JOHN W. McCLARTY, J.
The underlying claim in this appeal concerns age discrimination. The action was filed initially against a single defendant. Three additional defendants were later added, but the plaintiff served process for them on the attorney for the initial defendant, instead of the individual defendants, a fact about which the added defendants learned only a few days prior to the trial. The trial ensued after the court refused to grant a continuance. A jury found all the defendants liable. The trial court awarded the plaintiff $70,000. The defendants collectively filed a motion for a new trial and raised the issues of insufficient service and the inadmissibility of direct evidence. In its first order, the trial court granted the defendants' motion for a new trial. The plaintiff thereafter filed a motion to alter or amend, after which the court reversed its prior ruling granting the new trial and reinstated the jury verdict. The defendants appeal. We reverse.
This age discrimination action initially was filed in September 2008 by the plaintiff, Michael Morgan ("Morgan") against Superior Catering Services ("Superior").
In his complaint, Morgan, then age 60, alleged that he applied for a salaried position with Superior as a "route driver" on an established route. He contends he was encouraged instead to establish a new route as an independent contractor. The salaried route driver position was given to a younger employee. According to Morgan, when he interviewed at Superior, Dean informed him that the company would not hire route drivers over 45 years old, despite the applicant's years of relevant experience. Morgan asserts this statement constitutes direct evidence of age discrimination. No allegations were raised regarding Lynda.
After being served with the complaint, Dean hired attorney James D. Purple to defend Superior. Edward A. Love was their personal attorney, but Dean and Lynda believed Mr. Purple would be a better "business attorney" to represent Superior in the age discrimination case. On October 24, 2008, on behalf of Superior, Mr. Purple filed an answer to Morgan's complaint.
In November 2009, 14 months after Morgan's complaint was filed, it is alleged that Dean received a shotgun blast to the face during an attempted robbery.
Approximately two years later, in September 2011, discovery depositions were scheduled in Morgan's lawsuit. It appears that because of his injuries, Dean had little memory of the events surrounding Morgan's claim. It therefore was stipulated that Dean was unable to testify. Since Lynda was not a defendant in the litigation, she was deposed as a witness.
At the deposition, Lynda related that she was the individual who decided not to hire Morgan. She testified as follows:
Lynda signed the discovery responses "Lynda Cofer, Manager, Superior Catering Services."
Following that deposition, Dean and Lynda assert they heard nothing from Mr. Purple for almost two years. Due to the passage of time, they erroneously assumed that the lawsuit against Superior had been dismissed. Unbeknownst to the Cofers, the litigation was continuing without their knowledge, with the matter scheduled for trial in January 2013.
Morgan eventually filed two motions in limine. Relying on Lynda's deposition testimony, he argued that because of Dean's "severe health impairments," Mr. Cofer should not be allowed to testify at trial. It further was asserted by Morgan that the jury should not be allowed to hear the reason for Dean's impairment or the details of the "robbery . . . and the injuries resulting therefrom." No objection to these motions in limine was filed by Mr. Purple, and he never informed his client, Superior, or the Cofers about them. The motions were granted by the trial court.
In January 2013, Morgan moved to amend his complaint, asking the court to allow him to add Dean and Lynda personally as additional defendants to the lawsuit, together with Dean's Coffee Service. Despite the fact that the one-year statute of limitations for age discrimination had expired, Mr. Purple did not object to the amended complaint, and the court allowed Dean, Lynda, and DCS ("the New Defendants") to be added. The court directed that the "Defendant [sic] shall be served with the Amended Complaint after this Order is entered."
Morgan thereafter attempted to serve the New Defendants by delivering summonses on May 6, 2013, to Superior's attorney, "Jim Purple Esq." at his office. Nowhere on the summonses served was there any notation that Mr. Purple was the agent or attorney for the New Defendants, or that he had authority to accept service of process for them. None of the New Defendants were ever notified that the litigation was still active and that they had been added as parties. Dean
Mr. Purple initially did not answer the amended complaint, and Morgan's counsel filed a motion for default, alleging that the May 6, 2013 service on Mr. Purple was valid service on the New Defendants. Thereafter, two months later, Mr. Purple filed an answer to the amended complaint on behalf of Superior and also on behalf of the New Defendants. No objection was raised to the improper service on the New Defendants. Mr. Purple again did not advise the New Defendants that they had been named parties in the litigation, and he did not tell them that he was filing an answer on their behalf.
