Opinion by: SANDEE BRYAN MARION, Justice.
A jury convicted appellant, Jesus Cardoso, of ten counts of cruelty to animals. In two issues on appeal, appellant asserts (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress, and (2) his right to a unanimous verdict was violated. We affirm.
On October 20, 2009, Officer Mark Rhodis, a police officer with the City of San Antonio Housing and Neighborhood Services Department, submitted a request for a search warrant to investigate reported fire, health, and/or code violations of a building owned by appellant. In support of his request, Officer Rhodis submitted an affidavit that stated:
The magistrate approved the issuance of the search warrant, and a search of the premises uncovered one dog chained to an exterior post surrounded by debris and feces, and nine turtles inside the premises. Larger turtles were found inside barrels and smaller turtles were found inside buckets, both sets living in unsanitary conditions, including the remains of dead turtles found at the bottom of these containers.
As a result of these discoveries, appellant was subsequently charged by information with ten counts of cruelty to non-livestock animals — one count of confining a dog in a cruel manner and nine counts of unreasonably failing to provide necessary food, water, care, or shelter for the turtles. During the trial, appellant re-urged a pre-trial motion to suppress all evidence seized in connection with his case, arguing the affidavit was insufficient to support a finding of probable cause. After a hearing,
In his first issue, appellant asserts the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress because the affidavit filed in support of the search warrant lacked substantial facts to establish probable cause. Specifically, appellant argues the affidavit "makes no reference to a fire or unsafe building and fails to specifically identify a health hazard or a violation of a health or building regulation, statute or ordinance." He also contends the affidavit failed to establish the alleged health, safety, or code violations "exist[ed] at or near the time that the affidavit [was] prepared and the warrant sought."
When reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we generally apply a bifurcated standard, giving almost total deference to a trial court's determination of historic facts that are supported by the record, and apply a de novo standard to the trial court's application of the law to the facts. State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex.Crim. App.2011). However, when the trial court is determining probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant, there are no credibility determinations and the trial court is constrained to the four corners of the affidavit. Id. Thus, when reviewing a magistrate's decision to issue a search warrant, we apply a "highly deferential standard" because of the constitutional preference for searches to be conducted pursuant to a warrant. Id. After reviewing the supporting affidavit in a "commonsensical and realistic manner," we must uphold the magistrate's decision so long as the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed based on the four corners of the affidavit and reasonable inferences therefrom. Jones v. State, 364 S.W.3d 854, 857 (Tex. Crim.App.2012); McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. "This substantial basis standard of review does not mean the reviewing court should be a rubber stamp but does mean that the magistrate's decision should carry the day in doubtful or marginal cases, even if the reviewing court might reach a different result upon de novo review." Flores v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) (internal quotations omitted).
The search warrant in this case was issued pursuant to article 18.05 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which allows for the inspection of specified premises to search for suspected fire, health, or code violations. It provides:
TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.05(a), (b), (c) (West Supp.2014).
On appeal, appellant asserts the affidavit is flawed because Officer Rhodis only listed the number of police and code compliance calls made and failed to provide any details about the calls, such as whether the calls described any fire, health, or code hazards; whether the calls were investigated and resulted in violations; and whether the concerns had been abated. He argues that in order to show the substantial facts necessary to establish probable cause, the affidavit must be supported by the factors listed in article 18.05(c).
Article 18.05 does not require the factors in subsection (c) to be included in the supporting affidavit. Rather, it provides that the magistrate is not limited to evidence of specific knowledge, but may also consider the factors in determining probable cause. In this case, Officer Rhodis's personal knowledge was limited to the complaint history of the property. However, because the search warrant request was made pursuant to article 18.05, the magistrate was allowed to consider the additional factors listed in subsection (c). The affidavit did not list the age of the property, but it outlined the concerns regarding the general condition of the premises. Additionally, the affidavit stated the premises were being used as a bakery and Officer Rodriguez had received numerous complaints that animal sacrifices were being conducted on the premises in addition to Officer Rodriguez's observation of rotting carcasses — both serious concerns for potential health code violations. Accordingly, we conclude the affidavit contained sufficient facts to establish a substantial basis for determining probable cause that fire, health, or code violations would be found on the premises to be searched.
Appellant also challenges the affidavit with respect to time. He argues Officer Rhodis failed to explain why he believed the alleged violation existed "at or near the time that the affidavit was prepared and the warrant sought," and Officer Rodriguez's observations were "devoid of any date or time when [he] received the complaints of animal sacrifices or when he observed rotting carcasses."
