OPINION

Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice.

On June 24, 2010, Arturo Arredondo was driving a charter bus for Kerrville Bus Company ("KBC") on Highway 281 when he failed to stop the bus in time to prevent it from hitting the back of a pick-up truck driven by Robert Perez. Twenty-one-year-old Perez and his mother, Rhonda Arevalo, suffered personal injuries as a result of the accident. They sued Arredondo for negligence. They also sued his employer, KBC, for gross negligence, negligent entrustment, negligent hiring, and negligent supervision.

At trial, the jury found Arredondo and KBC negligent. It awarded Arevalo $10,000 for physical pain and mental anguish sustained in the past; $100,000 for physical pain and mental anguish that in reasonable probability will be sustained in the future; $10,000 for physical impairment sustained in the past; $50,000 for physical impairment that in reasonable probability will be sustained in the future; $94,000 for medical expenses incurred in the past; and $50,000 for medical expenses that in reasonable probability will be incurred in the future. The jury awarded Perez $5,000 for physical pain and mental anguish sustained in the past; $5,000 for physical impairment sustained in the past; and $24,000 in medical care expenses incurred in the past. The jury did not award Perez any damages for pain and mental anguish that in reasonable probability he will sustain in the future; for physical impairment that in reasonable probability he will sustain in the future; or for medical care expenses that in reasonable probability he will incur in the future. Nor did the jury award any damages relating to Perez's loss of earning capacity. The jury also found KBC grossly negligent and awarded exemplary damages in the amount of $1,000,000. However, because the trial court determined no evidence supported the jury's finding of gross negligence against KBC, it signed a judgment notwithstanding the verdict that omitted the jury's award of $1,000,000 for gross negligence. On appeal, Perez and Arevalo argue the trial court erred in signing the JNOV because (1) the trial court violated Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 301, and (2) there was legally sufficient evidence to support the jury's gross-negligence finding. Additionally, Perez argues the jury's findings of zero damages with respect to his future pain and mental anguish, future physical impairment, and past and future loss of earning capacity are so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust. We affirm.

I. Did the trial court err procedurally in signing the final judgment?

According to Perez and Arevalo, the trial court erred procedurally when it signed the JNOV. Perez and Arevalo claim the trial court violated Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 301 by disregarding "a material finding on its own initiative and in the absence of a pending motion to disregard and without the required notice, hearing, and ruling thereof." However, in reviewing the record, we conclude that the trial court did not sign the JNOV in violation of Rule 301.

A. Procedural Background

Following the jury's verdict, Perez moved for entry of final judgment and attached a proposed judgment. At a hearing on April 29, 2013, immediately after announcing, KBC and Arredondo lodged objections to the trial court signing the proposed judgment submitted by Perez. Specifically, KBC argued there was legally and factually insufficient evidence to support the proposed judgment. KBC also explained that chapter 41 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code limited the amount of exemplary damages that could be awarded. In response, Perez argued there was sufficient evidence to support a gross-negligence finding. Likewise, Arevalo argued there was sufficient evidence to support the gross-negligence finding. Arevalo then discussed how chapter 41's cap on exemplary damages applied to the case. At the end of argument, the trial court stated:

The parties then filed briefs regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's gross-negligence finding. At a second hearing on May 24, 2013, the trial court stated:

Perez then argued that the jury's zero-damages findings regarding his future damages were not supported by sufficient evidence. When the trial court stated that it was ready to sign Perez's proposed judgment without the award regarding gross negligence, Perez objected, stating that every party should receive "three days notice to actually see what the actual judgment is going to look like before the judge signs it." According to Perez, he wanted his appellate lawyer to have a chance to look at the proposed judgment. The trial court agreed to allow the parties to have more time to review the proposed judgment. It was decided that KBC would prepare and submit a proposed judgment and the court would hold yet another hearing.

On June 4, 2013, KBC filed a motion to disregard certain jury findings, arguing the evidence was legally insufficient to support the jury's gross-negligence finding against it. On June 26, 2013, the trial court held another hearing and then signed the final judgment, which did not include an award for gross negligence. Perez then filed a motion for new trial, arguing that the jury's zero-damages findings against him were so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust and that the jury's gross-negligence finding was supported by sufficient evidence. Perez and Arevalo then filed notices of appeal.

B. Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 301

Rule 301 provides that the "judgment of the court shall conform to the pleadings, the nature of the case proved and the verdict, if any, and shall be so framed as to give the party all the relief to which he may be entitled either in law or equity." TEX. R. CIV. P. 301. "Provided, that upon motion and reasonable notice the court may render judgment non obstante veredicto if a directed verdict would have been proper, and provided further that the court may, upon like motion and notice, disregard any jury finding on a question that has no support in the evidence." Id. Perez and Arevalo cite caselaw for the proposition that (1) a trial court may not disregard a material finding and sign a JNOV on its own motion, and (2) if a motion, notice, and hearing are not shown to be part of the record, the JNOV should be reversed. See Lamb v. Franklin, 976 S.W.2d 339, 343 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1998, no pet.) (holding trial court erred in signing JNOV because the record did not reflect that a motion for JNOV was filed or that a hearing on such motion was had). However, as pointed out by KBC, the trial court did not sign a JNOV on its own motion. At the hearing on plaintiffs' motion for entry of judgment, KBC argued there was no evidence to support the judgment. Whether there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's gross-negligence finding was argued by both parties. The trial court then requested briefing on the issue. In response to the briefing, the trial court held a second hearing. When plaintiff's counsel requested additional notice, the trial court granted the request and did not sign a judgment. KBC then filed a motion for JNOV, and at the third hearing, during which time both parties were allowed to present arguments regarding the motion for JNOV, the trial court finally signed the JNOV. Therefore, in contrast to Perez and Arevalo's argument, the trial court did not sign the JNOV on its own motion or without holding a hearing on the motion for JNOV in violation of Rule 301.

