In 2003, AquaSource sold all of its remaining assets to unrelated third parties. Petitioner deducted under section 165 a claimed capital loss totaling *224 $176,952,975 with respect to those sales in the consolidated return that it filed for the Duquesne consolidated return group for taxable year 2003. After certain adjustments that respondent made and that petitioner does not dispute, the claimed capital loss deduction of $176,952,975 was increased to $192,835,360 (2003 asset losses in question).

On April 23, 2004, petitioner filed Form 1139, in which it carried back from taxable year 2003 $184,874,430 of long-term capital losses to taxable year 2000. Thereafter, on December 23, 2004, petitioner filed a second Form 1139, in which it carried back from taxable year 2003 $16,531,429 of long-term capital losses to taxable year 2000. Thus, a total of $201,405,859 of long-term capital losses was carried back from taxable year 2003 to taxable year 2000, $192,835,360 of which was attributable to the 2003 asset losses in question. Pursuant to section 6411, respondent 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*234 paid petitioner tentative refunds totaling $40,281,401 with respect to the two Forms 1139 that it had filed.

The period of limitations under section 6501(a), as extended in writing under section 6501(c)(4)(A), during which respondent may assess and collect tax for taxable year 2000 expired on December 31, 2006. The period of limitations under section 6501(a), as extended in writing under section 6501(c)(4)(A), during *225 which respondent may assess and collect tax for taxable year 2002 also expired on December 31, 2006. The period of limitations under section 6501(a), as extended in writing under section 6501(c)(4)(A), during which respondent may assess and collect tax for taxable year 2003 would have expired on June 30, 2010, but is suspended under section 6503(a) until 60 days after the decision in the instant case becomes final.

On January 8, 2008, respondent sent to petitioner a so-called 30-day letter with respect to the Duquesne consolidated return group's taxable years 2000, 2003, 2004, and 2005. Respondent attached to that 30-day letter a copy of an examination report (respondent's examination report) that one of respondent's revenue agents (revenue agent) had prepared as a result 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*235 of that agent's examination of those taxable years. (The Court will sometimes refer collectively to the 30-day letter and respondent's examination report attached thereto as the 30-day letter.) In respondent's examination report, the revenue agent asserted:

In summary, between 1997 and 2003, * * * [Duquesne] contributed capital of $471,200,414 to AquaSource. There were operating profits in four years: $1,985,576 in 1999; $3,003,334 in 2002; $1,752,752 in 2004; and $1,509,861 in 2005, or total operating profits of $8,251,523. There were operating losses in five years: ($641,240) in 1997; ($140,354) in 1998; ($35,572,514) in 2000; ($4,089,268) in 2001; and ($14,409,389) in 2003, or total operating losses of ($55,032,765).

*226 In addition to the operating losses, capital losses, after adjustment, were claimed on the 2001 sale of AquaSource stock to Lehman ($199,144,494), as well as on the sale of the assets of AquaSource: ($16,692,412) in 2001; ($57,273,704) in 2002; and ($176,952,975) in 2003. Accordingly, capital losses of ($450,063,585) were claimed in connection with * * * [Duquesne's] investment in AquaSource.

The revenue agent proposed the following determinations in respondent's examination 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*236 report:

When the capital contributed, and profits and losses (operating and capital) are viewed in light of the capital that was returned to * * * [Duquesne] when it shed itself of the water business, it is clear that the tax losses claimed in connection with this investment were excessive in that they greatly exceed the true economic loss incurred by * * * [Duquesne]. * * *

* * * * * * *

Since the consolidated group recognized a loss on the December 31, 2001 disposition of approximately 4% of the AquaSource stock, which loss was attributable to the fact that there was built-in loss in the underlying assets of AquaSource, the consolidated group is not permitted to take the duplicative losses when the underlying assets were sold in 2002 and 2003. Accordingly, the portion of the asset sale losses that are duplicative (determined by application of a ratio consisting of the loss claimed on the stock sale over the potential duplicative loss as of December 31, 2001, against the losses claimed per asset sale) should be disallowed by application of the doctrine of Charles Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62, 54 S. Ct. 596">54 S. Ct. 596, 78 L. Ed. 1127">78 L. Ed. 1127, 1934-1 C.B. 139 (1934).

* * * * * * *

* * * [T]here is a possibility of a duplicated loss anytime stock 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*237 in the subsidiary is disposed of prior to disposition of the assets held by the subsidiary and the assets have built-in loss. This is because the value *227 of the stock in the subsidiary is based upon the value of the underlying assets. If the stock is sold, generating a loss, and then the assets with built-in loss are sold, generating another loss, then the consolidated group gets a double deduction for what is one economic loss. * * *

On February 22, 2008, petitioner's representative filed a protest on petitioner's behalf with respondent's Appeals Office (Appeals Office), in which petitioner protested the proposed determinations in the 30-day letter. Petitioner did not reach a settlement agreement with the Appeals Office with respect to those proposed determinations.

Petitioner's representative sent to the Appeals Office on petitioner's behalf a letter dated August 26, 2009 (August 26, 2009 letter), in which petitioner questioned the reasoning behind certain of respondent's proposed determinations with respect to its 2000 tax liability.

In response to petitioner's August 26, 2009 letter, counsel for respondent sent to petitioner's representative a letter dated October 27, 2009. In that 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*238 letter, that counsel stated:

[Duquesne] claimed refunds (via Forms 1139) for the year 2000 by carrying the capital losses from 2001, 2002 and 2003 back to that year (on separate Forms 1139 for each year). Upon examination, the Service did not disallow the 2001 or 2002 losses, but did disallow the 2003 losses. Exam also proposed, in the alternative, to adjust DLH [Duquesne]'s 2005 year to force DLH to recognize its Excess Loss Account (ELA), which was largely attributable to the $199,114,494 *228 duplicated loss. The matter was not settled in Appeals, so that the proposed SND [statutory notice of deficiency] reflected the disallowance of the 2003 loss and the ELA adjustment for 2005. * * *

In the course [of] its review of the 2003 [asset] loss disallowance, it was necessary for Counsel to review the facts of the original 2001 loss, since those facts were relevant to the application of the Ilfeld doctrine³ under which the 2003 loss carryback had been disallowed. Counsel determined that, under a number of legal and factual theories, the 2001 [stock] loss [in question] was not allowable. Counsel recommended disallowance of the carryback of the 2001 loss as an alternative ground in support of 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*239 the adjustment for the year 2000, i.e., as an offset to DLH's refund claim for the year 2000. Counsel also recommended that 2002 [asset] losses [in question] claimed with respect to AS [AquaSource] asset sales (also carried back to the year 2000 via a Form 1139 refund claim) be disallowed under the Ilfeld doctrine.

³See Charles Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62, 54 S. Ct. 596">54 S. Ct. 596, 78 L. Ed. 1127">78 L. Ed. 1127, 1934-1 C.B. 139 (1934). The Ilfeld doctrine, where applicable, precludes multiple recognition of the same economic loss. The application of the doctrine is on a facts and circumstances basis.

