MEMORANDUM OPINION

MARK X. MULLIN, Bankruptcy Judge.

The Court held a thirteen-day trial to (i) liquidate all claims by and between each of the parties asserted in the Liquidation Complaint,1 and (ii) determine the Discharge Complaint2 seeking to (a) deny Nedra Dean's discharge under 11 U.S.C. §§ 707 and 727, or alternatively (b) declare the Lester & SDI Claims as nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(4) and (6). For the reasons stated below, all parties failed to prove their respective claims in the Liquidation Complaint, and SDI and Lester failed to prove their claims in the Discharge Complaint.

I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On November 5, 2014, John Lester initiated the Liquidation Complaint against Nedra Dean by filing his Plaintiff's Original Verified Petition, Application for Temporary Restraining Order, Temporary Injunction, and Permanent Injunction, Cause No. DC-14-12948 styled John Lester v. Nedra Dean, in the 162nd Judicial District Court of Dallas County, Texas.

On August 10, 2016, Nedra Dean filed her voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Code, staying the Liquidation Complaint pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362.

On December 12, 2016, John Lester initiated the Discharge Complaint against Nedra Dean.

On January 11, 2017, John Lester filed a Notice of Removal of Civil Action to Bankruptcy Court3 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1452 and 1334(b), Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9027, and Northern District of Texas Local Bankruptcy Rule 9027-1, removing the Liquidation Complaint to this Court.

On March 17, 2017, this Court entered its Order Consolidating Adversary Proceedings4 in each of the pending adversary proceedings, consolidating the Liquidation Complaint and the Discharge Complaint as noted in the above caption.

II. JURISDICTION AND VENUE

The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over these consolidated adversary proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(b) and 157(a) and the standing order of reference in this district. These consolidated adversary proceedings constitute core proceedings over which the Court has both statutory and constitutional authority to enter final orders and judgments pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(b)(2)(A), (B), (C), (I), (J), and (O). Even if this Court would not otherwise have the authority to enter a final judgment, the Court finds that the parties have impliedly consented to the Court's issuance of a final judgment in these proceedings.5 Venue is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1409(a).

This Memorandum Opinion constitutes the Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law under Bankruptcy Rule 7052 and Federal Civil Rule 52.

III. BACKGROUND

A. History of business relationship between John Lester and Nedra Dean and the formation of SDI

The business relationship between John Lester and Nedra Dean6 began in the late 1990s when John Lester and Nedra Dean previously worked together at a staffing company. Although Nedra Dean worked with John Lester for only a few months at that time, they continued to remain in contact with one another. After leaving John Lester's employment, Nedra Dean founded Nations Professional Staffing Services, LLC,7 which specialized in the placement of professional staffing. Nedra Dean specialized in recruiting, credentialing, verifying, and placing medical provider candidates, including medical doctors, dentists, psychologists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and social workers for her company's clients.

By 2004, Nedra Dean had gained valuable experience in the placement and staffing services industry and developed multiple medical staffing contacts. Although she was very talented in her specialty, she readily admits that she lacked skills and experience in "back-office" support services such as accounting, cash flow management, and tax issues. John Lester, on the other hand, had extensive experience in such back-office support services. He graduated from the University of Virginia, where he earned a degree in economics. In addition, John Lester has experience as a small-business owner,8 a certified financial planner, and a bank regulator for the FDIC.

In 2004, Nedra Dean contacted John Lester about a medical staffing business opportunity whereby Nedra Dean could focus on her contract procurement and staff recruiting talents and skills and John Lester could provide the necessary back-office support services. Shortly thereafter, on January 5, 2005, John Lester, Mary Lester (John Lester's spouse), and Nedra Dean formally entered into a Limited Partnership Agreement9 forming Staffing Dynamics International, L.P. The limited partnership's primary focus was providing placement and staffing of medical personnel for the partnership's clients. They originally formed the company as a limited partnership "because at the time, the State of Texas did not tax limited partnerships."10

The Limited Partnership Agreement detailed each partner's rights, responsibilities, and obligations regarding the partnership. Nedra Dean was primarily responsible for recruiting, credentialing, and verifying medical provider candidates and procuring staffing contracts for the partnership, whereas John Lester was responsible for providing initial startup funding and performing the back-office functions, including accounting and tax related duties.

In December 2009, John Lester, Mary Lester, and Nedra Dean agreed to convert Staffing Dynamics International, L.P. into Staffing Dynamics International, L.L.C.11 To effectuate the conversion, John Lester, Mary Lester, and Nedra Dean executed a Plan of Conversion12 effective December 30, 2009. Pursuant to the Plan of Conversion, John Lester and Nedra Dean became the only two managers and members of SDI, each holding a 50% ownership interest in SDI.13 Following the conversion, John Lester and Nedra Dean entered into an Operating Agreement14 that became effective January 1, 2010. The Operating Agreement detailed the rights, responsibilities, and obligations of the Managers and Members of SDI. Notwithstanding the conversion of SDI from a limited partnership to an LLC, the Operating Agreement incorporates the Limited Partnership Agreement in several places, and Nedra Dean's and John Lester's actions before and during trial make clear that they thought both the Operating Agreement and the Limited Partnership Agreement governed their conduct. The unorthodox dynamic of having two operative documents controlling SDI's affairs caused a lot of the parties' confusion about their rights and obligations, especially when it came to compensation, as noted below.

B. Growth of SDI from 2005 through 2011

When SDI formed, Nedra Dean began operating from her home and John Lester maintained an office in Dallas, Texas. Sometime in late 2005 or early 2006, SDI opened an office in downtown Fort Worth, Texas where Nedra Dean maintained her office. Nedra Dean ultimately relocated to Frederick, Maryland where SDI opened a new office. By 2011, John Lester continued to maintain SDI's Dallas, Texas office employing a handful of "internal" employees (excluding medical staff contractors), and Nedra Dean maintained SDI's Frederick, Maryland office employing approximately ten internal employees. Former SDI employees testified uniformly that prior to 2012; SDI had a pleasant work environment and was a joyful place to work.

The evidence revealed that during these initial years, Nedra Dean, for SDI, was successful in her primary responsibilities of procuring contracts and recruiting and credentialing capable medical staffing candidates for clients. On the other hand, the evidence showed that John Lester failed in his primary responsibilities of back-office support, which lacked controls and was not reliable. For example, in 2008, Nedra Dean discovered that SDI had failed to file tax returns for years 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. In his testimony, John Lester admitted that it was his mistake that SDI did not file tax returns timely in those years.15 As a result, SDI engaged an outside certified public accountant to prepare and file the delinquent tax returns. Not only were the tax returns not filed, but there were other potential adverse consequences resulting from issues related to tax years 2005-2008.16 In addition, as SDI's business steadily grew during its initial years, SDI failed to implement any formal internal accounting policies, procedures, or systems.17 Instead, John Lester used and relied upon Excel spreadsheets as SDI's primary accounting records and system.18 It was not until 2012 that SDI began to implement needed internal controls and to install QuickBooks as its primary accounting system.19

C. SDI hires Ronald Dean in late 2011

Seeking to enhance SDI's business development opportunities with the federal government, John Lester and Nedra Dean hired Ronald Dean20 in April 2011 as SDI's vice president of business development.21 By November 2011, John Lester promoted Ronald Dean to Chief Operating Officer of SDI.22

Prior to joining SDI in 2011, Ronald Dean had obtained extensive professional experience spanning over thirty-five years with the federal government and almost as many years working with small businesses in private industry.23 Ronald Dean earned his baccalaureate degree from American University. Since earning his degree, he has worked in the federal government as a statistician, serving as an auditor for the Department of Health and Human Services with a focus on Medicare, Medicaid, and many other social programs in the public health sector, and he also contributed to the writing of various regulations within the Federal Acquisitions Regulations. While working in the private sector, Ronald Dean obtained extensive experience working with small businesses in various capacities, including auditing and reviewing books, records, and other internal controls of companies. Ronald Dean also has served as project manager for small businesses that held contracts with HUD and other federal government agencies. Finally, he has extensive experience preparing detailed requests for proposals seeking contracts with the federal government, including for companies that had received the SBA's 8(a) Business Development program certification.24 Based on Ronald Dean's many hours of testimony, the Court finds him to be an extremely credible witness (except as specifically noted below) with substantial experience and knowledge in the areas in which he testified.

After joining SDI in 2011, Ronald Dean worked extensively to develop new business for SDI. In addition, he prepared job position descriptions for SDI's employees, and he established and implemented vital policies, procedures, and internal controls that were lacking for many of SDI's back-office departments.25 Further, as COO, he performed many of the day-to-day functions, such as scheduling and presiding over staff meetings and other typical duties that arise in a small business.26

It appears from the evidence that the hiring of Ronald Dean and his subsequent marriage to Nedra Dean proved to be a defining moment for SDI. Not only had Ronald Dean begun implementing new policies, procedures, and controls in SDI, but from the perspective of a few of SDI's employees, the Deans' marriage changed the dynamics within SDI. That changed dynamic, along with Ronald Dean's implementation of new internal policies, procedures, and controls, caused a few of SDI's employees to become distressed and leery of the changes.

