121 T.C. No. 10



                UNITED STATES TAX COURT



            EMMANUEL L. ROCO, Petitioner v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



Docket No. 8470-01.                Filed September 11, 2003.



     Petitioner (P) sued the New York University
Medical Center (NYUMC) in a qui tam action under the
False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. secs. 3729-3733 (2000).
NYUMC agreed to pay $15,500,000 to the United States to
settle the case. The United States paid $1,568,087 of
the settlement proceeds to P in 1997.

     The parties dispute whether the $1,568,087 qui tam
payment is includable in P’s gross income for 1997.

     Held: The $1,568,087 payment is includable in P’s
gross income for 1997.

     Held, further, P is liable for the accuracy-
related penalty under sec. 6662(a), I.R.C., for 1997.
                                 - 2 -

     Emmanuel L. Roco, pro se.

     Patricia A. Riegger, for respondent.



     COLVIN, Judge:    Respondent determined a deficiency in

petitioner’s 1997 Federal income tax of $610,446 and an accuracy-

related penalty under section 6662(a) of $122,093.

     Petitioner sued the New York University Medical Center

(NYUMC) in a qui tam1 action under the False Claims Act (FCA), 31

U.S.C. secs. 3729-3733 (2000).    In the qui tam action, petitioner

claimed that NYUMC had submitted false information to the United

States which resulted in a substantial overpayment of Federal

funds to NYUMC.    NYUMC agreed to pay $15,500,000 to the United

States in settlement of the case.    The United States paid

petitioner $1,568,087 in 1997 as his share of the settlement

proceeds.

     The issues for decision are:

     1.   Whether the $1,568,087 payment that petitioner received

from the United States in 1997 is includable in gross income.      We

hold that it is.

     2.   Whether petitioner is liable for the accuracy-related

penalty under section 6662(a) for 1997.    We hold that he is.


     1
        Qui tam is short for the Latin phrase “qui tam pro domino
rege quam pro se ipso in hac parte sequitur”, which means "who
pursues this action on our Lord the King's behalf as well as his
own.” Vt. Agency of Natural Resources v. United States, 

, 768 n.1 (2000).
                                 - 3 -

     Unless otherwise specified, section references are to the

Internal Revenue Code as amended.

                         FINDINGS OF FACT

     Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

A.   Petitioner and His Spouse

     Petitioner resided in Merrick, New York, when he filed the

petition in this case.

     Petitioner and his wife, Milagros Roco (Mrs. Roco), have

been married since January 24, 1971.     Both petitioner and Mrs.

Roco are accountants and have accounting degrees from the

University of the East, Manila, the Philippines.     Petitioner was

employed as an accountant by NYUMC in New York, New York, from

1974 to 1992.   Mrs. Roco has worked as an income tax auditor for

the State of New York Department of Taxation and Finance since

1977.   She began training others to do tax audits in 1988.

B.   Qui Tam Actions

     Congress enacted the FCA in 1863.     Act of Mar. 2, 1863, ch.

67, 12 Stat. 696.   Under the FCA, either the United States or a

private person (the relator) may bring an action, known as a qui

tam action, against any person who knowingly presents to the

Government a false or fraudulent claim for payment.     31 U.S.C.

secs. 3729(a) and 3730(b)(1).    The relator in a qui tam action is

the agent of the United States, in whose name the suit is

brought.   31 U.S.C. sec. 3730(b); Vt. Agency of Natural Resources

v. United States, 

, 772 (2000).     The relator may
                               - 4 -

recover attorney’s fees and a share of the Government’s recovery

if the claim is successful.   31 U.S.C. sec. 3730(d)(1) and (2).

C.   Petitioner’s Lawsuit Against NYUMC

     Petitioner was fired by NYUMC in 1992 after he told his

superiors that he believed NYUMC had substantially overcharged

the United States.   In 1993, petitioner, acting as the relator,

filed a qui tam action against NYUMC in the U.S. District Court

for the Southern District of New York.    In that case, petitioner

alleged that, from 1984 to 1993, NYUMC submitted false

information and overcharged the United States for costs

associated with federally sponsored research grants and Medicaid,

Medicare, and Blue Cross/Blue Shield reimbursements.   Petitioner

researched the law concerning qui tam actions, drafted the

complaint, and appeared pro se in the qui tam proceeding.

     The U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York

intervened in the case.   The case was settled in April 1997.

Under the settlement, NYUMC agreed to pay the United States

$15,500,000, and the United States paid petitioner $1,568,087 on

May 13, 1997.   Petitioner, NYUMC, and the United States

stipulated:

     The United States agrees to pay the Relator pursuant to
     31 U.S.C. section 3730(d)(1), $1,568,087 within a
     reasonable time following receipt of the full
     settlement amount from defendant as described in
     paragraph 2. * * * This Stipulation does not in any
     manner affect any Claims the United States has or may
     have against the Relator arising under title 26 of the
     United States Code (“Internal Revenue Code”) and the
                               - 5 -

     regulations promulgated thereunder, or from any
     obligations created by this Stipulation.