II. Did the trial court err in signing the JNOV because there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's gross-negligence finding?

Because the trial court determined there was no evidence to support the jury's finding of gross negligence, it signed a JNOV that did not award exemplary damages. On appeal, Perez and Arevalo argue that the trial court incorrectly concluded there was no evidence to support the jury's finding of gross negligence and thus erred in signing the JNOV. We review a JNOV under a no-evidence standard. Tanner v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 289 S.W.3d 828, 830 (Tex. 2009).

For a claimant to be entitled to exemplary damages for his gross-negligence claim, he must prove "by clear and convincing evidence that the harm with respect to which [he] seeks recovery of exemplary damages results from ... gross negligence." TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(a)(3) (West Supp.2014). The Texas Supreme Court has explained that when a court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence to support a "clear and convincing" standard of proof in a case, it should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. Sw. Bell Tele. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 627 (Tex. 2004). If, after conducting its legal sufficiency review of the evidence, the court determines that no reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then the court must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient. Id.

Applying this standard of review to the facts of this case, we must consider whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the harm to Perez and Arevalo resulted from KBC's gross negligence. If a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that KBC committed gross negligence, then the trial court erred in signing the JNOV. If, on the other hand, a reasonable factfinder could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that KBC committed gross negligence, then the trial court did not err in signing the JNOV.

Section 41.001(11) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code defines "gross negligence" as

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(11) (West 2008). The Texas Supreme Court has explained that gross negligence thus requires a showing of two elements:

Boerjan v. Rodriguez, 436 S.W.3d 307, 311 (Tex.2014) (quoting Lee Lewis Constr. Inc. v. Harrison, 70 S.W.3d 778, 785 (Tex. 2001)) (alteration in original). The supreme court has explained that "[u]nder the first, objective element, an extreme risk is `not a remote possibility of injury or even a high probability of harm, but rather the likelihood of serious injury to the plaintiff.'" Id. (quoting Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917, 921 (Tex.1998)).

Under the second, subjective element, "`actual awareness means the defendant knew about the peril, but its acts or omissions demonstrated that it did not care.'" Id. (quoting Mobil Oil, 968 S.W.2d at 921) (emphasis added). In examining proof of this second, subjective element "courts focus on the defendant's state of mind, examining whether the defendant knew about the peril caused by his conduct but acted in a way that demonstrates he did not care about the consequences to others." Reeder v. Wood Cty. Energy, LLC, 395 S.W.3d 789, 796 (Tex.2013) (emphasis added). That is, "a party cannot be liable for gross negligence when it actually and subjectively believes that circumstances pose no risk to the injured party, even if [it is] wrong." U-Haul Int'l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 141 (Tex. 2012). Thus, we must examine the record to see whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that KBC knew about the peril caused by Arredondo's driving but acted in a way that demonstrated KBC did not care about the consequences to others. See id. at 139-41.

At trial, it was undisputed that KBC had a progressive discipline policy that was dictated by a collective bargaining agreement. Christopher Robertson, KBC's safety director, testified that KBC was bound to follow this progressive discipline policy. Under the progressive discipline policy, when a driver has a first offense, he is given counseling and/or a written warning. If the driver commits a second offense, he is given a written warning. If the driver commits a third offense, he will receive a written warning, suspension, or a discharge. If a driver commits a fourth offense, KBC has the discretion to discharge the employee. The policy states that "[a]ny written warning issued or suspension action taken against an employee will remain in effect for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of such warning or action." Robertson explained the policy was based on a "twelve month cycle," "a rolling calendar year." So, if an employee had a chargeable offense in January, his chargeable offense would clear the following January. In addition to this progressive discipline policy, any time a driver commits an offense, KBC retrains and retests the driver.

Arredondo, who was seventy-three-years-old at the time of trial, testified that he began driving eighteen-wheeler trucks when he was sixteen years-old. He testified he also drove school buses for the San Antonio Northside Independent School District and had been doing so for seven years. At the time Arredondo was first hired by KBC as a part-time driver, he already possessed a commercial driving license. KBC's employee training records show that in late July 2007, Arredondo underwent training at KBC. On July 20, 2007, his instructor for his training made the following notes:

The next day, his instructor noted the following:

Christopher Robertson, KBC's corporate representative who was its safety director at the time of the accident, testified that there are other documents in Arredondo's driver qualification file that would show his progression through training.

