70 T.C. 1067">*1068 Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income tax for the calendar years 1973 and 1974 in the amounts of $ 582 and $ 332.08, respectively. The sole issue for decision is whether the petitioner may deduct expenditures for tuition and books incurred during 1973 and 1974 as business expenses under section 162(a). ¹

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are found accordingly. The stipulation of facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference.

Petitioner, Leonarda 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*49 C. Diaz, was a resident of South Ozone Park, Queens, N. Y., at the time the petition herein was filed. She timely filed individual Federal income tax returns for the calendar years 1973 and 1974.

Petitioner came to the United States from the Dominican Republic in 1962. During the years immediately prior to her arrival in this country, petitioner was a student in her native city of Santo Domingo, attending a business or secretarial school.

Beginning approximately in 1959, and for 2 or 3 years thereafter, petitioner conducted a day school for small groups of pre-school-aged children in her home in Santo Domingo. She supervised various activities of the children in their native language, Spanish. These activities included teaching the children the ABC's, singing songs, and telling stories, reading books to them, and playing games.

It was possible for petitioner to operate this school, the functional equivalent of a kindergarten, and to charge a modest amount for this service, because there were at this time no public schools in Santo Domingo for children under the age of 7. Petitioner never taught in a regular classroom in Santo Domingo, although there was at that time no formal 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*50 teacher certification process there.

Petitioner obtained employment with the New York City Board of Education in 1968. She was a participant in that city's program for the utilization of auxiliary personnel -- paraprofessionals -- in the public school system. This program was designed to provide more effective education in the city through the 70 T.C. 1067">*1069 decentralization of and increased community involvement in the public schools. These objectives were to be accomplished, in part, by the classroom use of neighborhood auxiliary personnel, especially those persons who spoke the same dialect or language as the non-English-speaking children. Petitioner worked in various capacities as a paraprofessional in one of the public schools in her neighborhood from 1968 to June 1974.

During the school years 1968-69 and 1969-70 petitioner was employed as an educational assistant, and was assigned to preschool and kindergarten classrooms in Public School 63, Manhattan. The duties of an educational assistant included assisting the teacher with large group activities, guiding the children to work and play harmoniously, reading stories to small groups of children, and assisting with the necessary1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*51 clerical work. During the next 4 school years, and ending in June 1974, petitioner was employed in the same school as an educational associate. The duties of an educational associate included those of the educational assistant and other nonteaching duties, but included more responsibilities in reference to the instructional program. Under New York State law, teaching assistants including the positions of educational assistants and associates are authorized to act only under the general supervision of a licensed or certified teacher. See N.Y. Ed. Law, sec. 3009(2)(b) (McKinney 1970). ²

1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*52 A high school diploma, or high school equivalency diploma, was required in 1968 to qualify for employment as an educational assistant in the New York City public school system. By 1970, the requirement of 1 year's experience in the program for utilization of auxiliary personnel was added to the educational requirement. Petitioner qualified in 1968 for the position of an educational assistant on the basis of her high school equivalency 70 T.C. 1067">*1070 diploma, which she obtained in 1967, and her experience working with children in Santo Domingo.

As a paraprofessional employee in the New York City public schools, petitioner's advancement was largely dependent upon college courses completed at accredited institutions. ³ The board of education permitted its nonprofessional employees paid release time from work, up to 5 hours a week, to attend approved classes at various local colleges. In addition, the expenses for tuition and books incurred in attending such courses were paid by the board. These educational benefits were part of the board of education program for the utilization of auxiliary personnel, and the objective was to encourage its paraprofessional employees to upgrade and 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*53 improve their skills, and in some instances to provide training ultimately leading toward teacher certification.

1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*54 Petitioner participated in the education program for paraprofessionals 70 T.C. 1067">*1071 beginning in February of 1969 by attending Manhattan Community College. Such participation was not required of petitioner by the board of education in order for her to keep her job. She accumulated sufficient college credits and work experience such that she was promoted to the position of educational associate sometime in 1970. She continued her education at Manhattan Community College, earning her associate in arts degree in June 1972. About this time, petitioner matriculated at New York University, (NYU), beginning a program which ultimately led to a bachelor of science degree in education in June 1974. She was excused by NYU from its education degree requirement of practice or student teaching on the basis of her experience in the New York City schools as a paraprofessional. None of petitioner's expenses in attending NYU were paid by the board of education under its programs for paraprofessional education.

In New York City, the minimum eligibility requirements for obtaining a teacher's license (certification) are prescribed by its board of education. ⁴ During the years 1973 and 1974, the 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*55 minimum educational requirements for various classes of teacher's licenses issued by New York City all included a baccalaureate degree, as well as specified numbers of credits in education courses. ⁵ In addition, applicants were required to pass an examination in their subject field before a license could be issued. Further educational requirements were imposed in order for a teacher to become tenured, with the failure to satisfy these tenure requirements within a designated period of time resulting in termination of the license.

