MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

HARRY S. MATTICE, JR., District Judge.

Plaintiff Ella D. McClellan brought this action for judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security that she was not disabled under the Social Security Act. The Court referred this matter to Magistrate Judge Susan K. Lee pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b) for a Report and Recommendation ("R & R").

Magistrate Judge Lee entered her R & R [Court Doc. 16] on February 28, 2011, recommending that the Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment [Court Doc. 14] be denied, that Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment [Court Doc. 12] be granted, and that the Commissioner's decision be reversed and the action remanded pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for further evaluation. The Commissioner has filed a timely objection to the R & R [Court Doc. 17] and Plaintiff has responded [Court Doc. 18].

For the reasons stated below, the Court will OVERRULE the Commissioner's objection and will ACCEPT AND ADOPT Magistrate Judge Lee's Report and Recommendation.

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court must conduct a de novo review of those portions of the R & R to which an objection is made and may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the Magistrate Judge's findings or recommendations. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). For those portions of the R & R to which objections have been made, the Court will directly review the circumstances leading to the Commissioner's determination that Plaintiff was not disabled and Magistrate Judge Lee's determination that Plaintiff's claim should be remanded to the Commissioner. Id.

The Court must determine whether substantial evidence supports the Commissioner's denial of benefits. Substantial evidence is defined as "more than a mere scintilla" of evidence and "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971).

II. FACTS

Magistrate Judge Lee's R & R fully sets forth the relevant facts in this case. There have been no objections to the relevant facts as set forth in the R & R. Accordingly, the Court ACCEPTS AND ADOPTS BY REFERENCE the "Factual Background" section of the R & R. (Court Doc. 16, R & R at 2-6.)

III. ANALYSIS

The Commissioner first objects to Magistrate Judge Lee's inclusion of two facts not part of the administrative record: Plaintiff's diagnosis in a subsequent disability determination and a policy of the Tennessee Department of Education. (Court Doc. 17, Def.'s Objs. at 1.) The Commissioner next argues that the ALJ was not required to address Listing 12.05C because, although it is undisputed that Plaintiff had an IQ score in the 60s and has a physical impairment imposing another significant limitation, substantial evidence in the record shows that Plaintiff's mental impairment would not satisfy the requirements of Listing 12.05. (Id. at 2-3.) Specifically, the Commissioner claims that Plaintiff was never diagnosed with mental retardation and was instead diagnosed with borderline intellectual functioning. (Id. at 3-4.) In addition, the Commissioner points out that Dr. Davis and Dr. Welch noted that Plaintiff had no history of mental retardation. (Id. at 4.)

Moreover, the Commissioner asserts that the record evidence does not establish that Plaintiff had the necessary deficits in adaptive functioning. (Id.) The Commissioner argues that the evidence in the record indicated that Plaintiff might be able to obtain her GED; she had a concrete thinking pattern; she could maintain a coherent train of thought; she could manage her own funds; she exhibited appropriate behavior; she could communicate adequately; and she was fully able to comprehend simple information and put it to use it in a work setting without much difficulty. (Id. at 4-5.) The Commissioner asserts that the requirements of Listing 12.05 were therefore not satisfied, and there was no need for the ALJ to consider whether Plaintiff met the diagnostic description in this listing. (Id. at 5-6.) The Commissioner further asserts that even if the ALJ should have considered Listing 12.05, his failure to do so was harmless error and the case need not be remanded. (Id. at 6.)

In her R & R, Magistrate Judge Lee noted that while the ALJ considered Listings 12.02 and 12.04 for organic mental disorder and affective disorder, respectively, the ALJ did not consider Listing 12.05, which addresses mental retardation. (R & R at 10.) Magistrate Judge Lee determined that the ALJ improperly reached the conclusion that Plaintiff was functioning in the "borderline" intellectual range at step two of the process because the ALJ still needed to consider Plaintiff's intellectual impairments during the entire process, especially since it is undisputed that intellectual impairments affected her work abilities. (Id. at 11-12.) Magistrate Judge Lee noted that the applicable law in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit counseled that a qualifying IQ score is not enough to satisfy Listing 12.05, and a claimant must also meet the elements of the diagnostic description— "significant subaverage general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning before age 22." (Id. at 13.) Magistrate Judge Lee concluded that there could be some circumstances in which an IQ score of less than 70 would not implicate Listing 12.05 because the record could unequivocally show that the impairment occurred after age 22. (Id.)