One month after Arredondo was hired, on August 8, 2007, he hit two fixed-objects: he hit a parked car and a walk/don't walk sign. Arredondo testified that he was driving the bus near a church, and a person had parked his car too close to the corner of the intersection of the street. According to Arredondo, there were cars parked on both sides of the street, and the street was very narrow. As he made the turn, he hit the back of the car parked too closely to the intersection. Similarly, according to Arredondo, he hit the walk/don't walk sign because it was placed at the edge of the curb, and the sign itself was hanging over the street. These two fixed-object accidents were charged to his KBC driving record. KBC gave him a written warning and retrained him. In July 2008, KBC terminated Arredondo. A Personnel Action Form entered in evidence shows that the last day Arredondo worked for KBC was October 26, 2007. The form noted that the termination was involuntary. Whether Arredondo was "[e]ligible for rehire" was checked "no," with the following comment: "DO NOT RE-HIRE." When asked about Arredondo's termination in 2007, Robertson testified "[h]e was terminated because he wasn't working for us at the time. He was inactive." When asked if Arredondo's termination letter stated he was terminated because his driver's log was not current, Robertson testified he thought the letter stated Arredondo was terminated because he had not worked and because KBC had not "received the current logs." Robertson explained in his testimony that a driver has a maximum period he can drive in one day and has some mandatory time off. Thus, before KBC can hire a part-time driver, KBC must know what that driver has done in the previous seven days. According to Robertson, the termination letter informed Arredondo that KBC was "separating from him at this time" and that "[i]f he wished to come back later, then he would have to requalify to the safety department." Later, when asked whether he participated in the creation of the personnel action form, Robertson admitted that he did not and that he did not know the underlying reason for the "do not rehire" comment made on the form.

In June 2008, Arredondo started the process of requalifying to KBC's safety department. On June 27, 2008, he took a "pre-trip evaluation." Robertson testified that pre-trip evaluations are safety inspections of the bus, "to make sure all of the equipment is functioning appropriately." The instruction noted on the "pre-trip evaluation" form that out of twenty-eight different items, Arredondo failed to check "trash bag supply" and "GPS/NEXTEL." The instruction specifically noted in the comments that Arredondo's "log [was] not filled out correctly" and he was "weak on vehicle control knowledge." The instructor "recommend[ed] follow-up training and follow-up evaluation." Arredondo testified that after this recommendation, he was retrained and received remedial training on his logs. The pre-trip evaluation dated August 12, 2008, indicates that "Arturo [Arredondo] received remedial training on log completion and coach inspections. Arturo was thoroughly briefed on the three pre-trip inspection items that he did not check." That same day, Arredondo passed a road test in all areas tested. In the remarks section, the instructor specifically noted that Arredondo had "good control," an "excellent turn," "good speed," and was "very observant of changing signals." The "post-trip evaluation" noted that Arredondo had a "good inspection and shut down." Arredondo was rehired.

The record shows that eight months later, on April 18, 2009, Arredondo erroneously drove a bus of passengers to Georgetown, Texas instead of George West, Texas. KBC gave Arredondo his first written warning since his rehire. Three months later, on July 26, 2009, Arredondo was involved "in chargeable accident with minimal damage" "while en route to Eagle Pass," Texas. Arredondo received his second written warning under KBC's progressive disciplinary policy and was retrained. The Certification and Training Cover Sheet reflected that Arredondo was evaluated on August 20, 2009. He scored 100% in pedestrian safety, intersection safety, backing basics, passing and lane changing, space management, trip inspection, and being a professional driver. He was given 99% on his pre-trip evaluation; 98% on his driving evaluation; and 100% on his post-trip evaluation. Although he scored 98% on his driving evaluation, the instructor noted that Arredondo "touched [a] curb."

Almost eight months later, on April 11, 2010, Arredondo hit a fixed-object, an awning at the Uvalde bus terminal. He was again retrained. Then, on June 24, 2010, Arredondo was involved in the underlying accident.

In support of their argument that there is evidence from which a reasonable fact-finder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that KBC knew about the peril caused by Arredondo's driving but acted in a way that demonstrated KBC did not care about the consequences to others, Perez and Arevalo argue the evidence shows the following:

According to Perez, the above shows a "systemic pattern of poor driving by Arredondo that [KBC] chose to disregard."

First, the record does not reflect that Arredondo had the worst record of all KBC's drivers. In support of this claim, Perez and Arevalo point to Robertson's testimony. The record reflects that Robertson was asked at trial whether he was "aware of any other drivers for [KBC] with as poor a safety record — the safety record, are you aware of any other drivers [who] have that poor of a record?" Robertson replied, "I don't know at this time." Thus, Robertson did not, in fact, testify that Arredondo had the worst record. With respect to the D or F grade, Robertson was asked to "grade" himself "on the safety supervision of Mr. Arredondo." When asked if "[t]his is an area that you're an F, isn't it," Robertson replied, "I would say with what you're presenting here, yes, it definitely looks bad." Robertson's opinion that "it definitely looks bad" is not evidence that KBC knew about the peril caused by Arredondo's driving but acted in a way that demonstrated it did not care about the consequences to others. Further, at oral argument, Perez claimed the personnel action form in the record that includes the comment "do not rehire" also contained a comment that Arredondo was "weak on vehicle control knowledge." Perez thus claimed the "do not rehire" comment and Arredondo's driving failures were linked on the personnel action form. However, the record reflects that the comment "weak on vehicle control knowledge" is not included on the personnel action form. There is no reason given for the "do not rehire" comment. Instead, the "weak on vehicle knowledge" is found on a "pre-trip evaluation" form dated June 27, 2008, which was more than five months after the personnel action form was created. Thus, the personnel action form does not reflect that the "do not rehire" comment is related to Arredondo's driving.

The evidence does reflect that before his termination in 2008 Arredondo had two "chargeable" incidents with fixed-objects. However, the evidence also shows that KBC retrained Arredondo each time, and Arredondo passed his retraining. The record also reflects that before Arredondo was rehired, he had to undergo a recertification process, which he passed. Arredondo then erroneously drove passengers to the wrong city. He had driver's log infractions. He was involved "in chargeable accident with minimal damage" "while en route to Eagle Pass" and later hit a fixed object, an awning at the bus terminal. However, after each of these chargeable incidents, he was given written warnings pursuant to the progressive disciplinary policy. As this progressive disciplinary policy was part of a collective bargaining agreement, KBC was obligated to follow it. Further, after each chargeable incident, KBC retrained Arredondo. We cannot conclude that these are actions of a company that does not care about the consequences to others.