On January 27, 2010, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of deficiency (notice) for taxable years 2000 and 2005. In that notice, respondent determined a deficiency of $36,996,999 for taxable year 2000. In that notice, respondent further determined, for alternative reasons, to disallow the carryback to taxable year 2000 of a total of $199,114,494 of claimed long-term capital losses. Respondent set forth in the notice the following principal reasons for those determinations:

*229 Item 7d—Long Term Capital Loss Carryback—2000

1. It has been determined that the capital loss in the amount of $199,114,194 claimed in connection with Duquesne Light Holdings Inc. 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*240 & Subsidiaries' (DLH's) transfer of shares of AquaSource to Lehman Brothers (Lehman) in 2001, and carried back to the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 in the amounts of $4,140,672, $59,706,339 and $135,267,183*, respectively, is disallowed for the alternative reasons explained below:

The transfer of AquaSource stock to Lehman was made in order to increase the value of DLH's remaining AquaSource stock and constitutes a capital expenditure under I.R.C. Section 263, therefore, no loss was incurred under Section 165. The cost basis of the transferred stock in excess of the amount considered received for the transferred stock must be allocated to the remaining AquaSource stock held by DLH.

The transfer of AquaSource stock to Lehman was property transferred in consideration of services provided to AquaSource. 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*241 Consequently, pursuant to Treas. Reg. Sections 1.83-6(d) and 1.302-3, the transfer of stock is considered to be a contribution of stock by DLH to AquaSource, followed by the transfer of the stock by AquaSource to Lehman.

The substance of the transaction was to compensate Lehman for its service to AquaSource with stock representing a 4.1667% interest in AquaSource. The form of the transaction involved interrelated steps, purportedly producing a disproportionate capital loss, which may not *230 be considered independently of that overall transaction. In addition, the transaction lacked economic substance.

The issuances of stock by AquaSource to DLH on November 13, 2001 and December 21, 2001 (the new shares) were not made in connection with capital contributions, but rather, were stock dividends. Pursuant to I.R.C. Section 307(a), DLH's basis in its shares of AquaSource stock is allocated pro-rata among the old and new shares. Consequently, if it is determined that a loss is allowable in connection with the transfer of AquaSource shares to Lehman, then the amount of that loss is computed as 4.1667% (50,000/1,200,000) of DLH's basis in all of its AquaSource stock, less the amount considered 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*242 received by DLH for the stock pursuant to I.R.C. Section 83.

Respondent set forth in the notice under the heading "Long Term Capital Loss Carryback—2000" the following alternative reason (respondent's alternative determinations) for disallowing the carryback to taxable year 2000 of a total of $199,114,494 of claimed long-term capital losses:

2. Alternatively, if loss recognition in connection with the 2001 transfer of AquaSource stock to Lehman is allowed, losses claimed in connection with the sale of AquaSource assets (asset losses) in 2002 and 2003 are disallowed, as those losses duplicate the economic loss claimed in connection with the 2001 transfer of AquaSource stock. Consequently, losses claimed in 2002 and 2003 in the amounts of $48,682,648 and $150,431,846, respectively, and carried back to the year 2000, are disallowed * * *.^{82013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*243}

*231 Respondent also made the following determination in the notice to include in petitioner's income for taxable year 2005 the excess loss account of AquaSource totaling $228,121,320 (excess loss account determination):

Item 7e—Excess Loss Account—2005

It is determined that the excess loss account in AquaSource in the amount of $228,121,320 is includable in income in 2005. Please note, however, that some of the other adjustments determined herein, if sustained or agreed, would have the effect of reducing the excess loss account and, in turn, would reduce the amount of this adjustment.

While the Court was considering the various issues presented in petitioner's motion and the only issue presented in respondent's motion, including the issues presented in those motions relating to respondent's alternative determinations, the Court was considering an issue (duplicate deductions issue) in another case, Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, docket No. 1376-10, that involved what the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Commissioner) alleged were certain deductions that the taxpayer 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*244 claimed for different taxable years and that represented the same economic losses of the taxpayer (duplicate or double deductions). The Commissioner was arguing in Thrifty Oil Co. that Charles Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62, 54 S. Ct. 596">54 S. Ct. 596, 78 L. Ed. 1127">78 L. Ed. 1127, 1934-1 C.B. 139 (1934), controlled the resolution of that issue. Respondent advances *232 the same argument in the instant case with respect to certain deductions that petitioner claimed for different taxable years and that respondent alleges represent the same economic losses of petitioner.

In recognition of the potential precedential effect of the resolution of the duplicate deductions issue in Thrifty Oil Co. on the resolution of the duplicate deductions issue in the instant case, Duquesne filed a motion for leave to file a brief amicus curiae in the Thrifty Oil Co. case (Duquesne's amicus brief), which the Court granted. In that motion, Duquesne described the duplicate deductions issue presented in Thrifty Oil Co., which involved "taxpayers who must comply with the consolidated return regulations", as the "same" as the duplicate deductions issue presented in the instant case, which also involves "taxpayers who must comply with the consolidated return regulations".

The Court 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*245 filed its Opinion in Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 198 (2012), and, as discussed in detail below, concluded that under the Court's caselaw and caselaw of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit), the court to which an appeal in Thrifty Oil Co. would normally lie, Charles Ilfeld Co. controlled resolution of the duplicate deductions issue presented in Thrifty Oil Co. The Court held there that the taxpayer was not entitled to certain deductions for the taxable years at issue that *233 represented or duplicated deductions for the same economic losses that the taxpayer had previously taken for certain other taxable years.

On the same date on which the Court issued its Opinion in Thrifty Oil Co., the Court issued an order in the instant case. In that order, the Court ordered the parties to file respective responses to that order explaining why Thrifty Oil Co. should or should not control resolution of the duplicate deductions issue presented in petitioner's motion and respondent's motion. Petitioner and respondent filed their respective responses (petitioner's response to the Court's order and respondent's response to the Court's order, 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*246 respectively).

The Court may grant summary judgment where there is no genuine dispute of material fact and a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b); Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518">98 T.C. 518, 98 T.C. 518">520 (1992), aff'd, 17 F.3d 965">17 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 1994). The moving party bears the burden of proving that there is no genuine dispute of material fact, and factual inferences will be read in a manner most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Dahlstrom v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 812">85 T.C. 812, 85 T.C. 812">821 (1985); Jacklin v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 340">79 T.C. 340, 79 T.C. 340">344 (1982).

In petitioner's motion, petitioner requests the Court to grant summary adjudication in its favor on several issues. Petitioner initially asks the Court for *234 summary adjudication in its favor with respect to the duplicate deductions issue raised in respondent's alternative determinations that petitioner is not entitled to deduct for taxable year 2003 and carry back to taxable year 2000 $150,431,846 of the $192,835,360 of 2003 asset losses in question.⁹ In support of that request, petitioner argues that neither Charles Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62, 54 S. Ct. 596">54 S. Ct. 596, 78 L. Ed. 1127">78 L. Ed. 1127, 1934-1 C.B. 139, nor Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 198, which relied on Charles Ilfeld 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*247 Co. and caselaw of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, controls resolution of respondent's alternative determinations. According to petitioner, "the result sought by Respondent [in respondent's alternative determinations] could only be obtained by issuing regulations".