In the instant case, however, Magistrate Judge Lee found that Plaintiff met the threshold requirements of Listing 12.05 because she had a valid IQ score of 70 or less (63) and she had a physical or mental impairment that imposed work-related limitations (physical maladies which restricted her to light work). (Id. at 14-15.) Therefore, Magistrate Judge Lee found that the requirements of Listing 12.05 were met and the ALJ needed to consider the listing if there was a substantial question as to whether Plaintiff also met the diagnostic description, i.e., significant subaverage general intellectual functioning, deficits in adaptive functioning, and an onset date before age 22. (Id. at 15-16.) Magistrate Judge Lee concluded that there was such a substantial question based on evidence in the record. (Id. at 16.) First, Magistrate Judge Lee noted that Plaintiff's IQ score of 63 indicated that she suffered from significant intellectual impairments. (Id.) Next, Magistrate Judge Lee found substantial evidence that Plaintiff suffered from adaptive deficits by virtue of noted significant attention span problems and a "below average" score on a test meant to measure her adaptive functioning. (Id. at 16-17.) Finally, Magistrate Judge Lee found substantial evidence in the record that Plaintiff's deficits manifested before age 22 because, in conjunction with her low IQ score, Plaintiff was held back in the first grade and took special education classes in seventh and eighth grades. (Id. at 17.) Although Magistrate Judge Lee acknowledged that Plaintiff had not been diagnosed with mental retardation and there was other evidence in the record which did not establish significant deficits, she concluded that there was a substantial question that Plaintiff met Listing 12.05C because it was not obvious from the record that Plaintiff would not meet the listing. (Id. at 18.) As such, the ALJ was required to consider Listing 12.05C. (Id.)

Magistrate Judge Lee next addressed whether the ALJ considered the listing even though it was not discussed in his decision, and found no evidence that the ALJ had made findings that indicated that he had considered and rejected the listing. (Id. at 18-21.) Finally, after determining that the ALJ was required to consider Listing 12.05C, Magistrate Judge Lee addressed whether the ALJ's failure to consider the listing was harmless error. (Id. at 21.) Magistrate Judge Lee noted that either the ALJ overlooked the listing or considered and rejected it for reasons not articulated in the decision. (Id.) If it was the former, remand was necessary because the decision was not supported by substantial evidence, and if it was the latter, remand was still proper because the Court could not speculate as to the ALJ's decision with regard to the listing. (Id. at 21-22.) Magistrate Judge Lee determined that remand was necessary unless it was clear that the contested issue would not change the ultimate outcome, and such was not applicable in the instant case, because if Plaintiff met Listing 12.05C, she would be presumed disabled. (Id. at 22.) Accordingly, Magistrate Judge Lee recommended that Plaintiff's case be remanded to the ALJ. (Id. at 22-23.)

The Commissioner's initial objection contends that the R & R relied on facts not part of the administrative record and the Court cannot consider that evidence. The Court finds that it was unnecessary to consider or rely on Plaintiff's diagnosis in her subsequent disability determination or the policy of the Tennessee Department of Education in reaching its conclusion.

The Commissioner's other objections to Magistrate Judge Lee's R & R are largely a reiteration of the arguments it made in its Motion for Summary Judgment. After fully reviewing the administrative record and Magistrate Judge Lee's extremely detailed and carefully analyzed R & R, the Court agrees with the findings of fact and conclusions contained therein and sees no reason to revisit the same arguments that Plaintiff had not been diagnosed with mental retardation and did not have a history of mental retardation, that the record contains evidence that Plaintiff does not have deficits in adaptive functioning, that the requirements of Listing 12.05C have therefore not been met, and that the ALJ's failure to consider the listing or discuss it in the decision was harmless.

The Court finds that Magistrate Judge Lee thoroughly addressed these arguments in the R & R and the Court agrees with her conclusion that the evidence in the record raised a substantial question as to the applicability of Listing 12.05C. Although there was conflicting evidence in the record on the issue of significant deficits in adaptive functioning, there was sufficient evidence to raise a substantial question as to whether Plaintiff had such deficits because it was not obvious from the record that she did not. The Court further agrees with Magistrate Judge Lee's conclusion that the ALJ's failure to consider the listing was not harmless error. The ALJ's apparent failure to consider the listing in light of the evidence in the record requires remand because, had the ALJ considered Listing 12.05C and found that the listing applied to Plaintiff and established mental retardation, he would have found Plaintiff to be presumptively disabled for that time period and a different outcome would result.

Accordingly, the Court OVERRULES the Commissioner's Objections and ACCEPTS and ADOPTS Magistrate Judge Lee's R & R. The Commissioner's Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED. To the extent that Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment seeks reversal of the Commissioner's decision and an award of benefits, it is DENIED. To the extent that Plaintiff's Motion seeks remand of the case to the ALJ for further evaluation, the Motion is GRANTED. Plaintiff's case is remanded to the Commissioner for action consistent with the R & R and this Order.

IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the Court ORDERS the following:

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

SUSAN K. LEE, United States Magistrate Judge.

This action was brought by Plaintiff Ella D. McClellan pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and 1383(c)(3) seeking judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security ("Commissioner" or "Defendant") denying her supplemental security income ("SSI") benefits. Plaintiff and Defendant have filed cross motions for summary judgment [Doc. 12, Doc. 14]. Plaintiff seeks the award of benefits, or in the alternative, a remand to the Commissioner. In summary, Plaintiff argues the Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") should have found that she was disabled due to mental retardation.

For the reasons stated below, I RECOMMEND that: (1) Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment [Doc. 12] be GRANTED; (2) Defendant's motion for summary judgment [Doc. 14] be DENIED; (3) the decision of Commissioner be REVERSED; and (4) this action be REMANDED.

I. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS

On April 4, 2006, at the age of 36, Plaintiff applied for SSI benefits, alleging she became disabled in November 2005 due to "back problems, left knee problems, [and] right arm problems" (Tr. 74, 88). Her claim was denied initially and upon reconsideration, with an acknowledgment that she suffered from physical pain and a mental condition (Tr. 47, 52). Plaintiff requested a hearing, which was held in March 2008 (Tr. 31, 53). Plaintiff was not represented at the hearing, and she alleged only back and arm pain (Tr. 31, 33-36). The ALJ determined that Plaintiff was not disabled (Tr. 16-26). After her claim was denied, Plaintiff retained counsel, who argued to the Appeals Council that the ALJ erred by failing to consider whether Plaintiff was mentally retarded (Tr. 142-44). The Appeals Council, however, found that the ALJ "fully considered and evaluated the evidence and reached the appropriate conclusion on the issues." (Tr. 2). Thus, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff's request for review, making the ALJ's decision the final decision of the Commissioner (Tr. 1).

Following this adverse decision, Plaintiff filed a new application for benefits on February 17, 2009, and she was awarded benefits from that date forward (Tr. 2). The favorable determination lists "learning disability" as Plaintiff's primary diagnosis [Doc. 13-1 at 1]. In this appeal, therefore, Plaintiff seeks benefits only for the time period between April 4, 2006, and February 17, 2009.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff does not allege any error with respect to the ALJ's findings relating to her physical conditions or mental conditions other than mental retardation. Therefore, the facts recited herein will focus on Plaintiff's alleged mental retardation and will not specifically address the facts related to her other impairments.

A. Plaintiff's Education and Background

Plaintiff worked in the past as a fast food cook (Tr. 89), but the ALJ found she had not performed any substantial gainful activity within the past 15 years (Tr. 24). She was held back in the first grade, and she left school after completing the eighth grade (Tr. 94, 164). She reportedly moved between schools frequently because her father was a truck driver, and she left school to help take care of her younger siblings (Tr. 164). In the seventh and eighth grades, Plaintiff took special education classes in all subjects (Tr. 94, 164, 214). Plaintiff can, however, read and write (Tr. 88). Plaintiff enrolled in a GED program in 2003 (Tr. 164), but the record does not show that she ever earned her GED certificate. She also participated in rehabilitative vocational training for janitorial services in 2006 (Tr. 95).

Plaintiff has two daughters, and she cares for them by cooking, doing laundry, and grocery shopping (Tr. 35). She enjoys watching television, and she would like to play sports, but she reports she cannot do so because of her physical condition (Tr. 114). She alleges she cannot pay attention for long periods of time and cannot follow spoken instructions well, but she can follow written instructions "very well" (Tr. 115).

B. Plaintiff's Medical Records

In May 2002, Karl W. Konrad, Ph.D., M.D., examined Plaintiff for her complaints of back pain (Tr. 160). During that examination, under the heading "Mental Status," Dr. Konrad noted that Plaintiff's memory "for events surrounding [his] exam and for personal history [were] normal" and that she "[c]linically appear[ed] to be of average intelligence." (Tr. 161).

In 2005, Plaintiff was examined on two occasions by Donna L. Crosswait, M.Ed., a licensed psychological examiner (Tr. 164-72). In June 2005, Ms. Crosswait evaluated Plaintiff's "current level of intellectual functioning, academic achievement, and adaptive behavior" in order to "make educational recommendations" (Tr. 164). Plaintiff told Ms. Crosswait that she did not consider herself capable of performing work; she said she had once worked in a mini-blind factory, but the job was too hard for her (Tr. 164). Plaintiff had "much difficulty concentrating" during the testing, and she had a "very limited range of vocabulary" (Tr. 165). Plaintiff was motivated and cooperative during testing, and Ms. Crosswait believed the test results accurately represented her intellectual, academic, and adaptive abilities (Tr. 165).

Ms. Crosswait administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test ("WAIS-III"), on which Plaintiff obtained a verbal IQ of 63, a performance IQ of 76, and a full-scale IQ of 66 (Tr. 165). According to Ms. Crosswait, those scores placed Plaintiff in the "extremely low" range of intellectual functioning—in the first percentile (Tr. 165). Ms. Crosswait was able to say with 95% confidence that Plaintiff's "actual" full-scale IQ score was somewhere between 63 ("extremely low") and 71 ("borderline") (Tr. 165). Because Plaintiff's full-scale IQ score was less than 70, Ms. Crosswait administered another test, the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System ("ABAS-II"), to "rule out" mental retardation (Tr. 166). Plaintiff scored 86, and Ms. Crosswait was able to say with 95% confidence that her true score was between 83 and 89, which placed Plaintiff in the 18th percentile, or the "below average" range of adaptive functioning (Tr. 166). Academically, Ms. Crosswait opined that Plaintiff's abilities were in the "low average" range, or around the same level as a ten-year-old (Tr. 167). Plaintiff obtained a Total Achievement score of 86 on the Woodcock-Johnson test of cognitive abilities ("WJ-III"), which placed her in the 17th percentile (Tr. 167). Ms. Crosswait did not believe that Plaintiff met the criteria for any "specific learning disabilities" (Tr. 167), but the lack of a specific learning disability is not inconsistent with mental retardation.1