At a pretrial conference, despite the fact that Lynda was not an owner of the businesses at the time of the alleged discrimination, Mr. Purple also agreed without objection to a jury instruction that charged the jury as follows:
In the subsequent pretrial order, the trial court directed the parties to mediate on the afternoon before the scheduled trial date of July 23, 2013. Thereafter, just four days before trial, Mr. Purple spoke with Lynda for the first time in almost two years and she learned that the lawsuit was still pending. At a meeting in Mr. Purple's office on Sunday evening, July 21, 2013, Lynda was told to attend the mediation scheduled for the next day and to appear for trial the following day if the mediation was not successful. It was at this time she learned that she and her husband, together with DCS, had been added as additional defendants to the litigation without their knowledge or consent. Mr. Purple further informed her that because Dean had been found to be incompetent, her husband could not attend the trial.
Understandably, Lynda left the meeting extremely upset. Following her attendance at the unsuccessful mediation, Lynda and Dean called their personal attorney, Mr. Love, to request his help. According to the attorney, Dean was crying and begging for Mr. Love to appear in court with them the following morning to get the case postponed. Mr. Love agreed to appear with the New Defendants and explain their situation to the court. No transcript is available for the pretrial meeting because Mr. Purple neglected to hire a court reporter.
The court denied Mr. Love's motions and the trial began as scheduled. Mr. Purple continued to serve as the attorney for Superior and represented the New Defendants in a de facto capacity, as the added defendants were forced to proceed without their own attorney.
Despite asserting that Mr. Cofer was not competent to testify, Morgan related the alleged hearsay statements made by Dean to the jury. Dean, meanwhile, was denied the opportunity to come into court to refute the statements. No objection was raised to the improper hearsay testimony by Mr. Purple.
Additionally, Morgan moved to exclude defense witness Larry Fisher because Mr. Purple had not filed either a witness list or an exhibit list as required by the scheduling order. Morgan's motion was granted in part, with the trial court ruling as follows:
Accordingly, the court limited the scope of Mr. Fisher's testimony to what was contained in a "two sentence" response in Superior's answers to interrogatories. The jury was advised that the court was limiting Mr. Fisher's testimony because of Mr. Purple's failure to follow the rules, stating as follows:
During the trial, Mr. Purple offered no exhibits into evidence, and an unprepared Lynda essentially was his only witness. She testified as follows:
Lynda declared that Morgan was not offered an established route because of his appearance and personality, stating as follows:
Lynda's testimony contained a number of inconsistencies, as she attempted to respond to questions for which she was unprepared.
Following the trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Morgan against Superior and the New Defendants in the amount of $70,000. A judgment in that amount was entered on August 2, 2013. Thereafter, Superior terminated Mr. Purple as its attorney, and the collective defendants hired Charles Taylor to represent them.
Two weeks later, Morgan filed a motion for attorney fees, court costs, and discretionary costs. In response, the defendants observed that the trial had lasted only one and a half days with the parties taking only two discovery depositions — both on the same day — but Morgan was requesting $73,948.50 in fees and $685.40 in costs. On August 30, 2013, counsel for the defendants filed a motion for new trial citing five grounds.
After hearing argument on the pending motions, the trial court entered a memorandum opinion and order on October 23, 2013. As to the asserted ground of "Insufficient Service of Process" on the New Defendants, the court agreed that Morgan's service of process on the New Defendants, made by serving Mr. Purple, was insufficient and violated Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure 4.04(1). The trial court stated as follows:
However, even though it agreed that service on Mr. Purple was not valid, the court determined that any objection the New Defendants had to insufficient service was waived by Mr. Purple when he failed to object in the unauthorized answer he filed for Dean, Lynda, and DCS without their authority or knowledge. The trial court concluded as follows:
Furthermore, the court ruled that the New Defendants had waived their right to argue that Mr. Purple was not their attorney because "Mr. Purple filed an answer on their behalf." Another reason given was that "Lynda Cofer appeared for trial where Mr. Purple argued on behalf of the Cofers, Superior, and Dean's Coffee Service."
The trial court did find one ground meritorious — Morgan's improper introduction of hearsay testimony in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-1-202.
(Citations omitted.). The trial court found that the improper admission of Morgan's hearsay statements was not harmless error and without that testimony, Morgan could not have met his burden of proof:
The trial court additionally observed that had it denied the new trial motion, it would have approved Morgan's request for attorney fees in the amount of $69,350, and discretionary costs in the amount of $627.90.