In respondent's motion, respondent asks the Court to grant summary adjudication in respondent's favor with respect to the duplicate deductions issue raised in respondent's alternative determinations that petitioner is not entitled to deduct for 2002 and 2003, respectively, and carry back to taxable year 2000 $48,682,648 of the $59,584,738 of 2002 asset losses in question and $150,431,846 *235 of the $192,835,360 of 2003 asset losses in question.^{102013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*249} In support of that request, respondent argues that both Charles Ilfeld Co. and Thrifty Oil Co., which relied on Charles Ilfeld 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*248 Co., control resolution of respondent's alternative determinations. According to respondent:

Ilfeld continued to be a vital canon of statutory construction in tax law generally, and, more specifically, the [Woods Investment Co. v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 274">85 T.C. 274 (1985)] line of cases established that the Ilfeld doctrine continues to be a vital canon of statutory construction in the consolidated return area—even well after the implementation of former § 1.1502-32 [Income Tax Regs.] (which in fact would have prevented any duplication of loss under the specific facts of Ilfeld * * *).

In the event the Court were to sustain respondent's alternative determinations, petitioner asks the Court in petitioner's motion to conclude that under section 6501 respondent is not permitted to assess and collect a deficiency *236 for taxable year 2000—a year with respect to which the parties agree the period of limitations under section 6501(a) and (c)(4)(A) has expired—that is attributable to the carryback to that year from taxable year 2002—a year with respect to which the parties agree the period of limitations under section 6501(a) and (c)(4)(A) has expired—of $48,682,648 of the $59,584,738 of 2002 asset losses in question.^{112013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*250} (The Court will refer to the issue relating to section 6501 presented in petitioner's motion as the statute of limitations issue.) Ilfeld Issue

In Charles Ilfeld Co., the Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) considered whether the taxpayer, the parent of a group of companies that filed consolidated returns, was entitled to deduct for the taxable year at issue certain losses that had arisen in connection with the dissolution of two of its subsidiaries where, from an economic standpoint, the taxpayer, as the parent of that consolidated group, had deducted those same losses as operating losses of those subsidiaries for certain taxable years that preceded the taxable year at issue. The Supreme Court held that the taxpayer was not entitled to those claimed *237 deductions for the taxable year at issue. The Supreme Court gave the following reasons for so holding:

The allowance claimed [by the taxpayer] would permit * * * [the taxpayer] twice to use the [taxpayer's] subsidiaries' losses for the reduction of its taxable income. By means of the consolidated returns in earlier years it was enabled to deduct them. And now it claims for 1929 deductions for diminution of assets resulting from the same losses. If allowed, this would be the practical equivalent of double deduction. 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*251 In the absence of a provision of the * * * [Revenue Act of 1928] definitely requiring it, a purpose so opposed to precedent and equality of treatment of taxpayers will not be attributed to lawmakers. * * * There is nothing in the * * * [Revenue Act of 1928] that purports to authorize double deduction of losses or in the regulations to suggest that the commissioner construed any of its provisions to empower him to prescribe a regulation that would permit consolidated returns to be made on the basis now claimed by * * * [the taxpayer].

In Thrifty Oil Co., the Court considered whether the taxpayer, the parent of a group of corporations that filed consolidated returns (Thrifty consolidated return group), was entitled to deductions for the taxable years at issue for certain environmental remediation expenses if, as the Commissioner claimed, those deductions, from an economic standpoint, duplicated deductions for certain capital losses that the taxpayer had taken for taxable years which were not before the Court and with respect to which the respective periods of limitations under section 6501 had expired. Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 198. 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*252 The Court *238 found that the environmental remediation expense deductions at issue in Thrifty Oil Co. and the capital loss deductions in question represented the same economic loss. 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 212. The Court held that under Charles Ilfeld Co. and caselaw of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit the taxpayer was not entitled for the taxable years at issue to deductions for certain environmental remediation expenses. 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 218. Because it will be helpful in understanding the import of both Charles Ilfeld Co. and Thrifty Oil Co. to the Court's resolution of the parties' dispute in the instant case with respect to the Ilfeld issue raised in respondent's alternative determinations, the Court will describe in detail the facts and the analyses in Thrifty Oil Co. on which the Court based that finding and that holding.

In Thrifty Oil Co., the taxpayer, through one of its subsidiaries, acquired certain property on which an oil refinery was located (refinery property). Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 199. Because of certain refinery operations, that property suffered certain environmental contamination, and the taxpayer and the subsidiary were responsible for remediation of the refinery 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*253 property. Id. As of September 1996, the contingent environmental remediation liabilities with respect to the refinery property totaled $29,070,000. 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 200.

In 1996, pursuant to a so-called environmental remediation strategy, one of the taxpayer's subsidiaries sold certain stock and claimed a capital loss of *239 $29,074,800 (1996 capital loss) with respect to that sale in the Thrifty consolidated return group return that the taxpayer filed for taxable year ended September 30, 1996.^{122013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*254} 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 202. The taxpayer deducted approximately $2.8 million of that capital loss for that taxable year and carried forward the remainder of that loss to, and claimed capital loss deductions of $5,348,310, $3,755,873, and $6,360,553 for, the following three taxable years: taxable years ended September 30, 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Id. n.7. Thereafter, the taxpayer claimed deductions for the remaining $10,727,595 of the 1996 capital loss for taxable years ended September 30, 2000 and 2001. 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 202.

During 1996 and certain years thereafter, another of the taxpayer's subsidiaries made certain expenditures for the remediation of the refinery property (environmental remediation expenses). Id. The taxpayer provided the funds used to pay those expenses. Id. The taxpayer claimed deductions of $339,435, *240 $1,854,405, and $14,505,358 for taxable years ended September 30, 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively, for its payment of certain environmental remediation expenses. Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 202-203. Thereafter, the taxpayer claimed deductions of $3,109,962, $4,108,429, and $3,891,571 for taxable years ended September 30, 2000, 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*255 2001, and 2002, respectively, for its payment of certain environmental remediation expenses. 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 203.

In a notice of deficiency (Thrifty Oil notice), the Commissioner determined to disallow capital loss carryover deductions of $1,426,576 and $9,301,019 for taxable years ended September 30, 2000 and 2001, respectively, and environmental remediation expense deductions of $4,370,802, $4,108,429, and $3,891,571 for taxable years ended September 30, 2000, 2001, and 2002.¹³Id. In support of those determinations, the Commissioner further determined that those capital loss carryover deductions and those environmental remediation expense deductions "duplicate tax benefits already claimed for a single economic loss." Id.

After certain stipulations and certain concessions, the sole issue before the Court in Thrifty 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*256 Oil Co. was whether the taxpayer was entitled to the environmental *241 remediation expense deductions that it claimed for taxable years ended September 30, 2000, 2001, and 2002. 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 204. The Commissioner's only argument in support of his position that the taxpayer was not entitled to those claimed deductions was that they "duplicate $18,347,205 in capital loss deductions * * * [the taxpayer] claimed for years not before the Court, and hence * * * [the taxpayer] is not entitled to up to $18,347,205 of the claimed environmental remediation expense deductions." 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 204-205.