Courts that have found sufficient evidence to support a gross-negligence finding have been presented with more egregious facts than those presented here. For example, in Ryan Services, Inc. v. Bobbins, No. 13-99-00299-CV, 2001 WL 1002189, at *1 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied), a company's employee was the driver of a truck who ran a red light and hit the plaintiff's vehicle. The jury assigned 99% of the fault of the accident to the employee truck driver. Id. It also found the company liable for negligent entrustment with malice and awarded punitive damages in the amount of $500,000. Id. At trial, there was evidence that the employee driver had been employed from 1982 to 1989 when he was fired for insubordination. Id. He was then rehired in 1991 or 1992, and continued as a driver for the company until his death in 1997. Id. In his employment application, the employee stated he had had no conviction for traffic violations for the prior three years and had not been involved in an accident for five years. Id. According to the company's vice-president, before rehiring the employee, he obtained a moving vehicle report that, contrary to the information provided by the employee, showed the employee had been convicted for driving while intoxicated during the previous five years, had been involved in at least one alcohol-related accident, and had received several other citations for moving and over-weight violations. Id. The vice-president testified that he hired the employee despite having learned this information. Id. Three days before the accident at issue in the case, the vice-president ran another moving vehicle report on the employee in connection with an annual driving record review required by the United States Department of Transportation. Id. According to the vice-president, when he signed the form certifying that he had reviewed the employee's driving record and that the employee met the minimum requirements for safe driving, the vice-president was aware the employee's license had been suspended for a three-month period from June 1996 to September 1996. Id. The vice-president knew that during this time the employee's license was suspended, the employee had continued to drive without interruption for the company. Id. In reviewing the evidence, the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals concluded that there was evidence to support the finding that the company knew about the extreme degree of risk posed by the employee, but acted or failed to act in a manner demonstrating that it did not care about the consequences to others. Id. at *5-6. The court of appeals pointed to the vice-president's testimony that he knew the employee had lied on his application about his conviction for DWI, his involvement in at least one alcohol-related accident, and other traffic violations, but rehired the employee anyway. Id. at *6. The court of appeals also pointed to the vice-president's testimony that he certified the employee as a safe driver even though he knew the employee had been driving for the company while his license was suspended. Id. The court concluded that this was sufficient evidence to show that the company knew about the danger posed but simply did not care. See id.

Similarly, in Montemayor v. Heartland Transportation, Inc., No. B-07-CV-151, 2008 WL 4777004, at *1 (S.D.Tex.2008), the court found some evidence existed to support the plaintiff's claim of gross negligence against a trucking company. The summary judgment evidence showed that a tractor-trailer driven by the trucking company's employee collided with a parked tractor-trailer at a truck stop and injured the driver sleeping inside. Id. There was evidence presented that before the trucking company's employee began working for the trucking company, he had been involved in one "wreck" and had received at least thirteen traffic violations. Id. From November 2005 to May 3, 2006, during his employment with the trucking company, he was involved in "three more wrecks." Id. The company's safety director decided to fire the employee. Id. However, instead of firing the employee immediately, the safety director ordered the dispatcher to have the employee get an additional load, deliver it, and return to headquarters. Id. Before the employee could return to headquarters, he collided with the plaintiff's truck. Id. In looking at this summary judgment evidence, the trial court determined that a fact issue existed with respect to the company's gross negligence because there was evidence that the company not only knew about the employee's "negative driving history" and "decided to fire him as a result of it, but nonetheless retained him for one more assignment." Id. The court concluded that the plaintiff had met its summary judgment burden in showing that although the trucking company knew about the extreme degree of risk, it simply did not care. See id.

In contrast, the evidence presented in this case does not present facts as egregious as those discussed above. The evidence in this case does not rise to a level from which a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that KBC knew about the peril caused by Arredondo's driving but acted in a way that demonstrated KBC did not care about the consequences to others. See U-Haul, 380 S.W.3d at 139-41. As noted, the undisputed evidence shows that KBC tested Arredondo's driving skills when it hired him. After every chargeable incident, it gave him written warnings pursuant to the collectively bargained progressive discipline policy, and it retrained him.

Finally, we note that Perez and Arevalo cite numerous cases in support of their argument that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's gross-negligence finding in this case, see e.g., Lorillard v. Davis, 770 S.W.2d 606 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1989, writ dism'd w.o.j.). However, these cases pre-date the applicable two-prong test for gross negligence enunciated by the Texas Supreme Court in Transportation Insurance Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 19-21 (Tex.1994). Thus, the cases relied on by Perez and Arevalo are not persuasive.

We therefore conclude that there is legally insufficient evidence to support the jury's gross-negligence finding. And, because there was legally insufficient evidence of gross negligence, the trial court did not err in signing a JNOV that omitted the gross-negligence damages.

III. Is Robert Perez entitled to a new trial because the jury's findings of zero damages are so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust?

Perez argues that the jury's findings of zero damages with regard to future pain and mental anguish, future physical impairment, and past and future loss of earning capacity are so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust.1 In its verdict, the jury awarded Robert Perez $5,000 for his past physical pain and mental anguish; $5,000 for physical impairment sustained in the past; and $24,000 for past medical expenses. However, it did not award him any damages relating to his claims of future physical pain, future physical impairment, future medical expense, and past and future loss of earning capacity. Thus, it appears the jury believed Perez was injured as a result of the accident, but that he was better at the time of trial.