From the perspective and testimony of Patsy Curtis27 and Laurie Aldridge, the atmosphere within SDI changed after Ronald Dean joined SDI and married Nedra Dean. According to Ms. Curtis, "the dynamics" of SDI began to change and "it wasn't that comfortable anymore."28 Ms. Aldridge echoed that sentiment, testifying that SDI "was just no longer a tight-knit group" and "when Ron came into the picture, how everything changed."29 Based on all the overwhelming credible evidence, however, it appears that the primary source of their disenchantment with Ronald Dean was their having to comply with the new policies, procedures, and job performance requirements implemented by Ronald Dean. In addition, both witnesses testified that Ronald and Nedra Dean fired them in 2012.30 Although the testimony of Ms. Curtis and Ms. Aldridge appeared authentic and heartfelt, neither witness provided any credible evidence to support any of the Lester & SDI Claims in the Liquidation Complaint or Discharge Complaint.

Several witnesses contradicted the testimony of Ms. Curtis and Ms. Aldridge regarding Ronald Dean's impact and influence on SDI. Specifically, Bradley Morris, Clarissa Morris, Constance Lumpkin, Sandra Walker, Cheryl Long, and Luis Figueora each testified that Ronald Dean exhibited an excellent work ethic and was a positive mentor. Although much of the testimony from these witnesses did not have a direct bearing on any of the Lester & SDI Claims or the Dean Claims, their credible testimony provided evidentiary support bolstering this Court's analysis and scrutiny of the testimony provided by John Lester, Nedra Dean, and Ronald Dean. For example, John Lester testified that he was intimately involved in all aspects of SDI, including contract procurement. He further testified that in the late summer of 2012, Ronald and Nedra Dean instructed SDI employees to withhold information from him or they would risk termination. The credible testimony from these witnesses, however, contradicts John Lester's allegations and testimony.

Bradley Morris was an employee at SDI's Maryland office intermittently between 2010 and 2014. Mr. Morris was involved in recruiting and credentialing of medical staff candidates, business development, and contract proposal writing, among other responsibilities. Mr. Morris credibly testified that he was aware that John Lester was an owner of SDI but he had never spoken to or exchanged email communications with John Lester and that John Lester never participated on a conference call or in a meeting attended by Mr. Morris. In addition, Mr. Morris did not know what, if anything, John Lester did for SDI. Finally, Mr. Morris could not even identify John Lester in the courtroom (even though John Lester was siting about ten feet from Mr. Morris as he was testifying). On the other hand, Mr. Morris testified that he had worked extensively with Nedra Dean and Ronald Dean and was extremely complimentary of their work ethic, mentoring, training, and support. In addition, Mr. Morris credibly testified that neither Nedra Dean nor Ronald Dean ever instructed or requested that he not communicate with or withhold any information from John Lester.

Clarissa Morris31 was an employee at the SDI Maryland office from December 2012 through September 2013 as a receptionist and administrative assistant to Nedra Dean. During her brief employment at SDI, she never had any contact with John Lester and she, too, could not identify John Lester in the courtroom. Ms. Morris also testified credibly that neither Ronald Dean nor Nedra Dean ever instructed or requested that she not communicate with or withhold any information from John Lester.

Constance Lumpkin was the Director of Business Development at SDI from 2010 through 2015. Ms. Lumpkin testified credibly that throughout the entire time she worked at SDI, she never saw John Lester contribute in any meaningful way to SDI. Ms. Lumplin also testified credibly that neither Nedra Dean nor Ronald Dean ever instructed or requested that she not communicate with or withhold any information from John Lester.

Sandra Walker worked for SDI from 2008 through 2015. While working at SDI, Ms. Walker served as a project manager and worked in human resources, accounting, and payroll. Prior to joining SDI, Ms. Walker had a distinguished career in the United States Air Force from 1993 until 2001. While serving in the United States Air Force, Ms. Walker held a security clearance as her duties included, in part, scheduling many flights for presidential cabinet members, members of congress, and the First Lady. Ms. Walker also testified that throughout the entire time she worked for SDI, John Lester was not intimately involved with SDI. She also testified that on the handful of occasions that she did try to contact John Lester, it was frustrating "because I wouldn't be able to contact him."32 Ms. Walker also testified credibly that neither Nedra Dean nor Ronald Dean ever instructed or requested that she not communicate with or withhold any information from John Lester. Ms. Walker also went to the Dallas office in September or October 2012 to box up some files and records to send from Dallas to Maryland.33 John Lester and Ms. Patsy were in the office and they chatted with Ms. Walker during this visit. John Lester did not protest or ask why she was boxing up certain of SDI's records.

Cheryl Long worked for SDI from January 2013 through 2014. Prior to joining SDI, Ms. Long was employed by the United States Department of State, where she held a top-secret clearance as a community liaison officer and then promoted to a political assistant. At SDI, Ms. Long served as a project manager on the contract with Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland ("Walter Reed"). The Walter Reed contract was SDI's largest and most lucrative contract in its history. SDI had responsibility to staff over thirty different departments throughout Walter Reed. Ms. Long testified that throughout the entire time she worked for SDI, she had never met nor interacted with John Lester. She further testified that John Lester was never involved with the Walter Reed contract and she, too, could not identify John Lester in the courtroom. Ms. Long also testified credibly that neither Nedra Dean nor Ronald Dean ever instructed or requested that she not communicate with or withhold any information from John Lester.

SDI employed Luis Figueroa from 2013 through 2014, but as noted below, Mr. Figueroa worked closely with Ms. Long and SDI on the Walter Reed contract beginning in 2012. Mr. Figueroa obtained a bachelor's degree in management studies and a master's degree in human resources. Prior to joining SDI, Exhibit Arts employed him as an administrative assistant and then as an assistant program manager. Exhibit Arts was the company that held the Walter Reed staffing contract before SDI won the Walter Reed contract in 2012. After SDI won the Walter Reed contract in 2012, Exhibit Arts subcontracted with SDI to perform some duties for the Walter Reed contract. While Mr. Figueroa worked for Exhibit Arts, he also worked closely with SDI and Ms. Long in particular. When SDI was under-bid for the Walter Reed contract in October 2013, SDI hired Mr. Figueroa to work in accounting and human resources. His duties at SDI included processing accounts receivable and accounts payable, in-processing new employees, and sending accounts receivable invoices. Mr. Figueroa testified that he interacted with John Lester only a couple of times and that he had never personally met John Lester. He further testified that John Lester was never involved with the Walter Reed contract and he never observed John Lester actively participating in SDI's business.34 Mr. Figueroa also testified credibly that he never recalled Nedra Dean or Ronald Dean instructing or requesting that he not communicate with or withhold any information from John Lester. But on at least one occasion, Mr. Figueroa testified that he did refuse to provide John Lester with SDI financial documentation from QuickBooks because he did not know who John Lester was, and he was not comfortable providing such information to someone with whom he was not familiar.35 Mr. Figueroa testified credibly that his refusal to provide such information to John Lester was on his own accord and not pursuant to instructions from Nedra Dean or Ronald Dean.36

D. Disputes between John Lester and the Deans develop in 2012

Beginning in the summer of 2012, disputes and disagreements between John Lester and the Deans began to develop and accelerated quickly. Many of the disagreements constitute the basis of the general and specific allegations asserted by and between the parties in the Liquidation Complaint and Discharge Complaint. The Court will address those allegations and claims below.

IV. ANALYSIS

A. The Lester & SDI Claims against Nedra Dean in the Liquidation Complaint

The Court first will address the Lester & SDI Claims against Nedra Dean. John Lester and/or SDI assert eight causes of action against Nedra Dean in the Liquidation Complaint.37

1. First Count: Violating John Lester's Statutory Right to Manage and Perform his Management Duties

John Lester makes eleven allegations in support of his claim that Nedra Dean prevented him from performing his duties under the Operating Agreement and violated his statutory and contractual right to manage SDI.

a) Allegation: In August 2012, Nedra Dean and Ronald Dean specifically instructed all employees working in SDI's Frederick, Maryland office to both stop communications with Lester and stop providing Lester information regarding SDI's business dealings or the employees would face dire consequences, i.e., termination.

There is no credible evidence to support this allegation. As previously noted, many former employees from SDI's Frederick, Maryland office credibly testified that neither Nedra Dean nor Ronald Dean instructed any of them to stop communicating with or to withhold information from John Lester. There is no credible evidence to corroborate John Lester's allegation.

b) Allegation: During August 2012, Dean deactivated Lester's SDI email account. Accordingly, Lester has been unable to receive or send e-mail communications from his official SDI e-mail account.