     Petitioner asked Deborah Pugh (Pugh), the Department of

Justice attorney who handled the qui tam case, whether the qui

tam payment was includable in gross income for Federal income tax

purposes.   She told him she did not know and recommended that he

consult an attorney.   Petitioner asked Pugh to omit the paragraph

quoted above, but she declined to do so.   The Department of

Justice issued to petitioner a Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous

Income, showing that it had paid him $1,568,087 in 1997.

D.   Petitioner’s Efforts To Determine the Tax Treatment of the
     Qui Tam Payment

     Petitioner and Mrs. Roco believed that their accounting and

tax backgrounds were sufficient to enable them to correctly

determine whether the qui tam payment was includable in gross

income for Federal income tax purposes.    Petitioner and Mrs. Roco

researched tax cases, the Internal Revenue Code, Internal Revenue

Service (IRS) regulations, tax publications, and tax treatises.

Petitioner and Mrs. Roco correctly concluded that none of those

authorities discuss whether payments to a relator in a qui tam

case are includable in the relator’s gross income.   Mrs. Roco

told petitioner that she thought the qui tam payment was probably

not includable in gross income.

     After he received the Form 1099-MISC, petitioner requested a

private letter ruling from the IRS on July 23, 1997, as to the
                               - 6 -

income tax consequences of the qui tam payment he received.

Petitioner’s request was assigned to Sheldon Iskow (Iskow).     In

August 1997, Iskow told petitioner that there were no court cases

holding that qui tam payments are includable in gross income.

Iskow also told petitioner that he believed a qui tam payment is

taxable because it is analogous to a reward, and that the IRS

would rule that the qui tam payment was taxable unless petitioner

provided legal authorities for his position or withdrew his

request for a ruling.   Petitioner withdrew the letter ruling

request.

E.   Petitioner’s 1997 Tax Returns

     Petitioner made no estimated tax payments to the United

States in 1997 relating to the qui tam payment, but he did make

an estimated tax payment of $80,500 to the State of New York.

Mrs. Roco helped petitioner prepare and file his Form 1040,

Individual Income Tax Return, for 1997.    Petitioner did not

report the qui tam payment on his State and Federal returns for

1997.

     Petitioner and Mrs. Roco filed joint Federal returns for

1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2001, but they filed separate returns

for 1997.   They expected respondent to discover that petitioner

had not reported the $1,568,087 payment by matching the Form

1099-MISC with his 1997 return, and that respondent would decide

to audit petitioner’s 1997 return.     Mrs. Roco believed she might
                                 - 7 -

lose her job if she owed substantial tax for failing to report

the qui tam payment.

     The IRS began the examination of petitioner’s 1997 income

tax return in 1999.

                                OPINION

A.   Whether the $1,568,087 Qui Tam Payment Is Includable in
     Income

     We first decide whether the $1,568,087 payment made by the

United States to petitioner in the qui tam action is includable

in petitioner’s gross income.

     The qui tam payment to petitioner was the equivalent of a

reward for petitioner’s efforts to obtain repayment to the United

States of overcharges by NYUMC.    Rewards are generally includable

in gross income.   Sec. 1.61-2(a), Income Tax Regs.

     Petitioner contends that, if qui tam payments are includable

in gross income, taxpayers will be discouraged from bringing

actions under the FCA.   We disagree that this possibility

justifies holding for petitioner.    Petitioner’s point could also

be made with respect to taxing any reward, but rewards are

clearly includable in gross income under section 1.61-2(a)(1),

Income Tax Regs.

     Petitioner contends that the $1,568,087 qui tam payment is

not includable in gross income because it is not gain derived

from capital or labor.   See Eisner v. Macomber, 

, 207
                                - 8 -

(1920).2   We disagree.   Gross income includes all income from

whatever source derived unless excluded by law.    Sec. 61;

Commissioner v. Kowalski, 

, 82-83 (1977); Commissioner

v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 

, 430 (1955).    The Internal

Revenue Code provides no exclusion from gross income for proceeds

received by a relator in a qui tam proceeding.    In Eisner v.

Macomber, supra, the Supreme Court decided that a shareholder-

taxpayer did not realize gain on the receipt of a stock dividend.

The Supreme Court said that income is “‘gain derived from

capital, from labor, or from both combined,’” id. at 207 (quoting

Doyle v. Mitchell Bros. Co., 

, 185 (1918)), but it

does not include “enrichment through increase in value of capital

investment”, id. at 214-215.

     Neither qui tam payments nor punitive damages are intended

to compensate the recipient for actual damages.    Punitive damages

are includable in gross income.    O'Gilvie v. United States, 

, 90 (1996); Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., supra.

In Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., supra at 430-431, the

Supreme Court said that gross income includes all accessions to

wealth and that the definition of income in Eisner v. Macomber,

supra, “was not meant to provide a touchstone to all future gross



     2
        At trial petitioner suggested that a qui tam payment is a
nontaxable share in the recovery of a reimbursement. However, we
do not consider this theory because petitioner did not explain or
argue it on brief.
                                   - 9 -

income questions.”    Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., supra at

431.    The payment to a relator in a qui tam action is not a

penalty imposed on the wrongdoer; instead, it is a financial

incentive for a private person to provide information and

prosecute claims relating to fraudulent activity.      United States

ex rel. Semtner v. Medical Consultants, Inc., 

, 495

(W.D. Okla. 1997); Biddle & Matricciani, “Whistleblower Lawsuits-

-Health Care Billing Fraud Cases,” 36 Md. B.J. 3 (Jan/Feb. 2003);

Cavanaugh, “False Claims Act: Failure To Seek Legal Advice Not a

Violation of the FCA,” 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 318 (Summer 2002).

       We conclude that the $1,568,087 qui tam payment that

petitioner received in 1997 is includable in gross income.

B.     Whether Petitioner Is Liable for the Accuracy-Related
       Penalty Under Section 6662(a)

       1.   Burden of Production

       Taxpayers are liable for a penalty equal to 20 percent of

the part of the underpayment attributable to any substantial

understatement of income tax.      Sec. 6662(a) and (b)(2).   An

understatement is reduced to the extent that it is (1) based on

substantial authority or (2) adequately disclosed on the return

or in a statement attached to the return and there is a

reasonable basis for the tax treatment of that item.      Sec.

6662(d)(2)(B)(ii); sec. 1.6662-3(c), Income Tax Regs.      A taxpayer

may be relieved of liability for the accuracy-related penalty if

the taxpayer shows that he or she had reasonable cause for the
                                - 10 -

understatement and acted in good faith.   Sec. 6664(c)(1); sec.

1.6664-4(a), Income Tax Regs.

     Respondent bears the burden of production with respect to

petitioner’s liability for the accuracy-related penalty under

section 6662(c) because the examination in this case commenced

after July 22, 1998, the effective date of section 7491.

Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998,

Pub. L. 105-206, sec. 3001(c), 112 Stat. 727.   Petitioner

erroneously failed to include in his gross income the $1,568,087

qui tam payment.   Thus, respondent has met the burden of

production.   H. Conf. Rept. 105-599, at 241 (1998), 1998-3 C.B.

747, 995.

     2.     Petitioner’s Contentions

     Petitioner contends that he made a good faith and reasonable

effort to assess his proper tax liability by discussing it with

Mrs. Roco and researching tax cases, the Internal Revenue Code,

IRS regulations, tax publications, and tax treatises to determine

whether the qui tam payment was includable in gross income for

Federal income tax purposes.    He also contends that his failure

to report the qui tam payment on his 1997 return was reasonable

because he expected respondent to audit his 1997 return after

respondent matched the Form 1099-MISC with his return and

discovered that he had not reported the $1,568,087 payment.   We

disagree.
                                - 11 -

     Petitioner received a Form 1099-MISC for the qui tam payment

and expected respondent to audit his return.    Triggering an audit

by omitting income reported on a Form 1099 is not a good faith

attempt to comply with the tax laws.     Petitioner’s claim that he

was merely seeking to test the income tax laws is not credible

because he failed to disclose the payment on his return.

     Petitioner contends that the language in Eisner v. Macomber,

supra, to the effect that income includes only proceeds from

labor or capital, provides substantial authority for his position

that the qui tam payment was not includable in gross income.      We

disagree.   A taxpayer has substantial authority for his or her

position if the weight of authority in support of the taxpayer’s

position is substantial in relation to the weight of authorities

supporting contrary positions.    Antonides v. Commissioner, 

, 702 (1988), affd. 

 (4th Cir. 1990).     The

description of income in Eisner v. Macomber, 

 (1920),

clearly is inapplicable here.    See, e.g., Commissioner v.

Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. at 431; Helvering v. Bruun, 

 (1940); United States v. Kirby Lumber Co., 

 (1931).

The Supreme Court has limited Eisner v. Macomber, supra, chiefly

to the taxability of stock dividends.    See Helvering v.

Griffiths, 

, 373, 375, 394 (1943).    We conclude that

Eisner v. Macomber, supra, is not substantial authority for

petitioner’s position here.
                              - 12 -

     Petitioner’s withdrawal of his request for a letter ruling

upon learning that it would be adverse does not suggest he

exercised good faith.   The bona fides of his claim of reliance on

Mrs. Roco, who held (and holds) a responsible tax law enforcement

position with New York State, is undermined by the fact that she

did not act consistently with what she told him; i.e., she filed

separately for 1997, unlike their practice for prior years.

     We conclude that petitioner did not act in good faith in

claiming that the 1997 qui tam payment was nontaxable, and that

he is liable for the accuracy-related penalty under section

6662(a).

     To reflect the foregoing,

                                      Decision will be entered for

                                 respondent.