After examining caselaw of this Court and the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, this Court concluded that "[t]he Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, like the Tax Court, follows the Ilfeld doctrine." 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 212 (emphasis added). It is significant for purposes of the instant case that the Court came to that conclusion in Thrifty Oil Co. after having examined several of the cases, e.g., Woods Inv. Co. v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 274">85 T.C. 274 (1985), Wyman-Gordon Co. & Rome Indus. Inc. v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 207">89 T.C. 207 (1987), CSI Hydrostatic Testers, Inc. v. Commissioner, 103 T.C. 398">103 T.C. 398 (1994), aff'd, 62 F.3d 136">62 F.3d 136 (5th Cir. 1995), 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*257 on which Duquesne relies as petitioner in the instant case, and relied as amicus in Thrifty Oil Co., to support its position that the Court does not follow the interpretation of Charles Ilfeld Co. that respondent advances in the instant case, and advanced in Thrifty Oil Co. In Thrifty Oil Co., the Court analyzed those cases in *242 order to explain how the Court previously "has applied the Supreme Court's pronouncement of the Ilfeld doctrine". Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 206. The Court concluded on the basis of that analysis that "[i]f the deductions represent the same economic loss to petitioner and petitioner cannot point to a specific provision demonstrating Congress' intent to allow the double deductions, then the claimed environmental remediation expense deductions must be disallowed." 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 212.

In an attempt to avoid the application of the holding in Charles Ilfeld Co. to the duplicate deductions issue in Thrifty Oil Co., the taxpayer argued in Thrifty Oil Co. (1) that the capital loss deductions that it claimed for taxable years before the taxable years at issue and the environmental remediation expense deductions that it claimed for the years at issue did not 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*258 represent the same economic loss (no double deduction argument) and (2) that it could point to a specific provision, i.e., section 162, demonstrating the intention of Congress to allow the double deductions (specific provision argument). See 139 T.C. 198">id. at 212, 214. The Court rejected both of those arguments. See id.

In rejecting the taxpayer's no double deduction argument in Thrifty Oil Co., the Court found:

*243 Both the capital loss and the environmental remediation expense deductions represent costs associated with the cleanup of the * * * [refinery property]. The capital loss represents the unpaid liability, and the environmental remediation expense deductions represent the actual cost when paid. This—deducting the unpaid liability in the form of a capital loss and then deducting it again when paid—is the core problem of this case. * * *

In rejecting the taxpayer's specific provision argument in Thrifty Oil Co., the Court concluded that section 162 is a "general allowance provision" which "does not reflect a 'clear declaration of intent' to allow a double deduction." 139 T.C. 198">Id. at 214 (quoting Brenner v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 878">62 T.C. 878, 62 T.C. 878">884-885 (1974)).

In petitioner's response to the Court's order 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*259 in the instant case ordering the parties to file respective responses to that order, in which they were to explain why Thrifty Oil Co. should or should not control resolution of the Ilfeld issue presented in the petitioner's motion and respondent's motion, petitioner maintains that Thrifty Oil Co. should not control the outcome of the instant case because (1) in Thrifty Oil Co. the Court followed certain caselaw of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, including Marwais Steel Co. v. Commissioner, 354 F.2d 997">354 F.2d 997 (9th Cir. 1965), aff'g38 T.C. 633">38 T.C. 633 (1962), that interpreted and applied Charles Ilfeld Co. in a certain way, and (2) the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit), the court to which an appeal in the instant *244 case would normally lie, has interpreted and applied Charles Ilfeld Co. in a manner that is different from the way in which the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has interpreted and applied that case.

The Court turns first to petitioner's argument about Marwais Steel Co. According to petitioner:

In Marwais, the Ninth Circuit interpreted what it conceded was dicta in Ilfeld as an overriding principle that takes precedence 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*260 over the plain meaning of the Code. Marwais, 354 F.2d 997">354 F.2d at 998-99.⁵ Interpreting Marwais, Thrifty Oil stated that the so-called Ilfeld doctrine prevents a double tax benefit unless the words of a specific provision show congressional intent to allow the double benefit. 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 212. * * *

* * * In using Ilfeld to override the plain meaning of section 162 without examining either the law's intent or the intent of the legislative regulations governing consolidated groups, Thrifty Oil is firmly aligned with Ninth Circuit precedent. As such, Thrifty Oil should not govern the outcome of this case. Rather, petitioner should prevail under the Third Circuit's approach.

⁵The Ninth Circuit recognized that "part of what was there said [in Ilfeld] was dicta," but stated that "it is dicta the court will follow in cases having any similarity at all on double deductions for a single economic loss." Marwais, 354 F.2d 997">354 F.2d at 998-99.

Petitioner misconstrues both what the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit said in Marwais Steel Co. with respect to the application of Charles Ilfeld Co. in that court and what this Court said in Thrifty Oil Co. about the import of what that Court of Appeals said on this Court's 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*261 resolution of the duplicate deductions issue *245 presented in Thrifty Oil Co. In Marwais Steel Co., the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated:

We conclude, as the tax court did, plausible as the position of Marwais is, there is a message in Ilfeld Co. * * *, another double tax deduction disallowed. We follow taxpayer's argument that part of what was there said was dicta. * * * If what it said there was dicta, we believe that it is dicta the court will follow in cases having any similarity at all on double deductions for a single economic loss. [Fn. ref. omitted.]

In Thrifty Oil Co., the Court construed the above-quoted excerpt from Marwais as meaning just what it says and nothing more: "The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, like the Tax Court, follows the Ilfeld doctrine." Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 212. Contrary to petitioner's argument, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit said nothing more about Charles Ilfeld Co. that influenced the Court's resolution of the duplicate deductions issue in Thrifty Oil Co.^{142013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*262}

*246 The Court turns now to petitioner's argument that Charles Ilfeld Co. should not apply in the instant case because, according to petitioner, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit "does not follow the Marwais approach [of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]" in interpreting 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*263 and applying that Supreme Court case. In support of that argument, petitioner relies principally on Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 400 F.2d 407">400 F.2d 407 (3d Cir. 1968), aff'g48 T.C. 251">48 T.C. 251 (1967), and rev'g48 T.C. 265">48 T.C. 265 (1967). In Estate of Miller, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit considered two related decisions on appeal from the Court in cases that involved the respective estates of a husband and a wife where the wife predeceased her husband. Her testamentary plan provided that the residue of her estate was to be held in a trust with the trust corpus to be divided into two shares. 400 F.2d 407">Id. at 408. One share of the trust corpus was to equal 40 percent (40 percent share), and the other share thereof was to equal 60 percent (60 percent share). Id. The net income of *247 the 40 percent share was to be distributed to the husband for his life.¹⁵Id. The husband had a general testamentary power of appointment over the 40 percent share, but if he died without exercising that power of appointment, the income from that share was to be distributed to the couple's son and the remainder was to be distributed to a charitable corporation. Id. The husband exercised his general power of appointment in his 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*264 will and provided that upon his death the income from the 40 percent share was to be distributed to the couple's son and the remainder was to be distributed to a charitable corporation. 400 F.2d 407">Id. at 409. The wife's estate claimed (1) a marital deduction (wife's marital deduction) equal to the value at the time of her death of the 40 percent share of the trust corpus and (2) a charitable deduction (wife's charitable contribution deduction) equal to the value at the time of her death of the remainder of 40 percent of the trust corpus. 400 F.2d 407">Id. at 409-410. After the husband died, the husband's estate claimed a charitable deduction (husband's charitable contribution deduction) equal to the value at the time of his death of the remainder of the trust that he had appointed to the charitable corporation. 400 F.2d 407">Id. at 410.