As the party challenging the factual sufficiency of jury findings upon which he had the burden of proof at trial, Perez must demonstrate that the adverse findings are "so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that [they are] clearly wrong and unjust." Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex.2001). In our review, we consider and weigh all the evidence. Id.

A. Future Pain and Mental Anguish

"Mental anguish is defined as `intense pain of body or mind ... or a high degree of mental suffering.'" Hicks v. Ricardo, 834 S.W.2d 587, 592 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ) (quoting Cactus Drilling Co. v. McGinty, 580 S.W.2d 609, 611 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1979, no writ)). "Mental anguish is something more than mere worry, anxiety, vexation, or anger." Id. Mental suffering may be implied from injuries accompanied by physical pain. Id. "Damages for future mental anguish are recoverable only if there is a reasonable probability that they will be suffered in the future." Id. Similarly, damages for future physical pain are recoverable only if there is a reasonable probability the injury will continue to affect the plaintiff into the future. See id.

Robert Perez argues the uncontroverted evidence shows that there is a reasonable probability the injury will continue to affect him and cause him pain. He points to the testimony of his testifying expert, Dr. Williams:

Perez emphasizes in his brief that Dr. Williams testified Perez met the definition of chronic injury:

In support of his argument that the jury's findings of zero damages are so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust, Perez relies on Schaffer v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., No. 13-11-00503-CV, 2013 WL 2146833, at *2 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2013, pet. denied). The court of appeals in Schaffer reversed a zero-damages finding of no past pain because "there was simply no evidence that supported the jury's finding that Schaffer suffered zero past pain." Id. at *8. "And the evidence that Schaffer suffered some pain was neither scant nor conflicting." Id. "Schaffer's past physical pain was a fact that was established by her evidence and conceded by the medical witnesses called by Nationwide." Id. Thus, the court concluded "the jury's finding that Schaffer was entitled to zero damages for past physical pain was so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust." Id.

KBC argues this case is not like Schaffer, because in this case, the evidence is not uncontroverted. The record shows that following the accident in June 2010, Perez told the investigating officer at the scene he was not injured. Five days later, he visited an internist, Dr. Michael Pendleton, complaining of pain in his back and shoulder. An MRI showed evidence of an annular tear. Dr. Pendleton referred him to another doctor for epidural injections to help his pain. Dr. Pendleton, Perez's treating physician, testified that Perez's "symptoms improved." "He actually improved with the treatment. He needed less medication. His functional status improved. I saw his demeanor improving. He felt better." Perez saw Dr. Pendleton approximately twenty times following the accident. Dr. Pendleton did not recommend any surgical intervention for Perez because Perez improved with epidural steroids. Perez's last visit was in January 2012, fifteen months before trial. Perez was told to return to the clinic as needed. Dr. Pendleton testified Perez had not visited the clinic for the past year and four months. Perez himself confirmed that the last time he saw Dr. Pendleton was a year and four months before trial and that he had not felt the need to return. Dr. Williams admitted that the tear Perez suffered could heal by filling "in with scar tissue."

Last year, the Dallas Court of Appeals in Lanier v. Eastern Foundations, Inc., 401 S.W.3d 445, 455 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2013, no pet.), noted that the "jury generally has great discretion in considering evidence on the issue of damages." "Matters of pain and suffering, mental anguish, physical impairment, and loss of consortium are necessarily speculative, and it is particularly within the jury's province to resolve these matters and determine the amounts attributable thereto." Id. "When uncontroverted, objective evidence of an injury is presented and the causation of the injury has been established, courts are more likely to overturn jury findings of no damages for past physical pain and impairment." Id. (emphasis added). "On the other hand, if the indicia of injury are more subjective than objective in nature, appellate courts are generally more reluctant to hold a jury finding of no damages contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the evidence." Id. "Finally, uncontroverted, objective evidence of injury does not always require mental anguish damages." Id. "When there is conflicting evidence about the severity of the injuries or about whether the injuries were caused by the collision, the jury has the discretion to resolve the conflicts, determine which version of the evidence to accept, and refuse to award damages." Id.

Here, the jury awarded Perez for his damages in the past, but refused to award damages for future pain and mental anguish. The jury clearly felt that Perez's injury had improved and that he was better. During oral argument, Perez pointed to evidence that he saw a pain management doctor as late as February 2013 complaining of pain. However, given that there was evidence of Perez's improvement, and given that the factfinder is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, see City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex.2005), we cannot conclude that the jury's finding of zero damages with regard to Perez's future pain and mental anguish is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242.

B. Future Physical Impairment

The "effect of any physical impairment must be substantial and extend beyond pain, suffering, mental anguish, lost wages or diminished earning capacity." Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 772 (Tex.2003).

In support of his argument that the jury's finding of zero damages with regard to future physical impairment is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust, Perez again points to Dr. William's testimony that in all reasonable probability Perez would be physically impaired into the future, likely for the rest of his life; that annular tears generally do not heal; that Perez may suffer early degeneration of the disc; that Perez met the definition of a chronic injury; and that Dr. Williams expected that Perez's injuries would remain the same as they had up to the time of trial. Perez argues that this evidence was not controverted by any defense witness. In response, KBC points out that Perez relies heavily on the testimony of his testifying expert, Dr. Williams, while his treating physician, Dr. Pendleton, testified Perez's symptoms had improved. KBC argues the "jury may reasonably have given more weight to the opinion of Perez's treating physician over an expert who saw Perez once." We agree with KBC and cannot conclude that the jury's finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242.