In summary, Ms. Crosswait noted that although Plaintiff's full-scale IQ score was "indicative" of "extremely low" intellectual functioning, the range in which she functioned—the 95% confidence interval—extended into the "borderline" category (Tr. 165, 168). Ms. Crosswait "suspected" that due to Plaintiff's scores of 86 on both the ABAS-II and WJ-III tests, Plaintiff's "true" full-scale IQ score was "higher in the confidence interval and [wa]s actually in the [b]orderline range of functioning" (Tr. 168). Accordingly, Ms. Crosswait diagnosed Plaintiff with borderline intellectual functioning (Tr. 168), which corresponds generally to an IQ score between 71 and 84. See Am. Psychiatric Ass'n, Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence, DSM-IV (4th ed. 2002). With written (as opposed to oral) assignments and tests, Ms. Crosswait believed Plaintiff could successfully obtain her GED certificate, and after that, might benefit from subsequent vocational rehabilitation. Ms. Crosswait indicated Plaintiff might be better suited to clerical work, noting she displayed a "relative strength" in the "Processing Speed of clerical skills" (Tr. 168).

Two months later, in August 2005, Ms. Crosswait evaluated Plaintiff again "to determine her . . . psychosocial status" (Tr. 169). Ms. Crosswait diagnosed Plaintiff with generalized anxiety disorder and moderate, recurrent, major depressive disorder (Tr. 172). As relevant here, Ms. Crosswait noted that Plaintiff had an "extremely low" working memory and "extremely low" story recall, suggesting "very impaired immediate memory" (Tr. 171). Plaintiff also had "significant problems with a short attention span . . . and distractibility" (Tr. 172).

The following year, Plaintiff was evaluated by Art Stair, M.A., also a licensed psychological examiner (Tr. 212-17). Despite her "fair" attention span, Mr. Stair noted that Plaintiff demonstrated a "limited ability to think abstractly" and "below-average ability in answering logic-based problems." (Tr. 214). Plaintiff also took "an inordinate amount of time" to answer elementary mathematical equations (Tr. 214), a task which Ms. Crosswait had observed was one of Plaintiff's relative strengths (Tr. 167). Mr. Stair estimated that Plaintiff was in the "upper borderline intellectual functioning range," but he recommended objective testing to quantify her abilities (Tr. 214, 216).2 He opined that Plaintiff's "ability to comprehend and implement multi-step, complex instructions" was "marginal" (Tr. 216). The same month, Marianne E. Filka, M.D., performed a physical examination of Plaintiff, and she opined that Plaintiff had "low average intellectual functioning" (Tr. 220). Dr. Filka noted, however, that she did not specifically test Plaintiff's ability to perform calculations or abstract thinking (Tr. 222).

In addition, two reviewing physicians offered opinions regarding Plaintiff's intellectual abilities. In July 2006, George T. Davis, Ph.D., opined that Plaintiff exhibited "low ave[rage] to borderline IQ w[ith]o[ut] lifelong h[istory] of m[ental] r[etardation]" (Tr. 225). Dr. Davis stated that Plaintiff's achievement scores suggested a "low average" IQ (Tr. 236). In January 2007, Larry W. Welch, Ed. D., offered an opinion that was essentially the same as Dr. Davis's (Tr. 289). Both Drs. Davis and Welch suggested that Plaintiff's low IQ was evidence of an "organic mental disorder"3 rather than mental retardation (see Tr. 225, 289).

III. ALJ'S FINDINGS

A. Eligibility for Disability Benefits

The Social Security Administration determines eligibility for disability benefits by following a five-step process. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i-v).

Rabbers v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 582 F.3d 647 (6th Cir.2009). The claimant bears the burden to show the extent of her impairments, but at step five, the Commissioner bears the burden to show that, notwithstanding those impairments, there are jobs the claimant is capable of performing. See Walters v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 127 F.3d 525, 529 (6th Cir.1997).

B. ALJ's Application of the Sequential Evaluation Process

At step one of this process, the ALJ found Plaintiff was not performing substantial gainful activity (Tr. 18). At step two, the ALJ found Plaintiff had a severe "combination" of impairments: back, neck, knee, and right arm problems, low average to borderline intellectual function, and an affective disorder (Tr. 18). At this step, the ALJ did not engage in any discussion about why he found Plaintiff to be functioning in the low average to borderline range. At step three, of chief importance here, the ALJ found Plaintiff did not have any impairment or combination of impairments severe enough to meet or medically equal any of the presumptively disabling impairments listed at 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App'x. 1 § 12.05 (Tr. 19). Specifically, the ALJ found that Plaintiff's mental impairments, considered singly and in combination, did not meet or medically equal the criteria of listings 12.02 or 12.04 (Tr. 19). The ALJ determined Plaintiff had the residual functional capacity ("RFC") to perform a limited range of light work (Tr. 20). Due to Plaintiff's borderline intellectual functioning, the ALJ found Plaintiff would be limited to "simple, routine, repetitive jobs" (Tr. 20). At step four, the ALJ observed that Plaintiff had no relevant past work (Tr. 24). With respect to the final step, the ALJ relied on the hearing testimony of a vocational expert, who opined that someone with Plaintiff's age, education, experience, and RFC could perform entry level clerical work as well as several other representative jobs (Tr. 25, 39). Accordingly, the ALJ concluded there were jobs existing in significant numbers in the national economy that Plaintiff could perform, and Plaintiff was therefore not disabled (Tr. 25-26).