*248 The Court had held in the related cases (1) that the wife's estate was entitled to both the wife's charitable contribution deduction and the wife's 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*265 marital deduction, Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 48 T.C. 251">48 T.C. 251, and (2) that the husband's estate was not entitled to the husband's charitable contribution deduction because that deduction was based on the same transfer of the same property to the same charity, which also was the basis of the wife's charitable contribution deduction, Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 48 T.C. 265">48 T.C. 265.

The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed the Court's decision in the case that involved the husband's estate and held that that estate was entitled to the husband's charitable contribution deduction. Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 400 F.2d 407">400 F.2d at 413. In so holding, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit described the circumstances under which the courts have applied the Charles Ilfeld Co. case as follows:

The line of cases cited by the Commissioner descending from Charles Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62, 292 U.S. 62">68, 54 S. Ct. 596">54 S. Ct. 596, 78 L. Ed. 1127">78 L. Ed. 1127, 1934-1 C.B. 139 (1934), and allegedly supporting the rule of tax interpretation that double deductions are not permitted absent express statutory mandate, is merely a variation on the "avoid absurd results" rule. In addition, this tax "rule" has rarely been applied outside 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*266 the peculiar income tax context of consolidated corporate income tax reporting and attempted double deductions of business losses, and it cannot be regarded as a legitimate canon of estate tax interpretation to assist the court in this case. [Emphasis added; fn. refs. omitted.]

In a footnote to the above-quoted text, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit observed:

The "rule against double deductions" seems particularly unuseful in the present case since, with respect to one "doubling," we are presented with separate taxpayers seeking deductions and since we observe that Congress has acted explicitly on one occasion to prevent double deductions arising in an estate tax context. See § 642(g) with reference to §§ 2053 and 2054. In addition, using broad equitable consideration, such as preventing multiple deductions, to solve problems raised by a tax statute is a dangerous course, e.g., Budd Company v. United States, 252 F.2d 456">252 F.2d 456, 252 F.2d 456">458 (3rd Cir. 1957). This applies to the Commissioner's observation that his position of a marital deduction for Edna [the wife] and a charitable deduction for Hugh [the husband] will produce a lower total tax bill than that resulting from the 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*267 Tax Court's conclusion. This ironic wrinkle in this case may simply result from the fact that a wealthier husband survived his wife.

As the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit itself pointed out, Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 400 F.2d 407">400 F.2d 407, is materially distinguishable from a case like the instant case involving "consolidated corporate income tax reporting and attempted double deductions of business losses". 400 F.2d 407">Id. at 411. Indeed, in such a case the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has applied Charles Ilfeld Co. in order to prevent the double deduction of the same losses. See Greif Cooperage Corp. v. Commissioner, 85 F.2d 365">85 F.2d 365 (3d Cir. 1936), aff'g31 B.T.A. 374">31 B.T.A. 374 (1934). *250 Greif Cooperage Corp. involved the parent of a consolidated return group that claimed a deduction for losses incurred in connection with the liquidation of certain of its subsidiaries. The Commissioner disallowed those losses because that group had already deducted the operating losses of those subsidiaries. In holding that the Commissioner's position should be sustained, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit relied on Charles Ilfeld Co. v. Hernandez, 292 U.S. 62">292 U.S. 62, 54 S. Ct. 596">54 S. Ct. 596, 78 L. Ed. 1127">78 L. Ed. 1127, 1934-1 C.B. 139, McLaughlin v. Lumber Co., 293 U.S. 351">293 U.S. 351, 55 S. Ct. 219">55 S. Ct. 219, 79 L. Ed. 423">79 L. Ed. 423 (1934), 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*268 and Commissioner v. Nat'l Casket Co., 78 F.2d 940">78 F.2d 940 (3d Cir. 1935), rev'g in part29 B.T.A. 139">29 B.T.A. 139 (1933), to support its view that "[t]he law is well settled that liquidating losses such as those incurred by the petitioner in the instant case are not allowable if their allowance results either directly or indirectly in a double deduction by the taxpayer of the same losses." Greif Cooperage Corp., 85 F.2d 365">85 F.2d at 365.

The precedent of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Commissioner v. Nat'l Casket Co., 78 F.2d 940">78 F.2d 940 (3d Cir. 1935), on which that court relied in Greif Cooperage Corp. also involved a consolidated return group where the Commissioner had disallowed what the Commissioner determined to be double deductions by that group. In that case, a subsidiary in that group had certain operating losses (subsidiary operating losses) that the consolidated return group had deducted for taxable years preceding the taxable year at issue. Thereafter, the *251 parent of the consolidated return group dissolved that subsidiary and claimed for the taxable year at issue a deduction for a loss (investment loss) with respect to the parent's investment in that dissolved subsidiary. The Commissioner disallowed 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*269 that claimed deduction. Commissioner v. Nat'l Casket Co., 29 B.T.A. 139">29 B.T.A. at 139-140. The Board of Tax Appeals (Board) held that the taxpayer was not entitled to deduct the investment loss to the extent that that loss equaled the total amount of subsidiary operating losses that the subsidiary in question had over the period in which it was a member of the consolidated return group, reduced by the operating gains or profit that that subsidiary had over that same period. 29 B.T.A. 139">Id. at 141.

The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reversed the decision of the Board "in so far as it allowed the operating losses of the subsidiary to be reduced by the profits of the subsidiary." Commissioner v. Nat'l Casket Co., 78 F.2d 940">78 F.2d at 942. In so doing, the Court of Appeals began its analysis by quoting and relying on the following excerpt from Charles Ilfeld Co.:

"Where all the members gain, total taxable income is the same on a consolidated return as upon separate ones. But where as in the case before us the subsidiaries lose and the parent gains, the losses of the former go in reduction of the taxable income of the latter. Considerations that justify inclusion of the profits made by all the members do not support 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*270 the double deduction claimed."

*252 The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit then paraphrased and applied the above-quoted excerpt to the issue before it as follows:

We paraphrase this statement and apply it to the instant case: Where, in 1925, both the * * * [parent] and the subsidiary gained, the total taxable income was the same on the consolidated return as upon separate ones. Where, however, the subsidiary sustained losses and the * * * [parent] gained, the losses of the former went in reduction of the taxable income of the latter. The effect of this is that the * * * [parent]'s tax burden remained the same in 1925, the year when the subsidiary gained, but was lessened in 1926, 1927, and 1928, the years when the subsidiary lost. In the instant case the * * * [parent] took credit in 1926, 1927, and 1928 for the gross operating losses sustained by the subsidiary and thereby reduced the income tax which it would have been obliged to pay on its own gross profits for the three years in question. The fact that an income tax was paid on the profit earned by the subsidiary in 1925 did not increase the income tax the * * * [parent] 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*271 was obliged to pay on its own profit for that year. In our opinion, credit for the investment loss should be allowed only to the extent to which the investment loss exceeds the credit already taken by the * * * [parent] for the operating losses sustained by the subsidiary during the three years in question [of subsidiary losses]. In effect, what the Board did when it reduced the [subsidiary] operating losses by the 1925 profit was to allow the * * * [parent] to take credit for a profit. [Emphasis added.]