There is no credible evidence to support this allegation. John Lester testified that in August 2012, Nedra Dean "cut off my company email, john@staffingtheglobe"38 and that Nedra Dean "took away my email access, the company email account . . . she had the passwords, codes to get in the system. So she says, well, you have been using some other — the other email account for a while. You need to go back to using that one."39

Contrary to John Lester's testimony, the credible evidence established that John Lester's company email account had not been deactivated. Rather, the evidence established that Laurie Aldridge was the SDI employee responsible for setting-up SDI's email accounts and maintaining all email account passwords.40 In addition, Ms. Aldridge admitted during cross-examination that in August 2012, she surreptitiously gave all the SDI email account passwords to John Lester's administrative assistant, Patsy Curtis.41

Further, Sandra Walker credibly testified that Nedra Dean properly instructed all SDI's employees to use only SDI's secure business email accounts rather than unsecure personal email accounts. This instruction came after Nedra Dean discovered that an SDI employee was automatically forwarding all of her SDI business emails to her personal email account. Ms. Walker testified that Nedra Dean "was really leery about that," and as a result, Nedra Dean prudently instructed everyone to start using "our business email versus the personal emails and not to have any personal emails with Staffing Dynamics information in it."42 In addition, Ms. Walker testified that Nedra Dean sent an email to staff specifically asking that they "email [John Lester] at john@staffingtheglobe and not to email him at his personal email."43 Ms. Walker further testified that she remembered "[Nedra Dean] asking John to use his company email."44 The evidence is replete with exhibits that confirm John Lester was receiving and sending SDI related emails throughout 2012-2015 at both his unsecure personal email account and his SDI business email account.

c) Allegation: During the same time period [August 2012], without notice or Lester's consent, Dean made unilateral decisions to terminate key personnel in SDI's principal office located in Dallas, Texas, where Lester worked. She also terminated employees in SDI's Frederick, Maryland office where Dean worked; again without first discussing the decision with Lester or obtaining his approval.

This allegation has no merit. John Lester testified that in August 2012, Nedra and Ronald Dean "terminated two employees, two of the three employees that we had in the . . . SDI Dallas, Texas office, that being our accountant technician and our administrative/assistant bookkeeping person."45 John Lester further testified that Nedra and Ronald Dean wrongfully terminated Laurie Aldridge in the Frederick, Maryland office "for reportedly allegedly trying to set up a competing business against SDI."46

The credible evidence, however, reveals that Ronald Dean (i) had the authority as Chief Operating Officer to terminate underperforming employees;47 (ii) gave each of the terminated employees advanced notice of their poor work performance with an opportunity to rectify their poor work performance;48 and (iii) provided John Lester with advance notice of the terminations.49 In addition, Ronald Dean specifically testified the he, and not Nedra Dean, terminated the two Dallas employees.50 This uncontroverted testimony is important because even if the terminations were somehow improper (and to be clear, the Court does not find that the terminations by Ronald Dean were improper); there is no credible evidence in the record that Nedra Dean, the defendant in this case, terminated either of the two Dallas SDI employees. Further, the evidence suggests that John Lester did not believe the terminations were improper by his actions and subsequent acquiescence.51 Finally, even if Nedra Dean had wrongfully terminated the SDI employees, John Lester and SDI failed to establish or prove any damages resulting from the asserted breach.

d) Allegation: On or about January 31, 2013, Dean with the assistance of her husband, Ronald Dean, unilaterally shut down SDI's principal place of business located in Dallas, Texas. Without notice or Lester's consent, the Deans removed all furniture, fixtures, files, and equipment, including the computers, as well as Lester's SDI files.

This allegation has no merit. John Lester unpersuasively testified, with no other credible corroborating evidence, that "[Nedra Dean] closed the Dallas, the SDI Dallas office without any discussion or notice to me and removed all of the assets, removed everything, the computers, the files. My computer, my files. Everything in that office, she moved."52

The overwhelming credible evidence contradicts John Lester's version concerning the closure of SDI's Dallas office. Lisa Love credibly testified53 that she and Nedra Dean made an unannounced visit to the SDI Dallas office in January 2013. When they arrived at the SDI Dallas office, no SDI employees were in the office. They also discovered that the telephone lines were disconnected, the refrigerator in the lunchroom was unplugged, and the last message recorded on the receptionist's message pad was dated several months earlier. They also confirmed with building security that no one had been in the office for months.

Finally, John Lester's own exhibits contradict his testimony. For example, in response to a complaint by an outside auditor that John Lester was non-responsive to her request to schedule a Workers Compensation premium audit, John Lester justified his failure to respond by stating, "the Dallas office was closed and inaccessible via phone, etc., by the target date."54 The target date referenced in John Lester's email was prior to the date Nedra Dean and Lisa Love discovered John Lester had abandoned the office.

Although the evidence suggests that John Lester had abandoned the SDI Dallas office sometime in 2012, SDI files remained in the unoccupied office space in unlocked file drawers in January 2013. Such unsecured files included highly confidential SDI business and financial records, as well as sensitive and confidential employee records including social security numbers, HIPPA related information, resumes, and confidential federal government documents. Upon discovering that furniture, equipment, and confidential and sensitive SDI files had been left in an unsecured and unoccupied office space, Nedra Dean made immediate arrangements to transfer the furniture, equipment, and records to a secure location in Maryland. John Lester's actions regarding the SDI files were reckless and irresponsible. On the other hand, Nedra Dean's actions to secure the sensitive and confidential files were prudent and justified. Finally, even if Nedra Dean had wrongfully closed the Dallas, Texas office and wrongfully removed the records, equipment, and furniture, John Lester and SDI failed to establish or prove any damages resulting from the asserted breach.

e) Allegation: More importantly, on or about January 31, 2013, without Lester's knowledge or consent, Dean transferred 99% of SDI's funds to separate bank accounts, which do not require Lester's signature. Further, Lester neither has access to, nor does he receive notifications regarding the activity on these accounts. These unauthorized bank accounts are numbered: 1492010531; 7404164019; and 6176108212, all with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.

This allegation has no merit. John Lester testified that—

The evidence established that on January 31, 2013, the Bank of America account ending in 975156 had a balance of $402,577.50. That Bank of America account was then closed, and the funds were deposited into Wells Fargo account ending in 8212.57 A few weeks later, Wells Fargo changed the account ending in 8212 to a new number ending in 0531.58 Shea Dersham, a regional bank premier banker for Wells Fargo, testified that the transfer from 8212 to 0531 was necessary due to a Wells Fargo error categorized as a "lost/stolen transfer."59

Furthermore, Nedra Dean's actions regarding bank accounts do not fall within the mandates of Section 3.02 of the Operating Agreement, which requires that all members approve "Major Decisions." Rather, bank account related actions fall squarely within Section 3.01(ix) of the Operating Agreement, which specifically authorizes any manager of SDI "to open and maintain bank accounts on behalf of the Company."60 Therefore, Nedra Dean, as a manager of SDI, was authorized to open and maintain the Wells Fargo bank accounts on behalf of SDI. In addition, there is no provision in the Operating Agreement requiring John Lester's approval to open an SDI bank account or that he be given dual-signatory authority for SDI bank accounts. Moreover, John Lester now has control of SDI and its bank accounts. Finally, even if such approval and dual-signatory requirement existed, there is no credible evidence that Nedra Dean benefitted, or that John Lester or SDI suffered damages, from any alleged misconduct by Nedra Dean.

f) Allegation: In or about July 2013, Nedra Dean and Ronald Dean unilaterally made the decision to work with their accountant, Melinda Sechler ("Sechler"), to audit SDI's books and prepare and file tax returns on SDI's behalf. Prior to retaining Sechler, Dean did not discuss her decision to audit SDI's books with Lester, who is identified under the Operating Agreement as the Tax Matters Partner and the only Manager who had the authority to handle SDI's tax matters.

These allegations have no merit. John Lester's own testimony and exhibits contradict this allegation. John Lester testified, "I came down and interviewed CPA Sechler. And I deemed her to be okay, and we did engage her to prepare our 2010 tax returns."61 Moreover, Ms. Sechler continued to work on various engagements on behalf of SDI with John Lester's knowledge, approval, and participation from 2010 through early 2013.62 Finally, there is no evidence in the record remotely supporting this allegation. To allege that Nedra and Ronald Dean "unilaterally made the decision to work with their accountant, Melinda Sechler" belies the overwhelming evidence in the record to the contrary, and it (together with his unbelievable testimony on other issues) undermines John Lester's overall credibility. Finally, even if there were a scintilla of evidence to support this allegation, there is no credible evidence in the record that Nedra Dean benefitted, or that John Lester or SDI suffered damages, from any such alleged misconduct by Nedra Dean.

g) Allegation: Upon information and belief, on or about July 2013, Dean filed a false and incorrect tax return on SDI's behalf. Further, upon information and belief, Dean expended SDI funds to pay Sechler for her services.