C. Past and Future Loss of Earning Capacity

Finally, Perez complains that the jury's findings of zero damages with respect to past and future loss of earning capacity are so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust.

Loss of past earning capacity is the plaintiff's diminished capacity to earn a living during the period between the injury and the date of the trial. Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Cleveland, 223 S.W.3d 485, 491 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2006, no pet.). The key focus of the analysis is (1) what the plaintiff's capacity to earn was, and (2) how that capacity was impaired by the injury. Id. By contrast, an award for future loss of earning capacity can be based on a combination of factors that may affect a person's capacity to earn a living. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Haney, 987 S.W.2d 236, 244 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied). A plaintiff's future earning can be shown by evidence of the following: (1) past earnings; (2) the plaintiff's stamina, efficiency, and ability to work with pain; (3) the weakness and degenerative changes that will naturally result from the plaintiff's injury; and (4) the plaintiff's work life expectancy. See Gilbreath v. Hathaway, 108 S.W.3d 365, 367 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2003, pet. denied); Koko Motel, Inc. v. Mayo, 91 S.W.3d 41, 52 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2002, pet. denied).

Perez argues Dr. Williams's uncontroverted testimony shows how Perez's injuries would affect his ability to earn a living in a manual labor setting. He points to Dr. Williams's testimony that Perez's annular tear would bother him more when he attempted to lift something heavy and that the annular tear would limit Perez's ability to find employment in manual labor jobs. Perez also points to evidence that he had missed opportunities, both in the past and in the future, to work in oil-field jobs. He points to the testimony of his stepfather, Gilbert Arevalo, a general foreman for Tennessee Pipeline. Gilbert Arevalo testified that his plans to hire Perez had been delayed, and that it was not until a year after the accident that he thought Perez had healed sufficiently to attempt working for Tennessee Pipeline. According to Gilbert Arevalo, after several weeks of Perez working for Tennessee Pipeline, he could see that Perez could not do the job and that he "was hurting." Thus, he fired Perez for both Perez's safety and for the safety of the other workers.

In response, KBC points out the uncontroverted evidence showing that Perez was voluntarily unemployed at the time of the accident. The record reflects that other than working for his stepfather at Tennessee Pipeline for a month and a half, Perez was still unemployed at trial. Perez testified that he graduated from high school in 2008, but did not go to college or pursue any type of professional training. In the three years between high school and the accident, Perez worked odd jobs. Although Perez testified that before the accident, he had "planned" to work with his stepfather at Tennessee Pipeline, he had not taken any active steps to do so before the accident. After the accident, Perez worked at Tennessee Pipeline for a month and a half. He then worked "around the ranch" — although Perez testified he "wouldn't call it work." "I would just call it helping around."

In looking at the evidence, the jury could have reasonably concluded that Perez was voluntarily unemployed before the accident; that his injuries at the time of trial had healed; and that he was voluntarily unemployed after the accident. We thus cannot say that the jury's findings of zero damages with respect to past and future loss of earning capacity was so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242.

CONCLUSION

Because we conclude the trial court did not err in signing the JNOV that omitted exemplary damages and because the jury's findings of zero damages with respect to Perez were not so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that they are clearly wrong and unjust, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Dissenting Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice.

Dissenting Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice.

I respectfully dissent because I believe there was sufficient evidence to support a reasonable jury's finding that both the objective and subjective prongs of the gross negligence claim were met.

GROSS NEGLIGENCE

As noted in the majority opinion, the jury found that the harm to Perez and Arevalo resulted from gross negligence attributable to KBC and awarded $1 million in exemplary damages against KBC. The trial court, however, concluded there was no evidence to support the jury's gross negligence finding and entered a JNOV disregarding the finding and exemplary damages award. In my opinion, the trial court erred in finding there was "no evidence" to support the jury's finding and exemplary damages award.

Standard of Review

In reviewing the entry of a JNOV, we determine whether there is any evidence upon which the jury could have made the disregarded finding. Tanner v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 289 S.W.3d 828, 830 (Tex.2009) (entry of judgment notwithstanding the verdict is subject to review under a no-evidence standard). In doing so, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, crediting favorable evidence and inferences if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex.2005). In this case, our review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's finding is informed by the elevated standard of proof applicable to a gross negligence claim. Perez and Arevalo had the burden to establish KBC's gross negligence by "clear and convincing" evidence. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(a)(3) (West Supp.2014) (claimant may be entitled to exemplary damages for gross negligence claim only if he "proves by clear and convincing evidence that the harm with respect to which the claimant seeks recovery of exemplary damages results from ... gross negligence"); U-Haul Int'l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 138 (Tex.2012). "`Clear and convincing' means the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(2) (West 2008). Thus, when we are reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a jury finding under a "clear and convincing" standard of proof, we look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. Sw Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 627 (Tex.2004). In looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, we assume the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. Id.

Analysis

Gross negligence involves two components, requiring an act or omission (1) "which when viewed objectively from the standpoint of the actor at the time of its occurrence involves an extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others," and (2) "of which the actor has actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceeds with conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others." TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(11) (West 2008). We therefore examine the record to determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the jury's finding, supports a "firm belief or conviction" that both prongs of gross negligence were met. Id.; Garza, 164 S.W.3d at 627.