The lesson of the opinions of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Greif Cooperage Corp. v. Commissioner, 85 F.2d 365">85 F.2d 365, Commissioner v. Nat'l Casket Co., 78 F.2d 940">78 F.2d 940, and Estate of Miller v. Commissioner, 400 F.2d 407">400 F.2d 407, is *253 not in doubt. That lesson is that that court will apply Charles Ilfeld Co. in any Federal income tax case involving a consolidated return group where the group claims a deduction for a taxable year for an economic loss that duplicates another deduction already taken by the group for the same economic loss.

The Court concludes that the view of this Court with respect to the application of292 U.S. 62">Charles Ilfeld Co., as summarized and expressed most recently 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*272 in Thrifty Oil Co., is fully consistent with the view of the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit with respect to the application of Charles Ilfeld Co., as summarized and expressed in Greif Cooperage Corp., Nat'l Casket Co., and Estate of Miller. Accordingly, as the Court did in Thrifty Oil Co., the Court will first determine in the instant case whether the respective deductions under section 165(l) for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of a total of $199,114,494 of (a) the 2002 asset losses in question and (b) the 2003 asset losses in question and (2) for taxable year 2001 of $199,114,494 of the 2001 stock loss in question "represent the same economic loss[es]", Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 212, to petitioner. If the Court concludes that those respective deductions do represent the same economic losses to petitioner, the Court will determine whether a specific provision exists "demonstrating Congress' intent to allow the double deductions". Id.

*254 It is respondent's position that, by claiming the respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 that are attributable to the 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question after having previously taken 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*273 a deduction for taxable year 2001 that is attributable to the 2001 stock loss in question, petitioner is "recogniz[ing] a single economic loss a second time."¹⁶ In support of that position, respondent asserts that "the depressed value of the original AS [AquaSource] stock at year-end 2001 reflected the depressed value of AS assets at that time, so that the loss on the 2001 transfer of stock and the losses on the sale of those assets in 2002 and 2003 represent the same economic loss."

It is petitioner's position that there exists a genuine dispute of material fact as to "whether, and to what extent, the 2003 Asset Losses actually 'duplicate' the 2001 Stock Loss [in question]." In support of that position, petitioner 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*274 asserts:

Respondent relies on a flawed methodology that is inconsistent with his own regulations for determining that $199,114,494 of Petitioner's 2002 and 2003 Asset Losses purportedly "duplicated" the 2001 Stock Loss [in question]. If Petitioner's Motion is denied, Petitioner will challenge at trial Respondent's erroneous determination of the amount of purported duplicated losses. Accordingly, there is a *255 material issue of fact as to the amount of losses that were duplicated * * *

The Court agrees with respondent that "[t]here can be no genuine dispute that a decrease in the value of the assets of a corporation and the decrease in value of the stock of the corporation represent the same economic decline in value." The 2001 stock loss in question for which petitioner claimed a deduction for taxable year 2001 is attributable to petitioner's claimed sale on December 31, 2001, of certain class A stock of AquaSource that petitioner owned. The 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question for which petitioner claimed respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 are attributable to AquaSource's sales in 2002 of certain of its assets and its sale in 2003 of all of its remaining assets. The value of petitioner's class A stock in AquaSource at the end *256 of 2001 reflected the value of all of the assets that AquaSource owned at that time and that it sold in 2002 and 2003.

The Court concludes that there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the respective deductions (1) for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of a total of $199,114,494 of (a) the 2002 asset losses in 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*276 question and (b) the 2003 asset losses in question and (2) for taxable year 2001 of $199,114,494 of the 2001 stock loss in question "represent the same economic loss[es]", Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 212, to petitioner.^{172013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*277} The Court further concludes that the respective deductions (1) for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of a total of $199,114,494 of (a) the 2002 asset losses in question and (b) the 2003 asset losses in question and (2) for taxable year 2001 of $199,114,494 of the 2001 stock loss in question *257 "represent the same economic loss[es]", id., and therefore are duplicate or double deductions.

The Court addresses now whether a specific provision exists "demonstrating Congress' intent to allow the double deductions". Id. It is petitioner's position that, even though petitioner has taken a deduction for taxable year 2001 for $199,114,494 of the 2001 stock loss in question, section 165 is the specific provision demonstrating Congress' intent to allow petitioner also to take the respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of all of the 2002 asset losses in question and all of the 2003 asset losses in question. In support of that position, petitioner argues that, because section 165 by its terms entitles petitioner to the respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of all of the 2002 asset losses in question and all of the 2003 asset losses in question, Charles Ilfeld Co. does not control resolution of the duplicate deductions issue.

In Thrifty Oil Co., the Court considered 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*278 and rejected an argument of the taxpayer that is very similar to the argument of petitioner in the instant case. There, the taxpayer argued that, because section 162 entitled it to the respective deductions for the years at issue of the environmental remediation expenses at issue in that case, Charles Ilfeld Co. did not control resolution of the duplicate deductions issue. Thrifty Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 198">139 T.C. 214. In rejecting *258 that argument, the Court concluded that "general allowance provisions are insufficient" to demonstrate the necessary intent by Congress to allow a double deduction. Id.

The Court concludes that section 165, which is involved in the instant case, like section 162, which was involved in Thrifty Oil Co., is a "general allowance" provision.^{182013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*279} The Court further concludes that petitioner has failed in the instant case to "point to a specific provision authorizing the double deduction." See id.

Before considering certain additional arguments of Duquesne that the Court did not expressly address in Thrifty Oil Co., the Court will address petitioner's objection to the methodology that respondent used to determine the respective amounts of the respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of the 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question that respondent disallowed in the notice in respondent's alternative determinations. According to petitioner, those determinations "had the effect of treating a greater amount of the 2003 [asset] losses [in question] as 'duplicated' than would have been the case if Respondent had instead treated the 2002 sales [2002 asset losses in question] as *259 first soaking up the duplicated losses and applied only the remaining duplicated loss to 2003."

As the Court understands the above-quoted excerpt from one of petitioner's filings, if the Court were to conclude, as the Court has, that under Charles Ilfeld Co. petitioner is not entitled to respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of a total of $199,114,494 of the 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question, the Court 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*280 should reject respondent's determinations to disallow $48,682,648 of the 2002 asset losses in question and $150,431,846 of the 2003 asset losses in question and instead should disallow all, i.e, $59,584,738, of the 2002 asset losses in question and only so much of the 2003 asset losses in question, i.e., $139,529,756, as would, when added to the disallowed amount (i.e., $59,584,738) of the 2002 asset losses in question, equal $199,114,494.