This allegation has no merit. There is not a shred of credible evidence in the record to support this allegation of wrongdoing. As noted above, the credible evidence reflects that SDI, with the knowledge and approval of John Lester, engaged Ms. Sechler to prepare and file tax returns on behalf of SDI. Although there was passing testimony by John Lester that SDI's federal tax returns for 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 have been or may need to be amended, there was no evidence in the record that Nedra Dean was responsible for having filed a false or incorrect tax return on SDI's behalf. Furthermore, even if SDI did make payments to Ms. Sechler, the overwhelming credible evidence shows that SDI engaged Ms. Sechler to perform tax and accounting services on behalf of SDI. Finally, there is no credible evidence in the record that Nedra Dean benefitted, or that John Lester or SDI suffered damages, from any such alleged misconduct by Nedra Dean.

h) Allegation: Shortly thereafter, Lester requested a copy of the tax return and the financial information used to create said return, however, Dean refused to provide the information.

There is no credible evidence to support this allegation. Even if there were a scintilla of evidence to support this allegation, there is no credible evidence in the record that Nedra Dean benefitted, or that John Lester or SDI suffered damages, from any such alleged misconduct by Nedra Dean.

i) Allegation: Upon information and belief, Dean filed incorrect tax returns and provided the same erroneous data to the SBA in connection with SDI's Annual Report submitted in January 2014, and may file an erroneous Annual Report in January 2015.

There is no credible evidence to support this allegation. Moreover, there is no credible evidence in the record that Nedra Dean benefitted, or that John Lester or SDI suffered damages, from any such alleged misconduct by Nedra Dean.

j) Allegation: Upon information and belief, from 2011 to the present, Dean and Ronald Dean have used SDI assets for their personal use, including but not limited to, the use of the company's credit cards to pay for items such as groceries, dry cleaning, meals, car repair, and non-SDI related travel. The Deans have failed to reimburse the company for these personal expenses. This also violates the eligibility requirements under the SBA Program.

The Court will address these allegations in more detail in section IV.A.3 below regarding alleged breaches of fiduciary duties.

k) Allegation: Upon information and belief, Dean has not informed the SBA of the following actions: (1) ousting Lester from SDI; (2) expanding her husband's role in managing and asserting control over SDI, or (3) filing a lawsuit against Lester and former employees of SDI. All of Dean's actions directly impact SDI's ability to maintain its SBA Certification and retain federal contracts for healthcare personnel worth millions of dollars.

These allegations have no merit. As detailed above, Nedra Dean never ousted John Lester from SDI. Instead, the overwhelming evidence supports the conclusion that John Lester largely abandoned his duties, and the Deans—except as specifically noted in this Opinion—did what they could to make SDI succeed. Ronald Dean properly exercised the authority John Lester and Nedra Dean gave him as Chief Operating Officer. There is no credible evidence that Nedra Dean did not inform the SBA properly regarding SDI's affairs or that John Lester or SDI suffered damages as a result of Nedra Dean's state court lawsuit against Lester that she dismissed voluntarily. The Court will discuss these issues in greater detail below when analyzing John Lester's and SDI's § 523(a)(6) claims, but the evidence established that SDI's loss of contracts and 8(a) SBA certification resulted from SDI's failing business, mutual personal animosity between the parties, and from competition in the market-place when bidding on contracts, rather than from any unauthorized or unilateral actions taken by Nedra Dean.

2. Second Count: Breach of Contract

John Lester and SDI next assert breach-of-contract claims against Nedra Dean. "Under Texas law, a party asserting breach of contract must prove: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) that the [party] performed or tendered performance; (3) that the other party breached the contract; and (4) that the party was damaged as a result of the breach."63

John Lester and SDI allege that Nedra Dean breached the Major Decision Clause of the Operating Agreement in numerous ways.

a) Allegation: Nedra Dean made a unilateral decision in August 2012 to shut off Lester's access to his SDI email account.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

b) Allegation: Nedra Dean altered and concealed SDI's financial books and records without Lester's knowledge and consent.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit. To the extent John Lester is complaining of other alleged altering and concealing of records not already discussed above, the Court finds no credible evidence to support such allegations.

c) Allegation: Nedra Dean usurped Lester's role as the Tax Matters Partner by excluding him from the handling and preparation of SDI's 2012 and 2013 tax returns.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

d) Allegation: Nedra Dean closed SDI's principal office in Dallas, Texas and moved all the fixtures, furniture, and files to SDI's office in Fredrick, Maryland.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

e) Allegation: Nedra Dean instructed employees and SDI's CPA not to speak or communicate with Lester about SDI business matters.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

f) Allegation: Nedra Dean withdrew SDI funds from company bank accounts and deposited into a new accounts that Lester could not access.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

g) Allegation: Nedra Dean terminated key personnel in SDI's principal office located in Dallas.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

h) Allegation: Nedra Dean took over the accounting practices and tax related matters of SDI in 2012 and 2013.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

i) Allegation: Nedra Dean terminated key personnel in Maryland office.

For the same reasons described above, this allegation has no merit.

j) Allegation: Nedra Dean used SDI's assets for her and her husband's personal gain.

The Court will address these allegations in more detail in section IV.A.3 below regarding alleged breaches of fiduciary duties.

k) Allegation: Nedra Dean made expenditures outside of SDI's approved budget and without Lester's knowledge or approval.

This allegation appears to be a restatement of allegation j), above. The Court will address these allegations in more detail in section IV.A.3 below regarding alleged breaches of fiduciary duties.

3. Third Count: Breach of fiduciary duty

John Lester and SDI next assert breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims against Nedra Dean. As a preliminary matter, Nedra Dean did not formally concede that she owed a fiduciary duty to a fellow SDI member (John Lester), as opposed to the unquestionable fiduciary duty she owed to SDI. John Lester did not plead or prove an informal fiduciary relationship between John Lester and Nedra Dean to support a finding that Nedra Dean owed him a fiduciary duty.64

Generally, the elements of a claim for breach of fiduciary duty are (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty, (2) breach of the duty, (3) causation, and (4) damages.65 Although the Texas Supreme Court has recognized that a plaintiff may not need to prove actual damages when seeking equitable relief, the court has reaffirmed that a plaintiff must show causation and actual damages when asserting a claim for the loss of money.66 In their breach-of-fiduciary-duty count, John Lester and SDI allege, "As a proximate result of Lester's breach of fiduciary duty, Lester and SDI have suffered economic harm in an amount to be proven at trial."67 John Lester and SDI also seek to have this economic claim declared nondischargeable, as discussed below. Therefore, John Lester and SDI must prove damages to support their breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims.

John Lester and SDI allege that Nedra Dean breached her duties of care, honesty, undivided loyalty, and fidelity68 by "her self-dealing and usurping business opportunities as described herein, including, but not limited to those acts of self-dealing designed to divert business opportunities away from SDI to Dean and her family."69 John Lester and SDI do not specify the alleged breaches of fiduciary duty, but the Court assumes that John Lester and SDI are referring to the same self-dealing allegations covered above with respect violations of John Lester's right to manage and perform his management duties, and breaches of contract. The Court already addressed most of those allegations and found they had no merit.

The Court next will address the Consultant's Report of Lori K. Orta,70 and the Nations Professional Staffing Services transfer of the MTC Medical contract71 to RL Dean and Associates, LLC.

a) Consultant's Report

On September 17, 2015, before the Liquidation Complaint was removed to this Court, the state court entered an order granting John Lester's unopposed motion to appoint Lori K. Orta as an independent auditor to "(a) Conduct a forensic audit and accounting of SDI for the years 2012, 2013, and 2014; and (b) Determine a present valuation of SDI taking into account any necessary credits or off-sets for either Lester or Dean that may be discovered in the audit for years 2012, 2013 and 2015."72

Ms. Orta completed her Consultant's Report on December 3, 2016, after Nedra Dean's bankruptcy petition date.73 According to John Lester and SDI, "Pursuant to the Audit Report. . . the Defendant misappropriated Lester and SDI's assets for personal use and personal gain."74 The Consultant's Report is not so absolute, however. The report notes that Ms. Orta was "not engaged to and did not conduct a review of compliance matters of SDI LLC's business operations, internal controls over financial reporting or accounting office operations."75 Moveover, in many instances, Ms. Orta recommended follow up investigation regarding the propriety of the noted transactions. Finally, for reasons that the parties and Ms. Orta dispute, Nedra Dean did not receive a draft of the report for review and comment on the questioned transactions, and the parties contest whether Ms. Orta reviewed several boxes of "source documents" that Nedra Dean gave Ms. Orta for her investigation. Although the Court rejects Nedra Dean's allegations that Ms. Orta fraudulently conspired with John Lester to produce the report, the Consultant's Report itself is less than thorough and complete.

In support of their claims, John Lester and SDI highlight a number of matters described in the Consultant's Report. The Court addresses these items in turn, starting with items where the Consultant's Report found no adverse effect on either party's capital account, even though John Lester and SDI spent significant time at trial complaining about them.

(1) Finding of no effect on Nedra Dean's capital account: Cashier's checks to buy a house

According to the Consultant's Report—

. . . .