Morgan thereafter filed a motion asking the court to alter and reverse its previous order granting a new trial. A copy of the transcript of Lynda's trial testimony was submitted with the motion. Morgan argued that the jury verdict was more than supported by the circumstantial evidence of discrimination and pretext because Lynda's testimony was not "credible." In response, the defendants argued that, before a defendant can be held liable for age discrimination based solely on the credibility of a witness, it is for a jury and not the court to decide whether or not the witness is being truthful. In the present case, they asserted that the jury had not been allowed to weigh Lynda's credibility in the absence of the improperly admitted hearsay evidence.
On December 17, 2013, the trial court entered a second memorandum opinion and order in which it affirmed the previous ruling that Morgan had improperly introduced the hearsay statements allegedly made by Dean. This time, however, the court ruled that even if the jury had not heard and considered the improper hearsay testimony, it could have found Lynda's testimony "was unworthy of credence." As a result, the trial court reversed its previous order, denied the motion for a new trial, reinstated the jury's verdict for $70,000, and awarded attorney fees and costs in the amount of $69,977.90. In this appeal, Morgan notes that no evidence to contest the fee application was presented.
Superior, Dean, Lynda, and DCS thereafter filed this timely notice of appeal.
We restate the issues raised by the appellants in this appeal as follows:
The trial court's rulings regarding admissibility of evidence are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, and may only be overturned if the discretion is arbitrarily exercised or abused. McDaniel v. CSX Transp., Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257, 263-64 (Tenn. 1997).
Our standard of review of questions of law is de novo without a presumption of correctness afforded to the lower court's conclusions of law. State ex rel. Pope v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 145 S.W.3d 529, 533 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Williams, 38 S.W.3d 532, 535 (Tenn. 2001)). As to the findings of fact, the standard of review is de novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness as to the trial court's findings of fact, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (Tenn. 2000).
It is well-settled in Tennessee that "[t]he propriety, scope, manner, and control of the examination of witnesses is a matter within the discretion of the trial judge, which will not be interfered with in the absence of an abuse thereof. A wide discretion in this matter is necessarily left to the court." Coffee v. State, 216 S.W.2d 702, 703 (Tenn. 1948). A trial court abuses its discretion when it has applied an incorrect legal standard or has reached a decision which is against logic or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party complaining. Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001).
A party is entitled to reversal of the jury's verdict only if the trial court's error would have "more probably than not affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process." Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); Flax v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 272 S.W.3d 521, 544 (Tenn. 2008); Cumulus Broad., Inc. v. Shim, 226 S.W.3d 366, 375 (Tenn. 2007). Specifically, Rule 36(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure states:
The trial court's jurisdiction of the parties is acquired by service of process. Accordingly, proper service of process is a requisite step in a lawsuit. Watson v. Garza, 316 S.W.3d 589, 593 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008).
Rule 4.04(1) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, which governs the personal service of process on individual defendants, provides as follows:
As noted in Watson, "[t]he record must establish that the plaintiff complied with the requisite procedural rules, and the fact that the defendant had actual knowledge of attempted service does not render the service effectual if the plaintiff did not serve process in accordance with the rules." Watson, 316 S.W.3d at 593 (citing Wallace v. Wallace, No. 01A01-9512-CH-00579, 1996 WL 411627, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 24, 1996)). "The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure govern the service of process, and the Supreme Court has held that the Rules of Civil Procedure are `laws' of this state, in full force and effect. . . ." Watson, 316 S.W.3d at 593 (quoting Estate of McFerren v. Infinity Transport, LLC, 197 S.W.3d 743, 747 (Tenn. Workers Comp. Panel 2006) (citing State v. Hodges, 815 S.W.2d 151, 155 (Tenn. 1991)).
In the context of serving process, the record must contain "evidence that the defendant intended to confer upon [the] agent the specific authority to receive and accept service of process for the defendant." Arthur v. Litton Loan Servicing L.P, 249 F.Supp.2d 924, 929 (E.D. Tenn. 2002); Watson, 316 S.W.3d at 596-97. Acting as the defendant's agent for some other purpose does not make the person an agent for receiving service of process. Arthur, 249 F.Supp.2d at 929. Nor is the mere fact of acceptance of process sufficient to establish agency by appointment. Id. Thus, "[t]he defendant's attorney is not deemed an agent appointed to receive service of process absent a factual basis for believing that such an appointment by the defendant has occurred." Id.