IV. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff specifically challenges the ALJ's decision at step three. She contends the ALJ erred by failing to consider whether she met listing 12.05C, which is designed specifically for mildly mentally retarded people with additional severe impairments. See Brown v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 948 F.2d 268, 270 (6th Cir.1991).

A. Standard of Review

A court must affirm the Commissioner's decision unless it rests on an incorrect legal standard or is unsupported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Warner v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 375 F.3d 387, 390 (6th Cir.2004) (quoting Walters, 127 F.3d at 528). Substantial evidence is "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Garner v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 388 (6th Cir.1984) (quoting Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971)). Furthermore, the evidence must be "substantial" in light of the record as a whole, "tak[ing] into account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight." Id. (internal quotes omitted). If there is substantial evidence to support the Commissioner's findings, they should be affirmed, even if the court might have decided facts differently, or if substantial evidence would also have supported other findings. Smith v. Chater, 99 F.3d 780, 782 (6th Cir.1996); Ross v. Richardson, 440 F.2d 690, 691 (6th Cir.1971). The court may not re-weigh evidence, resolve conflicts in evidence, or decide questions of credibility. Garner, 745 F.2d at 387. The substantial evidence standard allows considerable latitude to administrative decisionmakers because it presupposes there is a zone of choice within which the decisionmakers can go either way, without interference by the courts. Felisky v. Bowen, 35 F.3d 1027, 1035 (6th Cir.1994).

The court may consider any evidence in the record, regardless of whether it has been cited by the ALJ. Heston v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 245 F.3d 528, 535 (6th Cir.2001). The court may not, however, consider any evidence which was not before the ALJ for purposes of substantial evidence review. Foster v. Halter, 279 F.3d 348, 357 (6th Cir.2001). Furthermore, the court is under no obligation to scour the record for errors not identified by the claimant, Howington v. Astrue, 2009 WL 2579620, *6 (E.D.Tenn. Aug. 18, 2009) (stating that assignments of error not made by claimant were waived), and arguments not raised and supported in more than a perfunctory manner may be deemed waived, Woods v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2009 WL 3153153, at *7 (W.D.Mich. Sep. 29, 2009) (citing McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995-96 (6th Cir.1997)) (noting that conclusory claim of error without further argument or authority may be considered waived).

B. Listing 12.05C

At the third step in the disability evaluation process, a claimant will be found disabled if her impairment meets or equals one of the listings in the Listing of Impairments. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii), 416.920(a)(4)(iii). The claimant bears the burden of proving every element of the listing. King v. Sec'y Health & Human Servs., 742 F.2d 968, 974 (6th Cir.1986).

As noted, Plaintiff argues the ALJ should have found that she met listing 12.05C.4 While the ALJ's opinion explicitly considered two listed mental impairments, 12.02 (organic mental disorder) and 12.04 (affective disorder), the ALJ did not explicitly consider listing 12.05 (mental retardation).5 Listing 12.05 states:

20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App'x. 1 § 12.05. As Plaintiff argues, if she met or equaled the criteria of listing 12.05C, then the sequential evaluation process should have ended at step three with a finding of disability.6 See Buxton v. Halter, 246 F.3d 762, 772 (6th Cir.2001).

The Commissioner argues that the ALJ was not required to discuss listing 12.05C under the circumstances here, but that he did in fact consider the relevant facts, and that any error in his opinion is harmless. Thus, this case presents three distinct issues, which will be considered serially: first, whether the ALJ was required to make a finding regarding listing 12.05C; second, whether the ALJ's opinion, while not specifically mentioning that listing, shows that such a finding was made; and third, whether any error in the ALJ's opinion requires reversal.

1. Was the ALJ Required to Consider Listing 12.05C?

a. The ALJ's Step-Two Finding of Borderline Intellectual Functioning

Preliminarily, the Commissioner argues that the ALJ was not required to consider mental retardation at step three because he found at step two that Plaintiff was not mentally retarded, but was instead functioning in the "borderline" range, a finding which, according to the Government, Plaintiff does not challenge. To be sure, the Commissioner must at least consider the listings corresponding to a claimant's "severe" impairment(s). See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(d)(2); Coldiron v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 391 Fed.Appx. 435, 438 (6th Cir.2010) (noting that at step three, the ALJ determines whether the claimant "is suffering from a severe impairment which . . . meets or equals a listed impairment"). But a conclusory step-two finding of borderline intellectual functioning does not excuse the ALJ from considering the extent of a claimant's intellectual impairments at subsequent steps. Put simply, step two is not the stage at which the ALJ should, without comment, make fine distinctions between two impairments, both supported by the record, which differ only in their degree. Instead, at step two, the ALJ should gather up all a claimant's impairments which are worth consideration, and he should then consider them in the remainder of his analysis. See Farris v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 773 F.2d 85, 89 (6th Cir.1985) (noting that step two is a de minimis hurdle which exists only to "screen out totally groundless claims."); Nejat v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 359 Fed.Appx. 574, 577 (6th Cir.2009) (stating that if ALJ finds any severe impairments, he must consider all impairments at subsequent steps). Of course, if there is conflicting evidence in the record regarding whether the claimant suffers from an impairment at all, even a minimal one, then it is up to the ALJ to resolve that conflict. See Carrelli v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 390 Fed.Appx. 429, 436 (6th Cir. 2010). There is no dispute, however, that Plaintiff has an intellectual impairment that limits her ability to work to some degree. Indeed, the ALJ limited Plaintiff's RFC to "simple, routine, repetitive jobs" (Tr. 20). I CONCLUDE therefore that the ALJ was obligated to account for Plaintiff's intellectual limitations at the subsequent steps of the sequential evaluation.