The parties dispute whether Nedra and Ronald Dean intended to purchase the house for purely personal use or instead as a "dual-use" home and office given SDI's need for office space in Maryland. It is undisputed that on October 12, 2013, Nedra Dean withdrew $300,000 from Wells Fargo account 053177 with two cashier's checks.78 Then, on November 8, 2013, Nedra Dean deposited the two cashier's checks back into Wells Fargo account 0531.79 In the end, regardless of Nedra and Ronald Dean's original intent regarding the anticipated use of the $300,000, the Consultant's Report found no net impact on Nedra Dean's capital account, and there is no credible evidence of any damages suffered by John Lester or SDI from this failed transaction.80

(2) Finding of no effect on Nedra Dean's capital account: October 2014 transfer of $6996.40

According to the Consultant's Report, "On October 8, 2014, a deposit totaling $6,996.40 comprised of checks payable to SDI was deposited into R L. Dean and Associates account #9629. On October 28, 2014, an electronic transfer of $6,996.40 to account #0531 came in from account #9629 to properly deposit the funds into an SDI account."81

Ronald Dean testified that he attempted to deposit the checks into an SDI account, but the Wells Fargo teller mistakenly deposited the funds into an R.L. Dean bank account, a recurring mistake Ronald Dean attributed to his name being associated with both the SDI bank account and the R.L. Dean account.82 According to Ronald Dean's credible testimony, when he noticed this mistake, he immediately returned the funds to SDI. The Consultant's Report notes no adverse effect on Nedra Dean's capital account from this transaction, and there is no credible evidence of damages suffered by John Lester or SDI from this transaction.

(3) No finding regarding an effect on Nedra Dean's capital account: Credit card charges

According to the Consultant's Report, there were $290,250 in credit card charges that "were not substantiated with receipts to support [SDI] business purpose" and that "could be taken back against the capital account of the respective shareholders" who made the charges.83 The Consultant's Report identified (generically, without specifics) $273,500 in charges made by Nedra or Ronald Dean, but the Consultant's Report did not adjust Nedra Dean's capital account; instead, Ms. Orta "recommend[ed] SDI work with its external CPA to determine next appropriate steps for substantiation of credit card charges as business expenses and appropriate[ly] charge each shareholder for unsubstantiated expenses."84 John Lester and SDI appear to have narrowed their claims from $273,500 to only $75,000.85 Neither John Lester nor SDI offered any proof of the specific $75,000 in credit card charges that "possibly" could have been Nedra Dean's personal charges.

Although their testimony was general and did not cover specific charges (which is not surprising, since neither John Lester nor SDI offered evidence of any specific charges they contest), Nedra Dean and Ronald Dean both testified that all the disputed credit card charges were for SDI business purposes and that neither of them ever stole from the company.86 Nedra Dean also testified that Ms. Orta never contacted her to ask about specific credit card charges, and Ms. Orta never explained exactly which credit card charges were unsubstantiated. There is no credible evidence to contradict the Deans' testimony, and there is no credible evidence of any breach by Nedra Dean.

(4) $6,390 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account

Next, the Consultant's Report concludes, "Ms. Dean's total shareholder distributions from SDI exceeded Mr. Lester's shareholder distributions by approximately $421,000. See Capital Calculation Schedule II Ending Capital Balance for further details."87 The Court now addresses the components of the $421,000.

First, Schedule II of the Consultant's Report makes a $6,390 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account "to properly reflect non-business expenditures to shareholder Dean."88 The Consultant's Report does not explain what the expenditures are or when Nedra Dean allegedly made such expenditures. John Lester's and SDI's theory appears to be that if Ms. Orta adjusted Nedra Dean's capital account based on unequal distributions, Nedra Dean must have breached the Operating Agreement or breached a fiduciary duty or hampered John Lester's management rights. The Operating Agreement does not support this claim. Although the Agreement generally calls for distributions in accordance with the members' respective percentage interests (i.e., 50/50),89 the Operating Agreement also contemplates that prior interim, unequal distributions may need to be equalized using reserves created by SDI.90 In other words, the Operating Agreement contemplates the possibility of unequal interim distributions, subject to later true-ups to equalize them. Moreover, given the apparent limited due diligence Ms. Orta performed when determining whether expenditures were SDI expenditures or Nedra Dean's personal expenditures, the Court cannot rely on her undetailed, unsubstantiated conclusion that these expenditures were Nedra Dean's personal expenditures. There is insufficient credible evidence to support a breach of any kind based solely on unequal distributions.91

(5) $90,460 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account

Schedule II of the Consultant's Report makes a $90,460 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account based on "Distributions 2014 per tax return to shareholder Dean."92 Ms. Orta elaborated in her testimony:

The K-1s attached to SDI's 2014 tax return reflect no distributions to Lester in 2014 and $90,460 in distributions to Nedra Dean in 2014.94 That distribution appears to have been based in part on a $50,000 transfer from SDI's account to Nedra Dean's personal savings account on July 10, 2014.95 SDI's draft tax return originally coded this payment as a distribution to John Lester, but James Kerich, SDI's CPA, corrected the return after John Lester notified him of the mistake.96 Nedra Dean testified that she caused the $50,000 payment in 2014 because SDI had not paid her the $12,900 monthly payments that she and Ronald Dean had each been receiving.97 It is not surprising that Nedra Dean thought she should be getting a salary for her work because SDI had been paying Nedra Dean and John Lester W-2 wages for 2012—when John Lester had control of "every dime" of SDI's money98—and 2013 (and perhaps even in prior years).99 Ronald Dean also testified that SDI stopped making monthly payments to John Lester because he had abandoned his duties.100 Again, it is not surprising that the Deans thought Lester should not get paid full compensation (salary or otherwise) given Lester's abandonment of his duties.

(6) $151,122 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account Schedule II of the Consultant's Report makes a $151,122 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account for "bank transactions" described in Schedle III of the report. Schedule III of the report contains numerous transactions that add up to $151,122.

(a) "Neck Tie Club Contribution" and other expenditures totaling $2,561.46.

All but one of these Schedule III expenditures were in 2012, when John Lester appears to have controlled "every dime" of SDI's money.101 There is little or no credible evidence that these expenditures were unauthorized. Moreover, with respect to the only expenditure discussed in detail, Nedra Dean testified that the $1,250 "Neck Tie Club Contribution" was not a personal purchase of neck ties by Ronald Dean as alleged by John Lester,102 but instead a charitable contribution to a group of inter-city youth trying to better themselves with positive after-school activities and trying to get into college.103 Nedra Dean also testified that it was part of SDI's business to make tithes or charitable contributions, and that SDI even contributed to Lester's church.104 There is insufficient credible evidence to support a breach of any kind from these expenditures.

(b) Bank counter withdrawals of cash totaling $14,932.96

All but two of these Schedule III cash withdrawals from SDI's bank account occurred in 2012, when Lester appears to have controlled "every dime" of SDI's money.105 There is little or no credible evidence that these cash withdrawals were unauthorized or that Lester was not aware of them. Two of the cash withdrawals, totaling $2,400, were in 2013, but given the Deans' testimony that everything they took out of SDI was for SDI's business purpose, and given the totality of the evidence showing that the Deans were doing everything they could to make SDI succeed, the Court finds and concludes that there is insufficient evidence to support a breach of any kind from these withdrawals.

(c) 3E Konsulting payments totaling $16,500

According to the Consultant's Report, "[f]rom January 2013 to January 2014, checks were issued to . . . 3E Consulting for $16,500 for a consulting project not agreed to by both shareholders." Or about September 6, 2013, Nedra Dean, as president of SDI, engaged 3E Konsulting LLC to investigate possible workers compensation fraud by John Lester.106 The result of that investigation is contained in a report107 that is irrelevant to the claims in this lawsuit because SDI would own any such claims against John Lester, and SDI is not pursuing them.

For purposes of this lawsuit, however, John Lester contends that because he did not consent to SDI's engagement of 3D Global Konsulting, any such fees paid to that firm by SDI were not appropriate and constitute a breach of fiduciary duty by Nedra Dean. Nevertheless, given Nedra Dean's perception in 2013 that John Lester had effectively abandoned his management duties at SDI, and given the course of dealing generally between Nedra Dean and John Lester since SDI's inception, Nedra Dean reasonably believed that she had the managerial authority to retain 3E Global Konsulting on SDI's behalf to conduct such an investigation. Further, by not timely opposing the retention of 3E Global Konsulting, John Lester effectively waived any right he may have had to argue that SDI's retention of 3E Global Konsulting was a "Major Decision" under the Operating Agreement, requiring John Lester's approval. Finally, even if Nedra Dean's retention of the fraud investigator was not permissible under SDI's governing documents, she had a good-faith belief in her right to do so.108

(d) Charitable contributions totaling $10,326

The Consultant's Report notes payments totaling $10,326 to Enloe Mortuary, International Community Church, Bunton Memorial CME, and Spencer Funeral Directors. Ms. Orta testified that tithing and charitable contributions were not a corporate SDI expense and were therefore charged to the shareholder who wrote the check.109 These payments appear to be charitable contributions, and Nedra Dean's credible testimony was that charitable contributions were part of SDI's business. Nedra Dean's testimony is corroborated by SDI's contribution, caused by John Lester, to John Lester's church, which the Consultant's Report charged against his capital account.110 There is insufficient credible evidence to support a breach of any kind from these payments.