Mr. Purple was not the attorney for Dean, Lynda, or DCS, and they did not expressly authorize him to accept service of process on their behalf. Regardless of what Mr. Purple might have thought was his authority, acting as Superior's attorney did not automatically make him agent for the New Defendants for receiving service of process. Arthur, 249 F.Supp.2d at 929; see Keicher v. Mysinger, 198 S.W.2d 330, 331 (Tenn. 1946) (holding that an attorney is not authorized by law to accept service of process for a client without authorization). Further, the fact that Mr. Purple accepted service of process for the New Defendants did not, in and of itself, bind the New Defendants to the court's jurisdiction. Hall v. Haynes, 319 S.W.3d 564, 573 (Tenn. 2010); see Vanhooser v. Ling, 872 S.W.2d 913 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993), in which a panel of this court held as follows:
Vanhooser, 872 S.W.2d at 916.
The trial court properly determined that the delivery to Mr. Purple of the summonses and complaints for the New Defendants did not comply with Rule 4.04(1) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Mr. Purple did not have express or implied authority to accept service of process on behalf of the New Defendants.
Even though the trial court correctly concluded that Morgan had not complied with the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, and that service on Mr. Purple was "insufficient" to bring the New Defendants into the litigation, the court nevertheless held that the New Defendants had waived their right to object to service. The trial court gave two reasons for finding such a waiver.
First, the court held that the New Defendants' objection to service was "untimely," and that Rule 12.08 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure provides that objections to service must be raised either in a pre-answer motion or in the answer. It was held by the court that since Mr. Purple did not file a pre-answer motion, or object to service in his answer to the amended complaint, the New Defendants had "waived" the right to object to sufficiency of service.
"As a general rule, defects in process, service of process, and return of service may be waived." Faulks v. Crowder, 99 S.W.3d 116, 125 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Two essential requirements are needed for there to be an effective waiver: (1) knowledge of the right being waived, and (2) the grant of authority to waive the right. A party cannot waive a right that they do not know they have. Reed v. Washington Cnty. Bd. Of Educ., 756 S.W.2d 250, 255 (Tenn. 1988) ("[a] waiver is a voluntary relinquishment by a party of a known right." Waiver "may be proved by express declaration; or by acts and declarations manifesting an intent and purpose not to claim the supposed advantage; or by a course of acts and conduct. . . ." However, if an individual does not know of his rights or if he fails to understand them he cannot waive those rights." Reed, 756 S.W.2d at 255 (citations omitted); Arista Records, LLC v. Chumley, No. M2007-00834-COA-R9-CV, 2008 WL 2557368, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 24, 2008). The party asserting waiver bears the burden of proving that the party against whom waiver is asserted has, "by a course of acts and conduct, or by so neglecting and failing to act, . . . induce[d] a belief that it was [the party's] intention and purpose to waive." Kentucky Nat'l Ins. Co. v. Gardner, 6 S.W.3d 493, 499 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) (quoting Baird v. Fidelity-Phenix Fire Ins. Co., 162 S.W.2d 384, 398 (1942)). "In order to establish waiver by conduct, the proof must show `absolute action or inaction inconsistent with the claim or right' waived." Id. (quoting Koontz v. Fleming, 65 S.W.2d 821, 825 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1933)).
In the present case, Mr. Purple's failure to object to service in his answer to the amended complaint did not waive any rights that the New Defendants had, since, at the time the answer was filed, the New Defendants had no idea that they had been sued or that an answer was being filed for them. Without such knowledge by the New Defendants, they could not have voluntarily relinquished their rights.
The trial court, in holding that Mr. Purple waived the New Defendants' right to object to service, apparently concluded that Mr. Purple had the apparent authority to make the waiver. In Tennessee, however, "apparent authority must be established through the acts of the principal rather than the agent." Franklin Distrib. Co., Inc. v. Crush Int'l (U.S.A.), Inc., 726 S.W.926, 931 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986); Boone v. Gibson, No. E2003-00226-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 367621, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2004) ("Apparent authority of an agent must be determined by the acts of the principal and not those of the agent."). As noted previously, whatever actions Mr. Purple may have taken on his own, and whatever he may have believed was his authority, are of no consequence. Only the actions of the New Defendants could have clothed him with the apparent authority to waive their rights in the amended answer. Since the New Defendants had no knowledge that they had been added as parties and that Mr. Purple was acting on their behalf, it is clear that they did not confer apparent authority upon him sufficient to waive their rights.
The second reason that the trial court gave for not granting a new trial based upon insufficient service was that "Lynda Cofer appeared for trial where Mr. Purple argued on behalf of the Cofers, Superior, and Dean's Coffee Service."
