1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*549 Decision will be entered for respondent.
Petitioner husband, a medical doctor, and petitioner wife, a noted sidesaddle rider, operated a farm at which horses were boarded, bred, and trained. Over a number of years, petitioners incurred substantial losses in such operation. Petitioners resided on the farm, and the income from petitioner husband's medical practice allowed them to absorb the losses incurred.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
HALPERN,
Additions to Tax | Penalty | ||||
Year | Deficiency | 6651(a)(1) | 6653(a)(1) | 6661 | 6662(a) |
1987 | $ 22,284 | -- | -- | $ 5,571 | -- |
1988 | 22,683 | $ 1,134 | $ 1,279 | 5,671 | -- |
1989 | 28,881 | -- | -- | -- | $ 5,776 |
In her amended answer for petitioners' 1987 taxable year (docket Number 7690-90), respondent increased her deficiency determination against petitioners by $ 16,297 and increased the
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
The cases arising from the notices of deficiency and amended answer have been consolidated for purposes of trial, briefing, and opinion. The issues remaining for decision are: (1) Whether petitioners' 1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*551 horse farm constituted an activity not engaged in for profit within the meaning of
1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*552
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts filed by the parties and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference.
Petitioners are husband and wife, who, for the years in issue, made joint returns of income, computed on the basis of a calendar year. At the time the petitions in the instant case were filed, petitioners resided in Gainesville, Virginia.
Petitioner Frank Borsody (Dr. Borsody) is a medical doctor, who has carried on a successful medical practice. From 1984 through 1990, Dr. Borsody reported earnings from that practice as follows:
Year | Wage Income |
1984 | $ 77,497 |
1985 | 76,386 |
1986 | 76,498 |
1987 | 78,119 |
1988 | 98,658 |
1989 | 163,899 |
1990 | 118,899 |
During the years in issue, petitioner Kathryn Borsody (Mrs. Borsody), with assistance from Dr. Borsody, operated a horse farm called the Century Oaks Farm (the farm). At the time of trial, the farm boarded 13 horses, 8 of which belonged to petitioners, and 5 of which were cared for on behalf of others. For all of the years in issue, petitioners resided at the farm. In 1989, the farm was relocated to its present location, in Gainesville, Virginia.
1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*553 Mrs. Borsody was responsible for virtually all of the activities involved in the farm's operation, ranging from feeding and caring for the horses to mowing the fields and cleaning out the stalls. She also provided lessons in the discipline of sidesaddle riding. Mrs. Borsody's students paid for their instruction either in cash or by performing maintenance services with respect to the horses or the farm facilities. Mrs. Borsody worked on the farm approximately 12 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Mrs. Borsody is a noted sidesaddle rider, who, for the last 10 years, has competed on the show circuit. On the show circuit, a trophy is retired if it is won by an individual on three occasions. In addition to winning various honors and awards, Mrs. Borsody has retired the trophy in a number of competitions, including the Washington International Horse Show, the Devon (Pennsylvania) Horse Show, and the Harrisburg Horse Show.
Petitioners maintained extensive records on their horses, detailing the medical treatment, training activities, and competitive awards of each horse. Beyond the information compiled with respect to the horses, however, petitioners kept no financial books and records 1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*554 regarding the farm's operations, save for canceled checks and receipts that were bound by rubber band according to category.
Petitioners have a long history of losses from the related activities of operating the farm and competing in horse shows. Petitioners' tax returns for 1979, 1980, and 1982 though 1986 were audited by respondent, and petitioners were allowed net losses in the following amounts:
Year | Gross Income | Verified Expenses | Net Loss |
1979 | $ 12,439 | $ 36,105 | $ 23,666 |
1980 | 36,510 | 37,897 | 1,387 |
1981 2 | -- | -- | -- |
1982 | 34,960 | 41,171 | 6,211 |
1983 | 13,568 | 34,524 | 20,956 |
1984 | 8,290 | 49,427 | 41,434 |
1985 | 8,180 | 48,197 | 40,017 |
1986 | 800 | 34,266 | 33,466 |
For the years in issue, petitioners reported income, expenses, and losses from the operation of the farm as follows:
Year | Gross Income | Claimed Expenses | Net Loss |
1987 3 | $ 6,600 | $ 115,554 | $ 108,954 |
1988 | 780 | 72,933 | 72,153 |
1989 | 0 | 88,440 | 88,440 |
For their 1990 taxable year, petitioners reported $ 3,000 of gross income and net losses of $ 134,384 with respect to the farm. In 1991, petitioners showed a net profit of $ 20,019. That profit was attributable to the sale of a horse ("Can We Talk") for $ 175,000.
I.
The first issue we address is whether the farm, a horse farm operated by petitioners, constituted an activity "not engaged in for profit".
1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*556 a.
An activity is engaged in for profit if the taxpayer has an "actual and honest objective of making a profit."
The regulations promulgated under
b.
Most of the facts herein set forth have been stipulated, and it is beyond dispute that, with regard to the farm, petitioners suffered generally increasing losses for 11 out of the 12 years for which we have data. Respondent suggests that the farm was nothing more than Mrs. Borsody's unprofitable hobby, with the petitioners' true financial intention being not to earn a profit but to reduce the out-of-pocket cost of that hobby by deducting its losses against Dr. Borsody's substantial medical income. Petitioners' argue vehemently that the farm was not a hobby. there are no recreational aspects to the horse business. Unless you consider digging post holes, fencing, slinging manure, driving a truck, breaking toes, arms, and fingers, standing mare watch, feeding, caring and sheltering, being kicked and bitten, sweating and freezing by terms recreation? 1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*559 * * *
We have no doubt that petitioners devoted extraordinary amounts of time and energy to the farm and that it was hard work, often unenjoyable, for both of them. Nevertheless, hard work alone does not necessarily distinguish a hobby from a for-profit activity. E.g., the presence of losses in the formative years of a business, particularly one involving the breeding of horses, is not inconsistent with an intention to achieve a later profitable level of operation, bearing in mind, however, that the goal must be to realize a profit on the entire operation, which presupposes not only future net earnings but also sufficient net earnings to recoup the losses which have meanwhile been sustained in the intervening years.