(e) Payments to Peebles Law Firm of $39,612.60

The Consultant's Report charged $39,612.60 to Nedra Dean's capital account based on payments to Peebles Law Firm, which Ms. Orta concluded was the "personal attorney for N. Dean."111 There is limited information in the record regarding this firm's work, but the available evidence suggests that the fees were paid to Peebles Law Firm in 2013 for a lawsuit suit filed by the firm on behalf of SDI and Nedra Dean in 2013 against John Lester and other defendants.112 The vast majority of the claims asserted in that lawsuit appear to be SDI's derivative claims, so the evidence suggests that SDI made the payments to the Peebles Law Firm on SDI's behalf. Given Nedra Dean's perception that John Lester had breached his duties to SDI and had effectively abandoned his management duties at SDI, and given the course of dealing between Nedra Dean and John Lester since the inception of SDI, Nedra Dean reasonably believed that she had the managerial authority to retain Peebles Law Firm on behalf of SDI. There is insufficient credible evidence to support a breach of any kind by Nedra Dean for SDI's payments to Peebles Law Firm.

(f) Payments to Prosperity Mortgage totaling $6,920

The Consultant's Report charged $6,920 to Nedra Dean's capital account based on two payments to Prosperity Mortgage, a mortgage broker company owned by Nedra Dean's sister, Lisa Love.113 The uncontroverted evidence, however, is that these payments were made by SDI to compensate Prosperity Mortgage for its assistance with a workers' compensation premium audit being performed on SDI during 2013 by ACE Group Premium Audit Processing.114 There is insufficient credible evidence to support a breach of any kind by Nedra Dean for the payments made by SDI to Prosperity Mortgage.

(g) Payment of $53,588.65 for Ronald Dean's personal taxes

According to the Consultant's Report—

The parties dispute whether the Deans caused SDI to make this tax payment intentionally, or whether it was a mistake, either by the IRS or the Deans.116 In the end, however, the IRS refunded the payment, with interest, to SDI.117 There is no credible evidence of any damages from this transaction. Because there is no credible evidence of any damages resulting from this transaction, the Court need not determine if the tax payment was intentional or a mistake.

(h) Gift payment of $5,500 to Laurie Aldridge

The Consultant's Report charged $5,500 to Nedra Dean's capital account based on a $5,500 payment to Laurie Aldridge, "noted as a gift."118 There is no evidence to support Ms. Orta's conclusion that this payment was a gift from Nedra Dean as opposed to a gift from SDI.119 There is insufficient credible evidence to support a breach of any kind by Nedra Dean regarding this payment.

(i) Miscellaneous retail charges of $694.27

The final component of the $151,122 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account is a miscellaneous bucket of charges from 2013 totaling $694.27, including charges at retail establishments such as Taco Bell and one ATM withdrawal. Given the Deans' testimony that any SDI funds spent by either of them was only for SDI business purposes,120 and given the totality of the evidence in this case about the efforts the Deans took to make SDI succeed, the Court finds and concludes that there is insufficient credible evidence that these insignificant expenditures were improper or resulted in a breach of contract or breach of fiduciary duty by Nedra Dean.

(7) $24,412 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account

Schedule II of the Consultant's Report makes a $24,412 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account for "payroll in excess of 50%-50%,"121 which is described in Schedule IV of the report. Schedule IV of the report calculates the $24,412 based on "Payroll variance difference by which N. Dean salary exceeded J. Lester salary" in 2012-13.122

Whether unequal payments are described as distributions (which is what the Operating Agreement contemplates) or salary (a term used by the parties and Ms. Orta, and contemplated under the Limited Partnership Agreement), unequal distributions or payments, standing alone, are not sufficient credible evidence of a breach of contract or breach of fiduciary duty. As mentioned above, SDI (even when John Lester was in control of the money) paid Nedra Dean and John Lester W-2 wages in 2012 and 2013, seemingly in reliance on the Limited Partnership Agreement provisions that allowed compensation payments. Nedra Dean's conclusion that John Lester had abandoned his duties and effectively "checked out" of SDI's business is supported by both parties' actions in 2013, when there were serious negotiations regarding a buyout of John Lester's membership interest in SDI. There is simply not sufficient credible evidence to establish that payments of "payroll in excess of 50%-50%" were improper distributions. Further, even if such distributions technically violated the Operating Agreement, there is no credible evidence to establish that such distributions were the result of a breach of fiduciary duty by Nedra Dean.

(8) $151,888 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account

Finally, Schedule II of the Consultant's Report makes a $151,888 adjustment to Nedra Dean's capital account for "transactions payable to Dean and coded to Ronald Dean." Schedule IV actually breaks the $151,888 adjustment into three components: (i) a $4,245 adjustment in Nedra Dean's favor for a "manual check which was not located in a scan of the bank debits nor included in the $19,449 [manual checks already included in Schedule IV]"; (ii) $138,945 for "Difference checks [in 2013] coded to R. Dean or RL Dean and Associates but payable to N. Dean"; and (iii) $17,188 for 2014 "Cash withdrawals by N. Dean."123

Ms. Orta testified that the $138,945 adjustment was for "checks that cleared through the bank that were, within the QuickBooks system, noted as being checks to R.L. Dean or Ronald Dean & Associates but they were checks that were actually written to Nedra Dean."124 For the reasons already described, this unequal "distribution" (which appears to have been intended as partial W-2 compensation for Nedra Dean in 2013), standing alone, is insufficient evidence of a breach of contract or breach of fiduciary duty.

With respect to the $17,188 adjustment for "cash withdrawals," Ms. Orta testified as follows:

Ms. Orta apparently never asked Nedra Dean about these counter withdrawals from the bank, and Nedra Dean did not specifically testify about them at trial. Nedra Dean did, however, credibly testify generally that she never stole from SDI,126 and the Deans throughout the trial consistently took the position that the funds they received from SDI were for business purposes. Based on the totality of the circumstances—including the work that the Deans were doing in 2014 and the expenditures needed to make SDI succeed—the Court finds and concludes that there is insufficient credible evidence of a breach of contract or fiduciary duty by Nedra Dean based on these cash withdrawals.

b) Transfer of the MTC Medical Contract

According to John Lester and SDI—

There is insufficient evidence to show whether Nations Professional Staffing, as a company, was still in existence when the MTC Medical Contract was assigned, or whether the contract somehow became "her" (i.e., Nedra's) contract. John Lester and SDI also provided no evidence to show whether this contract was a valuable contract that generated profits, or instead was a money-losing contract. To the extent John Lester or SDI are asserting a cause of action against Nedra Dean based on usurpation of SDI's opportunities, there is no credible evidence to support that charge, nor is there any credible evidence of any damages to John Lester or SDI resulting from this transfer.

4. Fourth Count: Common law fraud

John Lester and SDI next assert common law fraud claims against Nedra Dean.

John Lester and SDI do not point to a specific misrepresentation made by Nedra Dean. According to John Lester and SDI, "Defendant suppressed and concealed certain material facts which she had a duty to disclose to Lester. . . . As a proximate result of Dean's fraud, Lester and SDI have suffered economic harm in an amount to be proven at trial." The Liquidation Complaint does not specify which alleged material facts Nedra Dean did not disclose. John Lester and SDI allege that John Lester was not aware of payments Nedra Dean made that are detailed in the counts above, but the facts here do not support any type of claim for fraud by nondisclosure. In Bazan v. Munoz, 444 S.W.3d 110 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.), the court affirmed a jury finding of fraud by nondisclosure by two members of an LLC, which owned a restaurant and bar. The members violated the LLC agreement by "secretly" taking salaries and pocketing cover charge money in violation of the LLC agreement without telling the third member, who was not involved in operating the business. The court noted there was evidence that the third member did not have an opportunity to discover the truth of the "secretly taken" funds. Id. at 119-20 (noting fraud by nondisclosure requires, among other things, that defendant knew plaintiff was ignorant of material facts, that plaintiff did not have equal opportunity to discover the facts, and that plaintiff was deliberately silent when he had a duty to speak).

With respect to all payments, other than the IRS check129 and the cashier's checks,130 this case is distinguishable from Bazan for at least three independent reasons. First, most—if not all— of the payments appear to have been reflected in SDI's QuickBooks or Excel software, or at least in SDI's bank statements. Nedra Dean's actions cannot fairly be characterized as "secretly" taking funds. Second, John Lester always had access to SDI's books and records and so he had equal access to the facts. Third, because John Lester largely abandoned his duties at SDI at various times, and because of the parties' course of conduct in handling SDI's affairs, Nedra Dean's actions regarding the payments were permissible, as discussed above.

With respect to the IRS check131 and the cashier's checks132—and with respect to any other payment to the extent the Court has erred in finding it permissible—John Lester's and SDI's claim for fraud fails because, as detailed above, there is no credible evidence of damages.