Respondent has the same understanding that the Court has about what petitioner is suggesting in the above-quoted excerpt. Thus, in response to petitioner's objection described above, respondent states:

Though respondent believes that the allocation between years is a moot point and that, in any event, the allocation he made between the 2002 and 2003 years is reasonable, respondent also notes that petitioner has suggested an alternative allocation. Should it be necessary to address an allocation issue, respondent is willing to agree to the alternative allocation suggested by petitioner.⁴⁴ Thus, any potential allocation issue in this case would appear to be resolved.

*260 ⁴⁴Petitioner suggested that the duplicated amount for each of the years 2002 and 2003 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*281 be computed as if respondent had treated "the 2002 sales as first soaking up the duplicated loss and applied only the remaining duplicated loss to 2003." (Petitioner's Objection at 26.) This would result in an adjustment of $59,584,738 to the 2002 year and $139,529,756 ($199,114,494 less $59,584,738) to the 2003 year.

[Emphasis added.]

The Court accepts what it understands to be respondent's concession in the above-quoted paragraph (respondent's allocation concession) that if the Court were to conclude, as the Court has, that under Charles Ilfeld Co. petitioner is not entitled to respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 of a total of $199,114,494 of the 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question, petitioner is not entitled to (1) any of the $59,584,738 of 2002 asset losses in question and (2) $139,529,756 of the $192,835,360 of 2003 asset losses in question.

The Court turns next, for the sake of completeness, to certain arguments not relating to the application of Charles Ilfeld Co. that Duquesne advanced in its amicus brief in the Thrifty Oil Co. case to which the Court did not specifically respond in Thrifty Oil Co. and that it advances in the instant 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*282 case. In advancing those arguments there and here, Duquesne places great weight on the state of the consolidated return regulations at the time of the various transfers in question that, *261 according to the Commissioner, gave rise to double deductions in Thrifty Oil Co. and in the instant case.¹⁹

Section 1501 provides that an affiliated group of corporations shall have the privilege of filing a consolidated income tax return. In section 1502, Congress delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury (Secretary) authority to:

prescribe such regulations as he may deem necessary in order that the tax liability of any affiliated group of corporations making a consolidated return and of each corporation in the group, both during and after the period of affiliation, may be returned, determined, computed, assessed, collected, and adjusted, in such manner as clearly to reflect the income-tax 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*283 liability and the various factors necessary for the determination of such liability, and in order to prevent avoidance of such tax liability.

In 2001, before the 2001 stock transfer involved here took place, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) considered the validity of the so-called loss disallowance rule that the Secretary had prescribed in section 1.1502-20, Income Tax Regs.²⁰See Rite Aid Corp. v. *262 United States, 255 F.3d 1357">255 F.3d 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2001). That rule, which the taxpayer argued in Rite Aid Corp. was an invalid exercise of the Secretary's authority under section 1502, prevented the taxpayer, the parent of a consolidated return group, from deducting under section 165 a loss on the sale of certain stock of one of its subsidiaries. See 255 F.3d 1357">id. at 1358. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that the loss disallowance rule in section 1.1502-20, Income Tax Regs., exceeded the authority that Congress had delegated to the Secretary in section 1502. See 255 F.3d 1357">id. at 1360. In so holding, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit concluded:

The purpose of section 1502 is to give the Secretary authority to identify and correct instances 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*284 of tax avoidance created by the filing of consolidated returns. But section 1502 "does not authorize the Secretary to choose a method that imposes a tax on income that would not otherwise be taxed." Id. [Am. Standard, Inc. v. United States, 602 F.2d 256">602 F.2d 256, 602 F.2d 256">261, 220 Ct. Cl. 411">220 Ct. Cl. 411 (1979).] "Income tax liability is not imposed by the Secretary's regulations, but by the Internal Revenue Code." Id. Therefore, in the absence of a problem created from the filing of consolidated returns, the Secretary is without authority to change the application of other tax code provisions to a group of affiliated corporations filing a consolidated return.

*263 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*285 In response to Rite Aid Corp., the Internal Revenue Service (Service) issued Notice 2002-11, 2002-1 C.B. 526, in which the Service set forth its position with respect to the holding in that case that the loss disallowance rule in section 1.1502-20, Income Tax Regs., was an invalid exercise of the Secretary's authority under section 1502. That notice stated:

In Rite Aid, the Federal Circuit held that the duplicated loss component of § 1.1502-20 of the Income Tax Regulations, which disallows certain losses on sales of stock of a member of a consolidated group, was an invalid exercise of regulatory authority. The Internal Revenue Service believes that the court's analysis and holding were incorrect.

Nevertheless, the Service has decided that the interests of sound tax administration will not be served by continuing to litigate the validity of the loss duplication factor of § 1.1502-20. Moreover, because of the interrelationship in the operation of all of the loss disallowance factors, the Service has decided that new rules governing loss disallowance on sales of stock of a member of a consolidated group should be implemented.

On March 9, 2002, the Service issued Notice 2002-18, 2002-1 C.B. 644, 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*286 in which it announced the intention of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury) to promulgate regulations to prevent the duplication of losses within a consolidated return group upon the disposition of the stock of a member of the group. In that notice, the Service stated:

*264 [T]he IRS and Treasury believe that a consolidated group should not be able to benefit more than once from one economic loss. Accordingly, the IRS and Treasury intend to issue regulations that will prevent a consolidated group from obtaining a tax benefit from both the utilization of a loss from the disposition of stock (or another asset that reflects the basis of stock) and the utilization of a loss or deduction with respect to another asset that reflects the same economic loss.

It is petitioner's position in the instant case that "the result sought by Respondent could only be obtained by issuing regulations".^{212013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*288} In support of that position, petitioner asserts:

Although Petitioner's 2001 Stock Loss would have been disallowed under the duplication factor of Treas. Reg. § 1.1502-20 had such regulation not been invalidated by [Rite Aid Corp. v. United States,255 F.3d 1357">255 F.3d 1357, 255 F.3d 1357">1360 (Fed. Cir. 2001)] it was considered 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*287 valid when incurred and claimed in light of Rite Aid and the consequent withdrawal of the "loss duplication" regulations. Moreover, the new 2003 regulations [Sec. 1.1502-35T, Temporary Income Tax Regs., 68 Fed. Reg. 12292 (Mar. 14, 2003).], which similarly attack a duplicated loss situation by deferring or denying the stock loss, were not effective in time to cover the 2001 Stock Loss and for other reasons did not operate to disallow the 2003 Asset Losses. At no time did Treasury or Service in these announcements and regulations inform taxpayers that duplicated losses would be attacked under Ilfeld in situations *265 where such losses were not subject to either the invalidated regulations or the new 2003 regulations.

Petitioner argues that, after the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued its opinion in Rite Aid Corp. and the Service announced its intention to stop litigating cases under the loss disallowance rule, "[n]othing was said [by the Service] about Ilfeld, or any intention by the Service to challenge duplicated losses based on theories or principles outside of the consolidated return regulations." Indeed, according to petitioner, the "post-Rite Aid announcements and regulations issued by Treasury and the IRS in February and March 2002 made it quite clear that the 2003 Asset Losses [in question] were not subject to challenge as duplicated losses."

