for the year 1955 in the amount of $ 12,864.82. The sole issue is whether petitioner may deduct from its gross income a reasonable addition to a reserve for anticipated losses on conditional sales contracts which were sold with recourse.
34 T.C. 1065">*1066 All of the facts are stipulated and are so found.
Petitioner is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of California with its principal offices in Van Nuys, California. Its tax return for the calendar year 1955 was filed1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*74 with the district director of internal revenue at Los Angeles, California.
Petitioner was incorporated on November 14, 1947, under the name of Paul R. Warmee, Inc. Its name was changed in 1955 to Wilkins Pontiac. Petitioner is engaged in the operation of a Pontiac automobile agency located at 5848 Van Nuys Boulevard in Van Nuys. It maintained its books and records and filed its income tax returns on an accrual basis of accounting.
Nearly all of the sales of automobiles by petitioner during the year in issue were made by sales contracts under which some cash or a used car was received from the purchaser at the time of purchase and a contract was given by the purchaser for the balance due. These contracts were sold and assigned by petitioner to the General Motors Acceptance Corporation, a finance company, hereafter referred to as GMAC, at face value without discount and with full recourse. The pertinent provision of the conditional sales contract entered into by petitioner and GMAC is as follows:
In consideration of your [GMAC] purchase of the within contract, undersigned [petitioner] guarantees payment of the full amount remaining unpaid thereon, and covenants if default1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*75 be made in payment of any installment therein to pay the full amount then unpaid to General Motors Acceptance Corporation upon demand, * * *
By virtue of this guaranty provision, petitioner in 1955 reimbursed GMAC for losses in the amount of $ 5,030.17. This amount was reflected in petitioner's books and in its Federal income tax return as a charge to "Cost of Sales" resulting in a reduction in gross profits of $ 5,030.17. The gross profitfigure of $ 735,312.91 reported in petitioner's Federal income tax return represents gross profit after deducting $ 5,030.17.
Each year for several years prior to and including 1955, it was the policy of petitioner to credit an account identified as "Reserve for Losses on Contracts Discounted" an amount sufficient to cover anticipated losses based on a percentage of the balance of such contracts outstanding at the close of the taxable year. In the year 1955 the amount of $ 16,440.75 was credited to this reserve and claimed as a deduction in petitioner's Federal income tax return under the item identified as "Provision for losses on contracts discounted." The reasonableness of the reserve is not in issue.
Petitioner's books and records show a1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*76 balance as of December 31, 1954, in the "Reserve for Losses on Contracts Discounted" in the amount of $ 7,874,63, and a balance as of December 31, 1955, of $ 24,315.38.
34 T.C. 1065">*1067 Credits made by GMAC to the dealer's reserve as a result of the transactions between GMAC and petitioner were duly reported as income by petitioner in the year such credits were made.
In his notice of deficiency respondent disallowed the $ 16,440.75 deduction for increasein the reserve account for losses on contracts sold and also disallowed the $ 5,030.17 actual losses charged to cost of sales on the ground that it should have been charged to the $ 7,874.63 beginning balance in the reserve account. Petitioner agrees that if the increase in the reserve account is deductible, the actual losses paid are not deductible in 1955.
In
The familiar rule is that,
There is, then, no justification or basis for consideration of Putnam's loss under the general loss provisions of
* * * *
Here also the statutory scheme is to be understood as meaning that a loss attributable to the worthlessness of a debt shall be regarded as a bad debt loss, deductible as such or not at all.
It seems clear from the
(c) Reserve for Bad Debts. -- In lieu of any deduction under subsection (a), there shall be allowed (in the discretion of the Secretary or his delegate) a deduction for a reasonable addition to a reserve for bad debts.
The above provisions have appeared in the law in substantially the same form for a number of years. See
34 T.C. 1065">*1068 (a)
* * * *
(c)
While this language does not appear in prior regulations dealing with bad debt deduction, see Regs. 118, sec. 39.23(k)-1, and Regs. 111, sec. 29.23(k)-1, we think the above provisions in
We learn from
The full force of petitioner's arguments is directed to the proposition that petitioner has consistently used this method of accounting since it was incorporated in 1947, that it conforms to sound business accounting and correctly reflects its income, and that to deny an accrual basis taxpayer the right to establish this reserve for liabilities which experience has proved it will incur in the future, and the right to deduct reasonable additions thereto simply because the contracts have been assigned, is to "completely ignore the economic facts of life" and is not justified.
There is no evidence in this record from1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*81 which we could make a finding that petitioner has consistently used this method of accounting 34 T.C. 1065">*1069 for this particular item since 1947 or that this treatment of the item either conforms to sound business accounting or correctly reflects petitioner's income. The stipulation of facts states only, with reference to these points, that "[each] year for several years it has been the policy of petitioner to credit to an account identified on the 1955 tax return as 'Reserve for Losses on Contracts Discounted' an amount sufficient to cover anticipated losses based on a percentage of the balance of such contracts outstanding at the close of the taxable year," and that "the question of the reasonableness of the reserve is not in issue."
While we recognize and agree with the general principle that tax accounting should be brought into harmony with generally accepted principles of business accounting, there is nothing in this record to convince us that the establishment of a reserve for a contingent future liability such as this is recognized as good business accounting. Furthermore, it is well established that even though good accounting practice dictates that a business set up a reserve1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*82 to cover future liabilities, additions to the reserve may not be deductible.
1960 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 72">*83 In our opinion, in the light of
Respondent concedes on brief that if petitioner is not permitted to deduct the addition to its reserve, it is entitled to deduct the $ 5,030.17 loss actually incurred in the year 1955 with respect to the contracts sold.
1. It is interesting to note that section 462 of the 1954 Code as originally enacted (repealed, Act of June 15, 1955, ch. 143, 69 Stat. 134), allowing deduction of estimated expenses attributable to a trade or business, specifically excepted from its operation in subsection (d)(2)(C), any deduction allowable under section 166 relating to bad debts. The House Ways and Means Committee in its report (H. Rept. No. 1337, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., p. A163) indicated that deductions relating to bad debts would continue to be provided for under section 166.↩