1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*56 Petitioner did not obtain her license to teach from the New York City Board of Education following her June 1974 graduation from NYU. This was because petitioner's scores on the national teacher examination were not considered high enough by the board to warrant her certification. Petitioner was, however, granted provisional certification in September 1974 upon her successful completion of a course dealing with drug 70 T.C. 1067">*1072 and alcohol problems. Provisional certification in both New York City and New York State requires a baccalaureate degree. Petitioner obtained employment after receiving her degree as a teacher in a day care center, but was not able to find employment during 1974 as a teacher in the New York City public school system.

On her Federal income tax return for the calendar year 1973, petitioner claimed deductions for tuition, technical publications, and incidental expenditures and books as business expenses in the amounts of $ 3,269, $ 175, and $ 200, respectively. On her 1974 return, petitioner claimed deductions as education expenses for tuition and for books and supplies in the amounts of $ 1455 and $ 292, respectively. It is not disputed that the amounts 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*57 expended and deducted for tuition were for undergraduate tuition expenses.

In his notice of deficiency, respondent disallowed for the year 1973 expenses claimed for tuition, technical publications, and incidental expenditures and books in the amounts of $ 3269, $ 56, and $ 100, respectively. Respondent disallowed the entire amounts claimed as educational expenses for 1974. ⁶ These deductions were disallowed on the ground that they were nondeductible personal expenses.

OPINION

The issue in this case is whether1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*58 petitioner is entitled to a business expense deduction for education expenses. These expenditures for tuition and books were incurred by petitioner in connection with college courses taken as part of a program of study leading to her bachelor's degree in education.

Section 162 allows a deduction for all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on a trade or business. Although this section does not explicitly mention expenditures for education, section 1.162-5 ⁷70 T.C. 1067">*1073 of the Income Tax Regulations provides objective tests for determining whether such expenditures are deductible (see Taubman v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 814">60 T.C. 814, 60 T.C. 814">817 (1973); Bodley v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 1357">56 T.C. 1357, 56 T.C. 1357">1360 (1971)), and has been upheld as valid. See Weiszmann v. Commissioner, 52 T.C. 1106">52 T.C. 1106, 52 T.C. 1106">1112 (1969), affd. per curiam 443 F.2d 29">443 F.2d 29 (9th Cir. 1971).

1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*59 These regulations lay down the general rule that educational expenses are deductible if the education maintains or improves 70 T.C. 1067">*1074 skills required by the individual in his or her employment or other trade or business or meets the express requirements of the employer. Sec. 1.162-5(a), Income Tax Regs. However, this general rule applies only if the expenditures do not fall within either of two specified categories. Thus, educational expenditures which are incurred to meet the minimum educational requirements for qualification in a taxpayer's trade or business or which qualify the taxpayer for a new trade or business are nondeductible personal expenditures. Sec. 1.162-5(b), Income Tax Regs. It is respondent's position that both of these nondeductible categories apply to the petitioner's education expenses, and we agree.

We consider first the question of whether the education which gave rise to the expenses in issue helped to qualify the petitioner for a new trade or business. If so, such costs are nondeductible personal expenses.

This Court has adopted a "commonsense approach" in determining whether an educational expenditure qualifies a taxpayer for a new trade or business. 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*60 Davis v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 1014">65 T.C. 1014, 65 T.C. 1014">1019 (1976); Glenn v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 270">62 T.C. 270, 62 T.C. 270">275 (1974). If the education qualifies the taxpayer to perform significantly different tasks and activities than he or she could perform prior to the education, then the education qualifies him or her for a new trade or business. 62 T.C. 270">Glenn v. Commissioner, supra;52 T.C. 1106">Weiszmann v. Commissioner, supra.

Petitioner argues that her college education was not part of a program leading to her qualification in a new trade or business because the duties of her employment did not change significantly once she obtained her degree. Rather, petitioner claims that she was actively engaged in the trade or business of teaching both before and after her graduation from NYU. We cannot accept this argument.

Before completing the requirements for her degree in June 1974, petitioner was employed as a paraprofessional in the New York City public school system. The job description for those positions indicates that the function of the paraprofessional is, in general, to assist the regular classroom teacher1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*61 or teachers in the performance of their duties. Such paraprofessionals are authorized to act only under the general supervision of a licensed or certified teacher. See N.Y. Ed. Law, sec. 3009(2)(b) (McKinney 1970).