Although petitioner's arguments are not altogether clear, it appears that petitioner maintains that the Court does not have the authority to disallow the respective deductions at issue for taxable years 2002 and 2003 that are attributable to the 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question in the absence of consolidated return regulations promulgated 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*289 by the Treasury that authorize the disallowance of those deductions. The Court disagrees.

The Court acknowledges that the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, a court to which no appeal in any case in this Court would lie, held in Rite Aid *266 Corp. that the loss disallowance rule in section 1.1502-20, Income Tax Regs., was an invalid exercise of the Secretary's authority under section 1502.²² The Court also is aware that the Service issued several notices setting forth its views on that holding and that case and more broadly on the impropriety of the duplication of deductions for the same economic loss. In addition, the Court agrees with petitioner that, for various reasons, section 1.1502-35T, Temporary Income Tax Regs., supra, does not require the disallowance of the respective deductions for the 2001 stock loss in question, the 2002 asset losses in question, and/or the 2003 asset losses in question. Nonetheless, the Court concludes that Rite Aid Corp., the several notices that the Service issued after Rite Aid Corp., and section 1.1502-35T, Temporary Income Tax Regs., supra, do not prohibit the Court from determining whether under Charles Ilfeld Co. duplicate deductions for the 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*290 same economic loss are allowable.

*267 On the basis of the record before the Court and respondent's allocation concession, the Court concludes that petitioner is not entitled to respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 for (1) any of the $59,584,738 of the 2002 asset losses in question and (2) $139,529,756 of the $192,835,360 of the 2003 asset losses in question, or a total of $199,114,494 of disallowed deductions for those respective taxable years. 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*291 The Court will deny petitioner's motion insofar as petitioner asks the Court in that motion to allow respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 for (1) all of the 2002 asset losses in question and (2) all of the 2003 asset losses in question. The Court will grant respondent's motion insofar as respondent asks the Court in that motion to disallow respective deductions for taxable years 2002 and 2003 totaling $199,114,494 of the 2002 asset losses in question and the 2003 asset losses in question.

The parties disagree about whether the period of limitations for taxable year 2000²³ is extended pursuant to section 6501(k)^{242013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*292} to include the period described in *268 section 6501(h)^{252013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*293} for purposes of permitting respondent to assess a deficiency for that taxable year²⁶ that is attributable to the disallowance of the *269 2002 asset losses in question which were carried back from taxable year 2002²⁷ to taxable year 2000.²⁸

According to petitioner:

Even AssumingArguendothat a Deficiency Exists with Respect to the 2003 Asset Losses Carryback, the Courts and the Service Would Permit Adjustments to the * * * 2002 Asset Losses [in question] for the Purpose of Determining a Deficiency for Petitioner's 2000 Tax Year Only if the * * * 2002 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*294 Asset Losses Impact the Amount of the Carryback of the 2003 Asset Losses.

The Court does not understand what petitioner is attempting to argue with respect to the statute of limitations issue in the above-quoted passage. What the Court does understand is the meaning of section 6501(h) and (k) and the operation of those provisions.

In Jones v. Commissioner, 71 T.C. 391">71 T.C. 391, 71 T.C. 391">397 (1978), the Court explained section 6501(h) and (k) as follows:

[W]here respondent uses the extended limitations period of section 6501(h), he may assess a deficiency only to the extent that the deficiency is attributable to the application to the taxpayer of a loss carryback. Respondent may not use the extended limitations period *270 to assess a deficiency attributable to items unrelated to the loss carryback.

However, section 6501(m) [now section 6501(k)] supersedes subsection (h) restriction on the nature of deficiencies that may be assessed within the extended period.

* * * * * * *

Where there is a refund granted under section 6411 by reason of a net operating loss carryback, respondent may thus assess within the extended period a deficiency on grounds not attributable to the carryback so long as the deficiency does not 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*295 exceed the amount of the refund reduced by any amount of the deficiency actually attributable to the carryback. Maxcy v. Commissioner,59 T.C. 716">59 T.C. 716, 59 T.C. 716">730 (1973). In other words, the amount of deficiency attributable to the disallowance of the loss carryback is assessable under and subject to the limitations of section 6501(h). And the rest of the total tentative refund is assessable under and subject to the limitations of section 6501(m)[section 6501(k)]. See H. Rept. 2161, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. (1966), 1966-2 C.B. 902, 905; sec. 301.6501(m)-1(a)(2) (example), Proced. & Admin. Regs.

On December 23, 2003, petitioner filed Form 1139, in which it carried back from taxable year 2002 $63,349,715 of long-term capital losses to taxable year 2000, $59,584,738 of which was attributable to the 2002 asset losses in question. Pursuant to section 6411, respondent paid petitioner a tentative refund of $12,669,943 with respect to Form 1139 that it had filed.

On April 23, 2004, petitioner filed Form 1139, in which it carried back from taxable year 2003 $184,874,430 of long-term capital losses to taxable year 2000. *271 Thereafter, on December 23, 2004, petitioner filed a second Form 1139, in which it carried 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*296 back from taxable year 2003 $16,531,429 of long-term capital losses to taxable year 2000. Thus, a total of $201,405,859 of long-term capital losses was carried back from taxable year 2003 to taxable year 2000, $192,835,360 of which was attributable to the 2003 asset losses in question. Pursuant to section 6411, respondent paid petitioner tentative refunds totaling $40,281,401 with respect to the two Forms 1139 that it had filed.

On the basis of the record before the Court,²⁹ the Court concludes sua sponte³⁰ that pursuant to section 6501(k) the period of limitations for taxable year 2000³¹ is extended to include the period described in section 6501(h) for purposes of permitting respondent to assess a deficiency for that taxable year that is attributable to the disallowance of the 2002 asset losses in question which were *272 carried back from taxable year 2002³² to taxable year 2000. The amount of that deficiency for taxable year 2000 that respondent may assess solely by reason of section 6501(k) may not exceed the amount of the tentative refund that respondent paid to petitioner under section 6411 for taxable year 2000, "reduced by any amount which may be assessed [for taxable year 2000] 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*297 solely by reason of * * * section [6501](h)".³³Sec. 6501; see Jones v. Commissioner, 71 T.C. 391">71 T.C. 397. The Court will deny petitioner's motion insofar as petitioner asks the Court in that motion to conclude that section 6501(k) does not extend the period of limitations for taxable year 2000 to include the period described in section 6501(h) for purposes of permitting respondent to assess a deficiency for that taxable year that is attributable to the disallowance of the 2002 asset losses in question which were carried back from taxable year 2002 to taxable year 2000 and that is in an amount which does not exceed the limitations prescribed by section 6501(k).

*273 The Court 2013 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 225">*298 has considered all of the respective arguments and contentions of the parties that are not discussed herein, and the Court finds them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or moot.³⁴

To reflect the foregoing and respondent's concessions,

An appropriate order and decision under Rule 155 will be entered.