(1) Objective Prong

The first issue is whether there is evidence of an act or omission by KBC that, viewed objectively from KBC's standpoint at the time, involved an extreme risk of harm to others. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(11). In this context, an extreme risk is not merely "a remote possibility of injury or even a high probability of harm, but rather the likelihood of serious injury to the plaintiff." Boerjan v. Rodriguez, 436 S.W.3d 307, 311 (Tex.2014) (quoting Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917, 921 (Tex.1998)). We examine this risk "prospectively from the perspective of the actor, not in hindsight." Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 248 (Tex.2008).

In support of this element, Perez and Arevalo cite to the evidence of Arredondo's bad driving history with KBC, KBC's knowledge of that history, KBC's own policy with regard to driver operations and safety, and KBC's actions and inactions with respect to Arredondo.

Under KBC's written "Rules of Conduct: Discharge and Discipline," a progressive discipline policy is applied to safety infractions, with a written warning given for the first (optional counseling), second, and third offenses; a driver may be suspended or discharged upon committing a third offense. Discharge is mandatory when a driver commits a fourth safety offense.1 KBC's policy defines a "Safety Infraction" offense as: (1) failure to operate the vehicle in a safe and proper manner; (2) failure to comply with State traffic laws; failure to observe and adhere to posted street signs, traffic instructions, hazard warnings, etc.; (3) failure to comply with DOT regulations; (4) involvement in a chargeable (preventable) accident with minimal damage; (5) violation of safety or health rules; and (6) failure to comply with any other safety rule enumerated in an appendix attached to the policy.

The record shows KBC hired Arredondo and trained him to drive its commercial buses on about July 20, 2007. During the three-month span from July 20, 2007 to October 26, 2007, Arredondo committed two accidents, both of which involved his bus hitting a fixed object — the first time, Arredondo hit a parked vehicle; the second time, he hit a pedestrian walk sign. These accidents occurred on the same day. Arredondo received two written warnings from KBC informing him that these incidents amounted to two "chargeable accidents" under its progressive discipline policy for safety infractions. After the two warnings, Arredondo received re-training. From October 26, 2007 to January 23, 2008, Arredondo was still employed by KBC but did not drive a bus at all during that period. Thus, during the first six months he was employed by KBC, Arredondo received two warnings for accidents within the first three months, and did not drive at all during the last three months. On January 23, 2008, Arredondo was involuntarily terminated by KBC. Christopher Robertson, Safety Director of KBC in 2008, testified that Arredondo was fired for "inactivity" and failure to properly keep his DOT logs. KBC has a policy that a worker is dismissed after six months of inactivity. A "DO NOT RE-HIRE" notation was written on Arredondo's personnel action form, which was placed in his personnel file. Robertson testified he did not write the notation and did not know the reason for it.

After Arredondo was fired in January 2008, KBC began re-qualifying him for rehiring five months later in June 2008 — despite the fact that Arredondo's file contained a "DO NOT REHIRE" directive. Arredondo had not driven a bus since the previous October, a period of eight months. An operator pre-trip evaluation form dated June 27, 2008 documented that Arredondo was "weak on vehicle control knowledge," and recommended follow-up training and follow-up evaluation; it also noted his driver log was not filled out correctly. A personnel action form in the record shows KBC re-hired Arredondo on July 18, 2008. A subsequent pre-trip evaluation in August 2008 indicates that Arredondo received more training and improved on his driving skills. Despite receiving remedial retraining, Arredondo had several more accidents and incidents during his second period of employment before the accident involving Perez and Arevalo. From April 2009 to April 2010, Arredondo received four more warnings from KBC under its progressive discipline policy for the following "Safety "Infraction" offenses: (1) an incident in April 2009 in which he drove to the wrong city with a bus full of children; (2) an accident2 on the way to Eagle Pass in July 2009; (3) an accident in which his bus hit a fixed object, an awning, in April 2010; and (4) a series of DOT log violations. Arredondo received retraining after each warning. Under KBC's own progressive discipline policy, these four safety offenses during a one-year period should have resulted in Arredondo's mandatory discharge upon the fourth offense — prior to the accident involving Perez and Arevalo that occurred in June 2010.

KBC argues that the accidents reflected on Arredondo's driving history during the three years of his employment3 were all minor and none involved significant injuries, unlike the accident involving Perez and Arevalo. KBC stresses that, for several of these accidents, no passengers were even on the bus at the time.4 Thus, given the relatively minor nature of Arredondo's prior accidents, KBC asserts its actions and inactions with regard to Arredondo did not objectively involve an extreme risk of harm to the public.

The fact that Arredondo's previous accidents were relatively minor is not determinative of the objective risk issue. "[A]wareness of an extreme risk does not require proof that the defendant anticipated the precise manner in which the injury would occur or be able to identify to whom the injury would befall." U-Haul, 380 S.W.3d at 139; see Montemayor v. Heartland Transp., Inc., No. B-07-CV-151, 2008 WL 4777004 (S.D.Tex. Oct. 30, 2008) ("common sense suggests that often only the most infinitesimal of contingencies separate a minor accident from becoming a major one"). A foreseeable risk does not require proof that the defendant anticipated "the precise manner in which the injury will occur." U-Haul, 380 S.W.3d at 138 (quoting Lee Lewis Constr., Inc. v. Harrison, 70 S.W.3d 778, 785 (Tex.2001)). The record here shows a continuous pattern of accidents by Arredondo, beginning right after he was hired in July 2007 and continuing throughout his employment with KBC, with the latest accident occurring as late as April 2010, two months before the accident with Perez and Arevalo. This is not a situation where a new bus driver was involved in several accidents at the beginning of his training and then improved. Despite multiple retraining sessions, Arredondo kept having accidents throughout the entire term of his employment with KBC. Moreover, the accidents involved Arredondo hitting objects with the bus — a parked car; a pedestrian "walk" sign; an awning. Thus, there was evidence upon which the jury could form a firm belief that an extreme risk existed, based on probability, that Arredondo would again collide with an object, whether fixed or not, while driving a KBC bus. As to the magnitude of the potential harm to others, it was dependent on what the object was that Arredondo hit and who was inside it. Colliding into the back of a stopped vehicle turning left from an active lane of traffic on a public thoroughfare would be more likely to cause serious injury to the vehicle's passengers than hitting an empty vehicle parked on the side of the road. Viewed objectively from KBC's standpoint, there was sufficient evidence to support a firm belief that an extreme degree of risk existed that Arredondo would hit another vehicle on the roadway, resulting in the likelihood of serious injury to others. See U-Haul, 380 S.W.3d at 139 (awareness of an extreme risk does not require proof that the defendant anticipated the precise manner in which the injury would occur or be able to identify to whom the injury would befall).