70 T.C. 1067">*1075 We acknowledge that petitioner, employed as a paraprofessional, may have performed many of the tasks and activities often performed by teachers. However, this is not equivalent to saying that petitioner was a fully qualified teacher, within the meaning of the regulations, before obtaining her degree. Petitioner was not authorized to assume the complete control and responsibility for the classroom and the instructional activities within it. Moreover, she was not given the primary responsibility for the planning preparation of the instructional activities in the classroom. Accordingly, petitioner did not perform those duties we find essential to the teaching function when employed as a paraprofessional. Cf. Grover v. Commissioner, 68 T.C. 598">68 T.C. 598, 68 T.C. 598">602 (1977); Weiszmann v. Commissioner, 52 T.C. 1106">52 T.C. 1106 (1969), affd. per curiam 443 F.2d 29">443 F.2d 29 (9th Cir. 1971).

This is not a case 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*62 invoking the language in the regulations that all teaching and related duties shall be considered to involve the same general type of work. Sec. 1.162-5(b)(3)(i), Income Tax Regs. Each example used to illustrate this regulation involves a classroom teacher whose duties are not significantly changed when additional responsibilities are assumed. However, the petitioner was not a certified or licensed classroom teacher to begin with, and is thus not explicitly included by the examples. Moreover, we do not believe these examples suggest that a shift from paraprofessional to classroom teacher, with the significant changes in responsibility and control that accompany such a shift, is within the same category as those changes in duties that do involve the same general type of work.

Alternatively, petitioner contends that she was not engaged in a new trade or business after receiving her degree because she was still engaged in the trade or business of being a paraprofessional. This continuing status as a paraprofessional was attributable to petitioner's failure to pass the teacher's examination required by the board of education for certification.

This contention must also be rejected. 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*63 For educational expenditures to be nondeductible, according to the regulation, it is sufficient that the expenditures be made for education which is part of a program of study which will lead to qualifying the taxpayer in a new trade or business. Sec. 1.162-5(b)(3)(i), Income Tax Regs. The petitioner's undergraduate education resulted in a degree in education, and this course of study ultimately would lead to her qualification for a new trade or business as a teacher. 70 T.C. 1067">*1076 It is not necessary that petitioner actually meet all the requirements for qualification as a teacher if the education pursued leads to such qualification in the new trade or business. See 52 T.C. 1106">Weiszmann v. Commissioner, supra at 1111.

Accordingly, petitioner's expenditures were for education which led to her qualification in a new trade or business and are nondeductible personal expenses under section 262. However, even assuming that the education did not lead to her qualification in a new trade or business, the expenditures in question are nondeductible because they were incurred in order for petitioner to meet the minimum education requirements for qualification as a 1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*64 teacher. Sec. 1.162-5(b)(2)(i), Income Tax Regs.

The fact that petitioner may have been performing services as a teacher prior to June 1974 does not establish that she had satisfied the minimum requirements for qualification as a teacher. Sec. 1.162-5(b)(2)(i), Income Tax Regs.The minimum educational requirements for qualification of an individual in a position in an educational institution is the minimum level of education, in terms of aggregate college hours or degree, which is normally required of an individual initially being employed in such a position. Sec. 1.162-5(b)(2)(ii), Income Tax Regs. In New York City, its board of education prescribed as the minimum educational requirement for obtaining a license as an elementary school teacher the completion of a bachelors degree, with a specified number of credit hours in professional educational courses. Petitioner had simply not satisfied this minimum requirement at the time these expenditures were incurred because she had not yet earned her bachelor's degree. The education expenditures were made to enable petitioner to meet the minimum requirements for becoming a teacher, and were therefore not deductible. See Jungreis v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 581">55 T.C. 581, 55 T.C. 581">589-591 (1970);1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*65 Garwood v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 699">62 T.C. 699, 62 T.C. 699">703 (1974).

Petitioner argues that a person cannot obtain a license or certificate to teach in New York City without successfully completing a teacher's examination, even if that person has a bachelor's degree. Therefore, she reasons that the degree is not the minimum requirement for qualification as a teacher, and her educational expenses to obtain that degree are deductible because they were not incurred to meet the minimum requirement for qualification as a teacher.

70 T.C. 1067">*1077 We find this argument unconvincing. Petitioner is misapplying the concept of minimum educational requirements by confusing it with the notion of the last requirement for qualification in a trade or business. The bachelors degree is one of a number of requirements that must be met before petitioner can be licensed as a teacher, all of which are minimum requirements. Moreover, the regulations implicitly recognize this distinction by stating that law school expenses are nondeductible because they constitute education required to meet the minimum educational requirements for qualification as a lawyer; even though qualification is dependent1978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*66 upon successful completion of the jurisdiction's bar examination and not the education alone. Sec. 1.162-5(b)(2)(iii), example (3), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioner advances several other arguments that her education expenditures are deductible. We have considered these arguments carefully and do not find them persuasive. They are based for the most part upon cases interpreting regulations which are not applicable to the taxable years at issue, ⁸ or are otherwise distinguishable on the basis of the factual findings made herein. Accordingly, respondent's disallowance of the claimed deductions is approved.

Decision will be entered under Rule 1551978 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 47">*67 .