b. Threshold for Consideration of Listing 12.05C

Plaintiff hangs her step-three argument on the holding of Abbott v. Sullivan, 905 F.2d 918 (6th Cir.1990). In Abbott, the court held, based on the claimant's IQ score alone, that the Commissioner erred in failing to consider listing 12.05. Id. at 924-25. According to Plaintiff, Abbott stands for the proposition that "evidence that the [c]laimant's IQ is in the range of 60-69 requires that the [Commissioner] explicitly consider" listing 12.05C [Doc. 13 at 5].7 The Abbott court, however, did not hold that a qualifying IQ score will always trigger the ALJ's duty to consider the listing for mental retardation. Rather, the court held, given the facts of that case, that the claimant's IQ score raised a "substantial question" as to whether the listing was met. Id. at 925. Central to the Abbott court's analysis was the observation that a claimant with additional severe impairments may qualify for the listing solely on the basis of an IQ score less than 70, without any assessment of her degree of functional impairment. Id. at 924.

Since Abbott was decided, however, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals ("Sixth Circuit") clarified that a qualifying IQ score, even in combination with other "severe" impairments, does not, without more, satisfy the listing. Foster, 279 F.3d at 354. Instead, a claimant must also meet the elements of the listing's "diagnostic description"—viz., "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning before age 22." Id. at 354-55 (internal quotes omitted). In light of Foster, I CONCLUDE that an IQ score of 70 or less may not always raise a substantial question as to whether a claimant is mentally retarded. For example, the record may show unequivocally that a claimant experiences intellectual difficulties as a result of an accident occurring after the age of 22. In such a case, the claimant might meet another of the listed impairments, but it would not be listing 12.05C, and to require the ALJ to say so would be a waste of ink. In short, then, the Court must determine whether there was a "substantial question" regarding whether Plaintiff met listing 12.05C. As explained below, I FIND that there was.

As noted above, listing 12.05C provides that a claimant with a valid IQ score of 60-70 and another impairment causing a significant work-related limitation of function will be found disabled if she experiences significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested before age 22. 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App'x 1 § 12.05; Turner v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 381 Fed.Appx. 488, 492 n. 2 (6th Cir.2010). The Court will address these components of the listing in order.

i. Valid IQ Score of 70 or Less

There is no doubt Plaintiff had a qualifying IQ score. Neither the ALJ in his opinion nor the Commissioner on appeal has challenged the validity of the testing performed by Ms. Crosswait. To the contrary, the ALJ gave "great weight" to her findings (Tr. 23). Ms. Crosswait herself noted that Plaintiff was motivated and cooperative during testing, and believed Plaintiff's scores to be valid. Furthermore, while Ms. Crosswait opined that Plaintiff's "true" full-scale IQ score was likely in the "borderline" category, the Commissioner is required to use the claimant's lowest IQ score. 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 12.00 at D ("In cases where more than one IQ is customarily derived from the test administered, i.e., where verbal, performance, and full-scale IQs are provided as on the WAIS, the lowest of these is used in conjunction with listing 12.05."). As Plaintiff points out, therefore, the relevant IQ score for purposes of the listing is Plaintiff's verbal IQ score of 63, which comfortably satisfies the listing.

ii. Other Severe Impairments

Similarly, there is no doubt that Plaintiff suffered from "a physical or other mental impairment imposing an additional and significant work-related limitation of function." As the ALJ found, and neither party contests, Plaintiff's various physical maladies restricted her to a limited range of light work. See 20 C.F.R., Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App'x 1 § 12.00 (equating the phrases "significantly limits your physical or mental ability to do basic work activities" and "is a `severe' impairment(s)"); Revised Medical Criteria for Evaluating Mental Disorders and Traumatic Brain Injury ("Mental Disorders"), 65 Fed. Reg. 50746, 50772 (Aug. 21, 2000) (explaining that a "severe" impairment, as defined in step two of the sequential evaluation, is equivalent to a significant work-related limitation of function).

iii. Diagnostic Description

Because the requirements of Paragraph C are indisputably met, the ALJ was required to consider listing 12.05C if there was a "substantial question" regarding whether the diagnostic description was satisfied. The Commissioner argues that Plaintiff need not be considered for the listing for mental retardation unless she can show, "as an initial matter," that she is mentally retarded [Doc. 15 at 8]. The Commissioner's reasoning, however, begs the question. Listing 12.05 defines mental retardation; it does not require a claimant to prove mental retardation separately in addition to satisfying that definition. The Commissioner nevertheless argues that Plaintiff cannot meet the listing for mental retardation because she was not diagnosed with mental retardation [Doc. 15 at 8]. Specifically, the Commissioner argues that Plaintiff did not "establish mental retardation" because Ms. Crosswait, whose testing Plaintiff relies on, did not believe that Plaintiff met "the DSM-IV criteria for mental retardation" [Doc. 15 at 7-8].