Generally, "[t]he facts stated in a search affidavit `must be so closely related to the time of the issuance of the warrant that a finding of probable cause is justified.'" McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 272 (quoting Flores v. State, 827 S.W.2d 416, 418 (Tex.Crim.App.-Corpus Christi 1992, pet. ref'd)); see also Sherlock v. State, 632 S.W.2d 604, 608 (Tex.Crim.App.1982) (stating affidavit "inadequate if it fails to disclose facts which would enable the magistrate to ascertain from the affidavit that the event which the probable cause was founded was not so remote as to render it ineffective"). "But imprecision with respect to time is not by itself fatal; it becomes fatal when a court cannot ascertain whether or not the information is stale." Jones, 364 S.W.3d at 861. The proper method to determine whether the facts supporting a search warrant have become stale is to examine, in light of the
Although the affidavit did not include specific dates or times when the complaints were made, the information contained in the affidavit was sufficient to permit the magistrate to infer a definite outer time limit for when the events giving rise to probable cause occurred. See Jones, 364 S.W.3d at 862 (explaining magistrate able to infer outer limit for time). The affidavit stated the complaints were made in 2009, and the search warrant was issued October 20, 2009. Therefore, a maximum of 292 days had elapsed. The complaint history of the property included a total of 180 complaints made in 2009. The magistrate could have inferred that 180 complaints made to the police and code compliance in 2009 was sufficient to demonstrate an ongoing, continuous course of complaints regarding the general condition of the premises. Consequently, the fact that the affidavit lacked specific dates or times was not fatal to the magistrate's finding of probable cause because the passage of time was less significant under these circumstances. See id. ("If twenty-three months could elapse before securing a warrant for [an ongoing and continuous] drug operation ... without causing the information to become stale, it seems unlikely that a gap of ten months should pose a staleness problem in the present case.") (citing United States v. Greene, 250 F.3d 471, 480-81 (6th Cir.2001)). Finally, considering the type of property to be searched was a building, the probability that the property would have been relocated was non-existent further supports that the passage of time in these circumstances was not fatal to the magistrate's probable cause determination.
Employing a highly deferential standard and deferring to the reasonable inferences the magistrate could have made based on the four corners of the affidavit, we conclude the magistrate had a substantial basis for determining probable cause that fire, health, or code violations existed at the time the search warrant was issued, and that such violations would be found on the premises. Accordingly, we uphold the magistrate's probable cause determination.
In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by permitting a non-unanimous verdict. Specifically, he argues the court's jury charge set out four separate and distinguishable offenses: (1) cruelty to animals by unreasonably failing to provide food, (2) cruelty to animals by unreasonably failing to provide water, (3) cruelty to animals by unreasonably failing to provide care, and (4) cruelty to animals by unreasonably failing to provide shelter. Under this charge, appellant argues some jurors could have found him guilty of unreasonably failing to provide food while others could have found him guilty of unreasonably failing to provide water, unreasonably failing to provide shelter, or unreasonably failing to provide care; thereby
In analyzing a jury charge issue, our first step is to determine whether error exists. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex.Crim.App.2005). If error is found, we must then determine whether the defendant suffered sufficient harm to require reversal. Id.
A jury in a criminal case must reach a unanimous verdict. TEX. CONST. art. V, § 13; TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 36.29(a); Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Tex.Crim.App.2011). There are three general categories of offenses: (1) "result of conduct" offenses, (2) "nature of conduct" offenses, and (3) "circumstances of conduct" offenses. Young v. State, 341 S.W.3d 417, 423 (Tex.Crim.App.2011). Cruelty to animals is categorized as a "nature of conduct" offense. See Amaya v. State, 733 S.W.2d 168, 174 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). "With `nature of conduct' [offenses], each juror must be unanimous about the specific criminal act...." Young, 341 S.W.3d at 424. However, the jury is not required to unanimously find that the defendant committed that specific criminal act by a specific manner or means. Landrian v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 535 (Tex. Crim.App.2008). "`Manner or means' describes how the defendant committed the specific statutory criminal act." Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 745-46 (emphasis in original). The State is permitted to plead alternate manner or means of committing the same offense. Landrian, 268 S.W.3d at 535-36.
A person commits the offense of cruelty to non-livestock animals if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly:
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 42.092 (West 2011). Accordingly, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
Counts III through X are identical to Count II, except that the animal identification number was updated to identify nine different turtles. Appellant's argument centers on Counts II through X, as no error with respect to Count I (involving the dog) is alleged.
The Court of Criminal Appeals has stated that when evaluating "nature of conduct" offenses, "a handy, though not definitive, rule of thumb is to look at the statutory verb defining the criminal act. That verb ... is generally the criminal act upon which all jurors must unanimously agree." Huffman v. State, 267 S.W.3d 902, 906 (Tex.Crim.App.2008) (quoting Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 745 n. 24). In the applicable animal cruelty statute, the verb defining the criminal act is "provide." See TEX. PENAL CODE § 42.092(3). Thus, it is the act of unreasonably failing to provide that all jurors must agree on. See Huffman, 267 S.W.3d at 906.
Here, the jury charge set forth a single, specific statutory offense — cruelty to non-livestock animals, and included alternate manners and means of committing that offense — unreasonably failing to provide necessary food, water, care, or shelter. Alternate manners and means of committing the same offense may be submitted to the jury without violating the right to a unanimous jury verdict. See Martinez v. State, 129 S.W.3d 101, 103 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) ("The unanimity requirement is not violated by instructing the jury on alternate theories of committing the same offense...."). There is no requirement that the jury designate which of the alternate manners and means of committing the specific offense they found to have been proven. See Landrian, 268 S.W.3d at 535 (stating jury not required to "unanimously find the defendant committed that crime in one specific way or even with one specific act"). Accordingly, we conclude the jury charge properly included alternate means of committing a single offense and did not violate appellant's right to a unanimous jury verdict.
We conclude the search warrant was supported by probable cause, and appellant's right to a unanimous verdict was not violated. Therefore, we affirm the trial court's judgment.