5. Fifth Count: Conspiracy

John Lester and SDI next assert a conspiracy claim against Nedra Dean. According to the Liquidation Complaint, "Dean entered into a conspiracy with other individuals to use unlawful means to accomplish an unlawful purpose to the detriment of Lester and SDI. . . . As a proximate result of Dean's conspiracy with others, Lester and SDI have suffered economic harm in an amount to be proven at trial."133 The Court assumes John Lester and SDI are referring globally to all of the allegations already discussed. For all of the reasons already stated in this Opinion, John Lester and SDI failed to produce credible evidence to show that (a) Nedra Dean's actions were inappropriate, and (b) John Lester and SDI suffered any damages as a result of any inappropriate actions.

6. Sixth Count: Declaratory Judgment

John Lester and SDI next assert a declaratory judgment claim against Nedra Dean.134 After referring globally to all of the disputes between the parties, the Liquidation Complaint states that

John Lester now owns and controls SDI,136 so there is no longer a dispute about how to operate SDI going forward. With respect to the prior actions of the parties, this Opinion adequately addresses the parties' rights and obligations.

7. Seventh Count: Action for Involuntary Dissolution and Appointment of Receiver

This cause of action is moot because John Lester now owns and controls SDI.

8. Eighth Count: Request for an Accounting

John Lester's and SDI's last cause of action in the Liquidation Complaint is for an accounting. According to John Lester and SDI, they need an accounting due to the Deans' seizing operational control of SDI and their use of SDI resources for personal gain.137 The Court finds and concludes that no further accounting is necessary after the parties' extensive discovery opportunities and thirteen-day trial.

B. The Lester & SDI Claims against Nedra Dean in the Discharge Complaint

The Discharge Complaint contains seven counts under various subsections of 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a) and 727(a). To except a debtor's debt from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a), or to deny a debtor a discharge under § 727(a), a plaintiff creditor must prove his or her claim by a preponderance of the evidence.138 In this case, John Lester and SDI have not met their burden.

1. First Count: 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4)

Section 523(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code excepts from a debtor's discharge any debt "for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny."139 John Lester and SDI allege that the Consultant's Report made "findings" of fraud, defalcation, and embezzlement. The report made no such findings, and the evidence admitted in this trial is not sufficient for the Court to make those findings.

Fraud in a fiduciary capacity under § 523(a)(4) requires positive fraud involving moral turpitude or intentional wrong.140 Defalcation under § 523(a)(4) requires a culpable state of mind involving knowledge of, or gross recklessness with respect to, the improper nature of the fiduciary behavior.141 If actual knowledge of wrongdoing is lacking, the reckless conduct requires a fiduciary who consciously disregards (or is willfully blind to) a substantial and unjustifiable risk that his behavior will result in a violation of fiduciary duty.142 Finally, embezzlement under § 523(a)(4) is the fraudulent appropriation of property by a person who is entrusted with that property or who has possession of it lawfully.143 There must be proof of the debtor's fraudulent intent in taking the property.144

After carefully considering all of the evidence at trial, and after weighing the credibility of the many witnesses, the Court finds and concludes that there is insufficient evidence of Nedra Dean's culpable state of mind—including moral turpitude or intentional wrong (fraud), knowledge of, or gross recklessness with respect to, the improper nature of the fiduciary behavior (defalcation), and fraudulent intent (embezzlement)—to except any debt of Nedra Dean from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).

As the Consultant's Report notes, there were many instances of unequal "distributions" (or salary) to the members Nedra Dean and John Lester. But the totality of the evidence demonstrates that Nedra Dean, for the most part, was working tirelessly and in good faith to help SDI succeed, or at the very end, to help SDI avoid unnecessary damages to SDI's contract counterparties given SDI's precarious financial condition and the severe infighting between the members. The unequal distributions suggest not moral turpitude or intentional wrong by Nedra Dean, but instead the recognition that Nedra Dean was entitled to get paid for her sweat equity while John Lester abandoned his duties, and that Nedra Dean needed the distributions for living expenses. The Court cannot find moral turpitude or intentional wrong based on this record.

Finally, two transactions gave the Court the most pause—Nedra Dean's actions regarding the $300,000 in cashier's checks, and the $53,588.65 payment of Ronald Dean's personal taxes. John Lester and SDI focused an inordinate amount of time at trial on these two issues. Although it is a closer call on these transactions than on the others discussed, the Court still finds insufficient evidence of moral turpitude or intentional wrong.145 Just as important, John Lester and SDI failed to prove any damages with respect to these transactions, so there is no debt to except from discharge in any event.

2. Second Count: 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6)

Section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code excepts from a debtor's discharge any debt "for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity."146 This provision requires "a deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury."147 The Fifth Circuit clarified the Kawaauhau standard and held that an injury is "willful and malicious" when there is either an objective substantial certainty of harm or a subjective motive to cause harm.148 John Lester and SDI allege that Nedra Dean's willful and malicious activity included (i) "misappropriation of assets," (ii) causing the termination of SDI's SBA 8(a) certification; (iii) causing the termination of the Sheppard Contract; and (iv) attempting to cause termination of the Fairchild contract.

a) "Misappropriation of assets"

The Court assumes that the misappropriation of assets John Lester and SDI refer to in the Discharge Complaint is the same laundry-list of allegations contained in the Liquidation Complaint and discussed above regarding the Consultant's Report. After carefully considering all of the evidence at trial, and after weighing the credibility of the many witnesses, the Court finds and concludes—for the same reasons detailed above—that there is insufficient evidence that Nedra Dean was willful and malicious in her actions regarding the alleged misappropriation of assets.

b) Termination of SDI's SBA 8(a) certification

John Lester and SDI allege that Nedra Dean was the sole cause of SDI's removal from the 8(a) Business Development program of the Small Business Administration's ("SBA"). To be approved in the 8(a) Business Development Program, "a small business must be owned and controlled at least 51% by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who are citizens of the United States."149 The certification through the SBA allows 8(a) firms to receive sole-source contracts, up to a ceiling of $4 million, for goods and services.150 The nine-year program term may be shortened only by termination, early graduation, or voluntary withdrawal.151

Based on the economic and ethnic status of both John Lester and Nedra Dean, SDI received its 8(a) certification on or about January 21, 2011.152 Discord between John Lester and Nedra Dean concerning participation in the 8(a) program first occurred in 2013 when Nedra Dean alleged that John Lester was not properly disclosing the nature of his ownership interest in various companies to the SBA.153 SDI remained 8(a) compliant, however, until at least January 2016. In January 2016, Nedra Dean notified an SBA official by email that she did not plan to move forward within the 8(a) program, and she requested a voluntary withdrawal from the 8(a) program, citing an impasse between herself and John Lester.154 John Lester, in contrast, told the SBA that he wanted to complete a "change of ownership" in order to keep SDI's 8(a) certification.155 Nedra Dean and John Lester were unable to come to an agreement concerning a change in ownership, and John Lester declined to sign the voluntary withdrawal from the 8(a) program.156

On February 25, 2016, Kevin Sloan from the SBA informed Nedra Dean and John Lester that "the voluntary withdrawal method/option is the MOST optimal approach considering the SDI's partners are at an impasse."157 On March 3, 2016, SDI received a "Letter of Intent to Terminate" from the SBA.158 The SBA's stated reasoning behind the proposed 8(a) program termination was that SDI "failed to submit the Annual Review update information requested by the Dallas/Ft. Worth District Office Development staff by UPS return receipt requested."159 The SBA also noted that a significant impasse between the partners also led to the proposed termination.160 Sometime thereafter (the record is unclear exactly when), SDI's participation in the 8(a) program ended.