The Commissioner's own regulations refute this argument. The SSA has never adopted any precise diagnostic criteria for listing 12.05, but it has explicitly declined to use the DSM criteria. Technical Revisions to Medical Criteria for Determinations of Disability, 67 Fed. Reg. 20018, 20022 (Apr. 24, 2002). The Agency noted that the listing for mental retardation is "not restricted" to a particular diagnostic methodology, but is designed instead to "captur[e] the essence" of several different methodologies. Id. In other words, it is up to the ALJ, based on the record evidence, to determine whether a claimant meets the listing. A medical diagnosis one way or the other is simply not conclusive.8 Instead, listing 12.05 itself provides the relevant diagnostic criteria for mental retardation. Id. (stating that the "the definition of [mental retardation] used by the SSA in the listings . . . establishes the necessary elements."); Mental Disorders, 65 Fed. Reg. at 50773 ("listing 12.05 contains . . . the diagnostic criteria of mental retardation."). Furthermore, Paragraph C of the listing also provides the threshold of severity for a finding of mental retardation. 20 C.F.R., Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App'x 1 § 12.05 ("[t]he required level of severity for this disorder is met when the requirements in A, B, C, or D are satisfied."). Thus, to show the requisite severity of her impairment, Plaintiff needed only to show that she met the criteria of Paragraph C, and as explained above, she did.

Still, the law is clear that a claimant, in addition to meeting the requirements of Paragraph C, must satisfy the diagnostic description of the listing. Foster, 279 F.3d at 354. That description contains three requirements: significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, current deficits in adaptive functioning, and onset before age 22.9 In the instant matter, there is at least a substantial question with respect to whether these requirements were met. First, Plaintiff's valid IQ score itself establishes that she suffers from significant intellectual deficits.10 Second, there was substantial evidence that she also suffered from adaptive deficits.11 For example, Plaintiff was noted by Ms. Crosswait to have "significant problems with a short attention span . . . and distractibility (Tr. 172), and her composite score on the ABAS-II was `below average'" (Tr. 166). Third, there was also substantial evidence that Plaintiff's difficulties manifested during the developmental period. Plaintiff's current valid IQ score, by itself, does not permit an inference of developmental deficits, see Turner v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 381 Fed.Appx. 488, 492 n. 1 (6th Cir.2010), but Plaintiff has also produced evidence beyond her IQ score: she was held back in the first grade and was in special education in the seventh and eighth grades (Tr. 94, 164, 214). Taken together with Plaintiff's school performance, the evidence of Plaintiff's current intellectual and adaptive functioning can easily support the conclusion that her deficits are longstanding. See Mental Disorders, 65 Fed.Reg. at 50772 (explaining that developmental deficits may be inferred from "evidence of current functioning").

As the Commissioner points out, there is also evidence in the record that Plaintiff did not have significant deficits in adaptive functioning. With respect to activities of daily living, Plaintiff's grooming was reportedly normal (Tr. 162), and she was able to care for her daughters by shopping and doing household chores (Tr. 35). Ms. Crosswait also expressed optimism that Plaintiff could obtain her GED and could benefit from vocational training (Tr. 168). There is also some evidence that Plaintiff's deficits did not manifest during the developmental period. Two reviewing doctors, for example, opined that Plaintiff did not have a lifelong history of mental retardation (Tr. 225, 289). See Daniels v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 70 Fed.Appx. 868, 874 (6th Cir.2003) (opinion of three psychologists that the claimant was of "low intelligence but not mentally retarded" was substantial evidence supporting the ALJ's finding). Still, in light of this conflicting evidence, I CONCLUDE that there was a substantial question regarding Plaintiff's eligibility for listing 12.05C. In other words, it was not obvious from the record that Plaintiff could not meet the listing. Consequently, under Abbott, the ALJ was obligated to consider listing 12.05C.

2. Did the ALJ Nonetheless Adequately Consider the Relevant Evidence?

The Commissioner argues that although the ALJ did not specifically mention listing 12.05C, "the ALJ provided adequate articulation" of his finding that Plaintiff did not suffer from mental retardation [Doc. 15 at 9]. For the sake of argument, the Court will accept herein the premise that an ALJ, without explicitly mentioning a particular listing, may nonetheless make findings sufficient to determine whether that listing is met. Thus, in order to dismiss listing 12.05C, the ALJ would have had to find that at least one of its necessary criteria was missing. Having dispensed with the Government's arguments concerning three of those criteria (IQ, other severe impairments, and significantly subaverage intellectual performance), the record is equivocal only with respect to adaptive deficits and manifestation before age 22. The question before the Court, therefore, is whether the written decision shows that the ALJ considered and rejected the evidence in favor of adaptive deficits or manifestation before age 22. I FIND that it does not.

a. Adaptive Deficits

With respect to the evidence of adaptive deficits, the Court must first articulate the legal standard the ALJ should have applied. That is no small task, because the regulations do not define how serious these adaptive deficits must be. It is clear, at least, that they need not be so serious that the "B" criteria would be met,12 or that the claimant would be precluded from performing all work.13 On the other hand, a claimant's adaptive deficits must be more than "potential or moderate." See Payne v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 2008 WL 2894482, at *4 (E.D.Tenn. Jul. 23, 2008). The Sixth Circuit has articulated the inquiry as follows: is the claimant capable of performing "relatively complicated tasks" which are inconsistent with the listing? See Foster, 279 F.3d at 355.