Therefore, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's finding of the objective prong for gross negligence, I believe there is sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable jury could form a firm belief that KBC's decisions to terminate indefinitely, and yet rehire Arredondo as a driver despite a driving record with two collisions, and/or its subsequent decision to maintain his employment after four additional safety offenses mandating discharge, when viewed objectively from KBC's perspective at the time, involved an extreme risk of harm to other drivers and their passengers.

(2) Subjective Prong

A defendant must also have subjective awareness of the specific risk at issue, and consciously disregard the risk, to be grossly negligent. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(11). Thus, the next issue is whether there is evidence that would support the jury's firm belief that KBC was subjectively aware of the extreme risk to the public and proceeded with conscious indifference to the safety of others by disregarding its own directive (i.e., "Do Not Rehire") and re-hiring Arredondo and/or failing to fire Arredondo after his fourth safety offense, which occurred as early as April 2010. Id. "In examining proof of the subjective component, courts focus on the defendant's state of mind, examining whether the defendant knew about the peril caused by his conduct but acted in a way that demonstrates he did not care about the consequences to others." Reeder v. Wood Cnty. Energy, LLC, 395 S.W.3d 789, 796 (Tex.2013). "[W]hat separates ordinary negligence from gross negligence is the defendant's state of mind; in other words, the plaintiff must show that the defendant knew about the peril, but his acts or omissions demonstrate that he did not care." Diamond Shamrock Refining Co., L.P. v Hall, 168 S.W.3d 164, 173 (Tex.2005). A defendant is not grossly negligent when it "actually and subjectively believes circumstances pose no risk to the injured party, even if they are wrong." U-Haul, 380 S.W.3d at 141.

KBC claims there is no clear and convincing evidence that it actually knew Arredondo's driving ability presented an extreme degree of risk to the public and proceeded with conscious indifference to that risk. KBC contends it could not have known that Arredondo would injure a member of the public by hitting another vehicle while driving one of its buses.

Yet, KBC had itself documented, and thus had actual knowledge of, Arredondo's driving record filled with accidents from the date of his initial hire in July 2007 through his accident in April 2010, a mere two months before the Perez/Arevalo accident. KBC required Arredondo to undergo retraining on multiple occasions, further supporting a finding that KBC was aware of the danger posed by Arredondo's reckless driving. Indeed, KBC documented Arredondo's weakness on "vehicle control knowledge" right before it re-hired him. Most revealing, KBC's records include the personnel action form documenting Arredondo's termination in January 2008, which shows that an internal decision was made at KBC to involuntarily fire him as a bus driver and another decision was made to add a directive stating "DO NOT RE-HIRE" Arredondo. This documentary evidence shows, or at least supports a reasonable inference, that KBC was subjectively aware of Arredondo's risk to the public's safety before his rehiring. Indeed, KBC decided to indefinitely terminate Arredondo's employment with KBC and deemed him ineligible for rehire. This action may show that the company cared about the consequences to others in firing him. What does it show that KBC ignored its own directive and rehired him if not conscious indifference to the safety of others?

Notwithstanding speculative argument as to KBC's reason(s) for rehiring Arredondo, the mere fact that KBC did rehire Arredondo five months after his termination, contrary to its own mandate not to rehire him, shows that KBC consciously disregarded its own internal decision not to rehire him and consciously ignored the risk to the public posed by his reckless driving record. Further, despite Arredondo's additional accidents involving collisions and his accumulation of four warnings mandating discharge after his rehiring (in addition to his two previous warnings for collisions), KBC failed to act and did not terminate him in April 2010 in accordance with its own policy. This evidence supports a firm belief that KBC was consciously indifferent to the extreme risk that Arredondo posed to the public. Robertson recognized KBC's dangerous decisions when confronted with the laundry list of incidents involving Arredondo at trial, and conceded that he would give himself a grade of "D or F" on safety supervision in this situation.

Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's finding of the subjective prong for gross negligence, I believe it is sufficient to support a firm belief or conviction that KBC had actual, subjective awareness of the extreme risk posed by Arredondo's continued driving, but proceeded with conscious indifference to the risk to public safety when it fired him indefinitely and then re-hired him in June 2008, and again when it did not fire him in April 2010 even though mandated by its own policy.

In conclusion, because I believe the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support the jury's finding that KBC was grossly negligent, I would reverse the portion of the trial court's judgment disregarding the jury's gross negligence award and render judgment on the jury's verdict in its entirety, subject to the statutory cap on exemplary damages. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.008 (West Supp.2014).