1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*561 The farm's record of losses over the 12 years for which we have data (losses of $ 571,068) is persuasive evidence that the petitioners did not, during the years in question, expect to make a profit from the farm,
Our finding is consistent with other factors that we have considered. Prior to and during the years in issue, petitioners did not operate the farm in a business-like fashion. Although they kept extensive records concerning the care, training, and competitive accomplishments of their horses, they maintained no books and records regarding the operation of the farm, save for canceled checks and receipts that were bound by rubber band according to category. The record contains no indication that petitioners entered into any type of financial planning or engaged in analysis of their books and records with an eye toward increasing the farm's profitability. See
Petitioners also claim that,
Notwithstanding petitioners' protestations regarding the hard work involved with the farm (which we have no reason to disbelieve), we believe that the farm presented significant elements of personal pleasure for both petitioners. We have no doubt that many people keep and ride horses for recreation and compete in horse shows for other than pecuniary reasons. Mrs. Borsody is an accomplished rider, who has won numerous trophies for her riding. She did not deny that her riding and show activities give her pleasure, and we infer that they do. Clearly, her husband takes pride in her accomplishments. We cannot conclude that the virtues of farm life and the show ring do not provide an adequate and sufficient explanation for the hard work and losses undertaken by petitioners. See
Finally, we address petitioners' argument that, in determining whether the farm was operated for profit, we should take into account the petitioners' expectations that the farm itself would appreciate in value. See
For the reasons stated, we find that the farm was not an activity engaged in for profit during the years in question. Accordingly, we hold that petitioners' losses from the farm are allowed only to the extent provided for in
II.
Respondent disallowed, for lack of adequate substantiation, various Schedule A deductions claimed by petitioners for their 1988 and 1989 taxable years, in the amounts1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*565 of $ 8,681 and $ 21,516, respectively. Petitioners have introduced no evidence on the Schedule A substantiation issue. Since petitioners have the burden of proof on that score, which they have taken no steps to meet, we sustain respondent's deficiencies with respect to the disallowed Schedule A deductions.
III.
A.
Respondent also determined that petitioners are subject to
Respondent's deficiency determinations, which we have upheld, exceed 10 percent of petitioners' corrected liability, and, unless that liability can be reduced by (i) the tax treatment of any item by the taxpayer if there is or was substantial authority for such treatment, or (ii) any item with respect to which the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment are adequately disclosed in the return or in a statement attached to the return.
We have already held that petitioners did not conduct their farm activities with a bona fide intention of earning a profit, and no authority has been presented that would support the claimed deductions in the light of the facts of this case.
B.
Respondent also determined a
As we explained in
Here, petitioners concede that they kept neither account books nor ledgers with respect to the farm. Moreover, as we held in section II of this opinion, petitioners failed to maintain any type of books and records adequate to substantiate their claimed Schedule A deductions for their 1988 taxable year. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's addition to tax for negligence for petitioners' 1988 taxable year.
C.
Respondent also determined a
Petitioners' 1988 tax return was stamped as received by respondent on April 26, 1989, some 9 days after the date it was due. 6
1993 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 549">*570 On brief, petitioners allege that they properly mailed their 1988 tax return on Monday, April 17, 1989. Nevertheless, the cover in which petitioners' tax return was mailed (presumably bearing the postmark date of such mailing) is absent from the record. Moreover, the postmark date recorded on the return itself by respondent is indecipherable.
When the date of filing cannot be established by a tangible postmark, this Court has considered indirect testimonial evidence of mailing.
D.
Finally, respondent has determined a
As in the case of their 1987 and 1988 taxable years, petitioners substantially underreported their tax liability for 1989. Moreover, that understatement is unreduced by any items, the treatment of which is (1) supported by substantial authority, or (2) the subject of adequate disclosure by petitioners.
1. Respondent disallowed some of petitioners' deductions for expenses claimed with respect to the horse farm on the alternative theory that petitioners had failed to (1) substantiate payment of the expenses and (2) establish the ordinary and necessary nature of some of those expenses within the meaning of
2. Neither petitioners nor respondent has placed petitioners' 1981 tax return in evidence.↩
3. For the year 1987, $ 49,372 of the deductions claimed by petitioners were reported on Schedule C with respect to their horse showing activities, rather than on Schedule F, which dealt with the operations of the farm. We have not treated those as separate activities and see no significance in such treatment.↩
4. In the case of an activity engaged in by an individual * * * if such activity is not engaged in for profit, no deduction attributable to such activity shall be allowed under this chapter except as provided in this section.
For purposes of this section, the term "activity not engaged in for profit" means any activity other than one with respect to which deductions are allowable for the taxable year under
5. As previously noted, petitioners' 1981 tax return was not placed into the record by either party. Nevertheless, we have long adhered to the rule that the failure of a party to introduce evidence within his possession and which, if true, would be favorable to him, gives rise to the presumption that, if produced, such evidence would be unfavorable.
6. Apr. 15, 1989, fell on a Saturday. Thus, under sec. 7503 the due date for petitioners' 1988 tax return was Monday, Apr. 17, 1989.↩