The ALJ specifically credited the findings and opinions of Ms. Crosswait, including Plaintiff's score of 86, or "below average," on a test which measures adaptive functioning (Tr. 22, 24). That score was a composite of several subtests, on which Plaintiff's scores ranged from "extremely low" (in functional academics) to "average" (in self-direction, social skills, home living, health and safety, and self-care) (Tr. 165-66). The ALJ also credited Dr. Stanley's opinion that Plaintiff appeared able to understand and follow simple instructions in a work setting, but that her ability to understand and follow multi-step, complex instructions was marginal (Tr. 23, 24). The ALJ noted further that Dr. Stanley believed Plaintiff could concentrate on work tasks and could responsibly manage her own funds (Tr. 23). Similarly, the ALJ credited Dr. Davis's opinion that Plaintiff could understand, remember, and attend to "non-complex" tasks and could interact with co-workers (Tr. 23, 24).

While the weight given to these opinions by the ALJ is supported by substantial evidence, the opinions themselves do not describe the sorts of "relatively complicated tasks" which courts have found inconsistent with the presence of adaptive deficits. The ability to perform "non-complex" instructions and to perform self-care functions and household chores, in other words, is not necessarily inconsistent with listing 12.05C. See Brown, 948 F.2d at 270 (claimant's self-care and chores were not inconsistent with listing 12.05C); Wilson v. Astrue, 2009 WL 69237, *5 (E.D.Ky.2009) (claimant's ability to sustain concentration and interact with others were not inconsistent with listing 12.05C). Consequently, I CONCLUDE that the ALJ did not make any finding with respect to adaptive deficits that would have precluded Plaintiff from meeting Listing 12.05C.14

b. Age of Onset

Similarly, I CONCLUDE that the ALJ made no finding with respect to when Plaintiff's impairments initially manifested. As noted above, Plaintiff's school history, combined with her current valid IQ score, is substantial evidence that her impairment is longstanding, but the ALJ neither rejected nor accepted that evidence, and indeed, failed to mention any evidence whatsoever showing whether Plaintiff's impairment manifested before age 22.15

Therefore, even if accepting the legal proposition that an ALJ may adequately consider the evidence relevant to a particular listing without specifically mentioning that listing, the ALJ did not do so in this case.

3. Was the ALJ's Failure to Consider the Listing Harmless?

As set forth above, I FIND the ALJ was required to consider listing 12.05C, but failed to do so. Given the lack of discussion of mental retardation in the ALJ's opinion, there is no choice but to conclude either that the ALJ overlooked the evidence of mental retardation, or considered but rejected it for grounds he did not articulate. If the former, then the decision is not supported by substantial evidence and remand is required to allow the Commissioner to consider in the first instance whether Plaintiff qualified for the listing. See Bowen v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 478 F.3d 742, 748-50 (6th Cir.2007). If the latter, then remand is proper even if there might be substantial evidence in the record that supports the ALJ's ultimate conclusion. See SEC v. Chenery, 332 U.S. 194, 196-97, 67 S.Ct. 1575, 91 L.Ed. 1995 (1947). The Court is fully aware of its obligation to defer to the agency's decision where it is supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). As a corollary to this principle of deference, however, a reviewing court may affirm an agency's decision only on grounds articulated by the decisionmaker. Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 50, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983) (stating that "an agency's action must be upheld, if at all, on the basis articulated by the agency itself"). Thus, a court should not speculate what the ALJ might have decided. Chenery, 332 U.S. at 196-97, 67 S.Ct. 1575 ("It will not do for a court to be compelled to guess at the theory underlying the agency's action; nor can a court be expected to chisel that which must be precise from what the agency has left vague and indecisive."); Karger v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 414 Fed.Appx. 739, 754 (6th Cir.2011) (unpublished) ("It is not. . . the district court's role[ ] to scour the record for evidence . . . which the ALJ might have relied on and which could support a finding of no-disability if the ALJ actually considered it."). See also Hurst v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 753 F.2d 517, 519 (6th Cir.1985).

Accordingly, the matter must be remanded unless it is clear that the contested issue, even if it had been resolved in the claimant's favor, would not have changed the ultimate outcome. See Berryhill v. Shalala, 1993 WL 361792, *7 (6th Cir. Sep. 16, 1993) (unpublished) (quoting Kurzon v. United States Postal Serv., 539 F.2d 788, 796 (1st Cir.1976)). That is not the case here. If the Commissioner determines that Plaintiff qualifies for listing 12.05C, then she will be conclusively presumed disabled for the time period in question. Therefore, I RECOMMEND that this matter be REMANDED to the Commissioner pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). See Hendricks v. Astrue, 2009 WL 648610, *9 (S.D.Ind. Mar. 11, 2009) (remanding where evidence could have supported a finding that the claimant met listing 12.05C).

V. CONCLUSION

Having carefully reviewed the administrative record and the parties' pleadings, I RECOMMEND:16