In Dixie Savings Stores, Inc. v. Turner, 767 S.W.2d 408 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988), this court held that "if a party makes a general appearance and does not take issue with venue, adequacy of service, personal jurisdiction, or other similar matters, the courts customarily find the party has waived its objections to these matters." Dixie Sav. Stores, 767 S.W.2d at 410. The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure do not define what constitutes a general appearance. Patterson v. Rockwell Int'l, 665 S.W.2d 96, 99 (Tenn. 1984). In Landers v. Jones, 872 S.W.2d 674 (Tenn. 1994), the Tennessee Supreme Court held that "courts should only find a general appearance that waives a defendant's right to contest personal jurisdiction when the defendant has recognized the proper pendency of the cause by making a motion that goes to the merits or by filing an answer, without challenging personal jurisdiction." Id. at 677.
It is true that Lynda appeared in court on the day of trial, two days after she first learned that she was a defendant in the litigation. However, she appeared primarily in an attempt with the help of Mr. Love to get the trial continued, so that she, her husband, and DCS could obtain counsel of their own. Secondarily, she appeared as the only representative and witness for Superior. It was only after the court denied the continuance that Lynda reluctantly participated in the trial.
In our view, under the facts of this case, the actions of Lynda did not constitute a general appearance. We must conclude that the New Defendants were never before the trial court as parties.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 24-1-202 provides as follows:
Rule 103(d) of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence provides that
In its first memorandum opinion and order entered on October 23, 2013, the trial court held that it was improper and reversible error for Morgan to have testified before the jury as to statements purported to have been made to him by Dean. The trial court stated that Morgan
The court further held that "24-1-202 . . . [was] intended to protect parties like Mr. Cofer who cannot explain their own hearsay statements," and that the "[p]laintiff cannot first request that Mr. Cofer be excluded from testifying due to Mr. Cofer's lack of competency, and then proceed to testify regarding Mr. Cofer's hearsay statements." Additionally, the court held that the admission of the testimony was "plain error" under Tennessee Rules of Evidence 103(d) as to warrant reversal even though Mr. Purple did not object to the testimony at trial.
The court specifically noted that the admitted testimony was not harmless error and affected a substantial right of the defendants, holding as follows:
In the second memorandum opinion and order entered on December 17, 2013, the trial court affirmed its previous ruling in which it had held that Morgan's hearsay testimony regarding conversations with Mr. Cofer was "plain error." However, the court determined after review of the transcript of Lynda's trial testimony that the hearsay testimony was "harmless error" because other properly admitted evidence was sufficient for the jury to have found in favor of Morgan. The trial court held that, because of the "weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies . . . [and] contradictions in [Mrs. Cofer's testimony]," there was "sufficient evidence [aside from the improper hearsay testimony] for a reasonable factfinder . . . to sustain the . . . finding of liability for intentional discrimination."
Instead of applying the "other sufficient evidence" standard, the correct standard should have been based on "whether the error likely had an injurious effect on the jury's decision-making process." The difference between these two standards has been discussed by the Tennessee Supreme Court as follows:
State v. Dotson, 254 S.W.3d 378, 388-89 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
This rule applies in civil cases as well, as the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that an error committed in a civil trial is not harmless "if the trial court's error would have more probably than not affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process." See Flax, 272 S.W.3d at 543. Further, the same rule is found in Rule 36(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, which states as follows:
As argued by the defendants, the use of the "likely injurious effect on the verdict" standard would have found that the introduction of Morgan's improper hearsay testimony likely affected the jury's verdict. As the trial court noted in its memorandum opinion of October 23, 2013, "[i]f Mr. Cofer's out of court statements were excluded, then Mr. Morgan would only have circumstantial evidence as a basis for his claim." Accordingly, we conclude that the jury was very likely influenced by the un-refuted hearsay testimony of Morgan.
Without Morgan's improper hearsay statements, the relevant issue was the credibility of Lynda's testimony. Where a case must be decided based solely on the credibility of a witness, that issue should be decided by the jury and not the court. Finks v. Gillum, 273 S.W.2d 722, 727 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1954).
In our view, the improperly admitted evidence was so significant as to affect the jury's verdict. Further, in our view, the jury's verdict was not supported solely by the evidence from Lynda. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court's decision to allow the improper evidence prejudiced the judicial process and more probably than not affected the judgment.
Our holdings on these two issues pretermit discussion of the remaining issue on appeal.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and vacate the jury's verdict. The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellee, Michael Morgan.