Ultimately, the evidence is conflicting as to who failed to fill out the "Annual Review update information," one of the SBA's stated reasons for the termination. But there is no dispute that John Lester and Nedra Dean were at an impasse (on just about everything), the SBA's second stated reason for 8(a) program termination. After carefully considering all of the evidence at trial, and after weighing the credibility of the many witnesses, the Court finds and concludes that there is insufficient evidence that Nedra Dean was willful and malicious in her actions regarding SDI's termination from the 8(a) program.

c) Termination of the Sheppard Contract

John Lester and SDI assert that Nedra Dean was willful and malicious in causing SDI to lose its contract with Sheppard Air Force Base (the "Sheppard Contract"). The Sheppard Contract was a contract with the United States of America to staff medical personnel at Sheppard Air Force Base. Based on the efforts of the Deans, SDI was awarded the Sheppard Contract commencing October 1, 2015.161 The Sheppard Contract was a three-year contract, one base year with two option years.162 The base year award for the contract was approximately $1.4 million, and the total award could have been up to $4 million if the two options were exercised by Sheppard Air Force Base.163

Cecilia Murray, who worked at Sheppard Air Force Base as a contracting officer since 2009,164 testified that on July 14, 2016, the United States informed SDI of its intent to exercise the first option year under the Sheppard Contract, commencing October 1, 2016. The notice, however, specifically stated, "This notice of intent does not commit the Government to extend the contract."165

Between August 12-15, 2016, Nedra Dean had several phone conversations with Sheppard representatives concerning the contract and SDI's financial issues.166 In the meantime, on August 18, 2016, John Lester held a conference call with Sheppard representatives to discuss SDI's continuing ability to perform the first option year of the Sheppard Contract. John Lester then had several subsequent communications requesting that the federal government formally exercise the first option year under the Sheppard Contract.167 On August 24, 2016, however, Nedra Dean sent Ms. Murray an email confirming that SDI would not be able to perform its obligations should the government exercise the first option year.168 Prior to receipt of Nedra Dean's August 24, 2016 email, Sheppard Air Force Base had made the formal decision to not exercise the first year option under the Sheppard Contract, but instead to enter into a contract with a third party commencing upon the expiration of the base term the Sheppard Contract.169 Sheppard Air Force Base changed vendors "due to self-identified financial issues by Ms. Dean."170

Ronald Dean testified that SDI was not financially sound and could not go forward with the Sheppard Contract.171 The overall evidence also reflects that John Lester and Nedra Dean were hopelessly deadlocked and that SDI could not continue to function effectively in its business with the extreme infighting between the members. The Court believes Nedra Dean was doing what she thought was the best course of action given the financial and internal struggles at SDI. After carefully considering all of the evidence at trial, and after weighing the credibility of the many witnesses, the Court finds and concludes that there is insufficient credible evidence that Nedra Dean was willful and malicious in her actions with respect to the Sheppard Contract termination.

d) Attempted termination of Fairchild Contract

There is little or nothing in the record to support John Lester's and SDI's allegation regarding the Fairchild contract, and there is certainly no evidence of any damages or any willful or malicious conduct by Nedra Dean.

3. Third Count: 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)

Section 727(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a court shall grant the debtor a discharge unless—

John Lester and SDI allege that the Court should deny Nedra Dean her discharge under § 727(a)(2) because (i) she transferred "her" contract, the MTC Medical Contract, to Ronald Dean's company prior to the bankruptcy petition date, and (ii) she disposed of SDI assets located in six storage units on or about August 27-28, 2016.

a) Transfer of the MTC Medical Contract

There is insufficient evidence to show whether Nations Professional Staffing, as a company, was still in existence when the MTC Medical Contract was assigned, or whether the contract somehow became "her" (i.e., Nedra's) contract, as John Lester and SDI allege. In addition, John Lester and SDI provided no evidence to show whether this contract was a valuable contract that generated profits (that she would want to keep from creditors), or instead was a money-losing contract. John Lester and SDI failed to prove that Nedra Dean transferred her assets or that she transferred any assets with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud her creditors.

b) Disposal of SDI assets in storage units

The parties dispute the propriety of Nedra Dean's alleged disposal of SDI assets that have been in storage since 2014, a subject of several emails between the parties.173 The Court need not decide whether Nedra Dean's actions were appropriate because it is uncontested that the assets in dispute are not "property of the debtor" or "property of the estate," which are the subject of § 727(a)(2).

4. Fourth Count: 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(3)

Section 727(a)(3) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a court shall grant the debtor a discharge unless—

"[T]he creditor objecting to the debtor's discharge bears the initial burden of production to present evidence that the debtor failed to keep adequate records and that the failure prevented the creditor from evaluating the debtor's financial condition."175

John Lester and SDI allege that "Defendant has repeatedly evaded production of business records upon request of Lester. Upon information and belief, the Defendant is concealing these records or has simply failed to preserve them."176 John Lester and SDI focus on SDI's records, which are not the subject of § 727(a)(3). John Lester and SDI have not alleged that Nedra Dean failed to keep adequate personal records from which John Lester and SDI could evaluate Nedra Dean's financial condition. Even if SDI's business records were relevant, there is no credible evidence that Nedra Dean concealed, destroyed, mutilated, falsified, or failed to keep or preserve any recorded information from which her financial condition or business transactions might be ascertained.

5. Fifth Count: 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A-B)

Section 727(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code provides in relevant part that a court shall grant the debtor a discharge unless "the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case . . . made a false oath or account" or "presented or used a false claim."177 According to John Lester and SDI, "If the Court finds that the explanations for the disposition and misappropriation of assets, including the transfer of the MTC Medical Contract and SDI funds, ultimately belonging to Lester, are false, the Defendant's discharge should be denied in accordance with section 727(a)(4) of the Code."178

For all of the reasons detailed above, the Court does not find Nedra Dean's explanations to be false with respect to any material issue.

6. Sixth Count: 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(5)

Section 727(a)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code provides in relevant part that a court shall grant the debtor a discharge unless "the debtor has failed to explain satisfactorily, before determination of denial of discharge under this paragraph, any loss of assets or deficiency of assets to meet the debtor's liabilities."179

According to John Lester and SDI, "Defendant cannot meet the standards of section 727(a)(5) to satisfactorily explain the loss of SDI's assets and other assets of the bankruptcy estate, [and thus] the Court should deny the Defendant's discharge."180 Loss of SDI assets is not relevant to the § 727(a)(5) determination,181 and there is insufficient credible evidence that Nedra Dean failed to explain any loss of her personal assets.

7. Seventh Count: 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(3)

John Lester and SDI cite case-dismissal sections of the Bankruptcy Code in support of their request to deny Nedra Dean a discharge. Section 707(b)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code provides in relevant part that a court may dismiss a case of an individual debtor "if it finds that the granting of relief would be an abuse of the provisions of this chapter." In making this abuse determination, a court may consider whether the debtor filed the bankruptcy in bad faith and whether the totality of the circumstances of the debtor's financial condition demonstrates abuse.182

According to John Lester and SDI—

After carefully considering all of the evidence at trial, and after weighing the credibility of the many witnesses, the Court finds and concludes that there is no credible evidence that Nedra Dean filed her bankruptcy petition in bad faith or as an evasion tactic.

C. Liquidation of Nedra Dean's claims against John Lester

Nedra Dean asserts causes of action against Lester for breach of fiduciary duty, common-law fraud, breach of contract, and trade-secret misappropriation.

1. Breach of fiduciary duty

Nedra Dean alleges that John Lester breached his fiduciary duties to SDI and to her through various misdeeds, including abandoning his management responsibilities, committing workers' compensation fraud, causing SDI's removal from the SBA's 8(a) Business Development program, and establishing competing businesses through different companies. Nedra Dean's claims fail for three independent reasons.

First, the vast majority of Nedra Dean's allegations relate to harm that John Lester allegedly caused SDI. Nedra Dean is no longer a member of SDI, and she does not have standing, individually or derivatively, to assert SDI's causes of action, including breach of a fiduciary duty owed to SDI.

Second, Nedra Dean did not plead or prove an informal fiduciary relationship between John Lester and Nedra Dean to support a finding that John Lester owed her a fiduciary duty.184

Third, even if John Lester did owe a fiduciary duty to Nedra Dean herself, Nedra Dean did not provide credible evidence of damages to her individually (including her purported mental anguish), as opposed to derivative harm caused by injury to SDI.

2. Common-law fraud

Nedra Dean next asserts a common-law fraud claim against John Lester.

Second, Nedra Dean did not prove any misrepresentation by John Lester or Nedra Dean's reliance on any misrepresentation.

Third, even if John Lester's actions could be considered some type of misrepresentation, Nedra Dean did not provide credible evidence of damages to her individually (including purported mental anguish), as opposed to derivative harm caused by injury to SDI.

3. Breach of contract

Nedra Dean next asserts a breach-of-contract claim against John Lester. "Under Texas law, a party asserting breach of contract must prove: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) that the [party] performed or tendered performance; (3) that the other party breached the contract; and (4) that the party was damaged as a result of the breach."186 Nedra Dean's contract claim fails for two independent reasons.

First, the vast majority of Nedra Dean's allegations relate to harm that John Lester allegedly caused SDI. Nedra Dean is no longer a member of SDI, and she does not have standing, individually or derivatively, to assert SDI's causes of action, including breach of contract with SDI.

Second, even if John Lester's actions could be considered some type of breach of the Limited Partnership Agreement or LLC Agreement, Nedra Dean, as a purported contract-counterparty, did not provide credible evidence of damages to her individually (including purported mental anguish), as opposed to derivative harm caused by injury to SDI.

4. Trade-secret misappropriation

Nedra Dean finally asserts a trade-secret misappropriation claim against John Lester. This claim, if valid, clearly belongs to SDI. Nedra Dean has no standing to assert this claim on SDI's behalf.

D. Expert report and testimony of Zack Tannery

As detailed above, Plaintiffs failed to prove claims or damages with respect to their causes of action. Nevertheless, the Court will address the expert report and expert testimony of Zack Tannery.

To establish damages, John Lester engaged Zack Tannery with RWS Business Valuation Services187 as an expert witness to prepare a business valuation for SDI as of December 31, 2012188 and to testify at trial in support of his report. Federal Rule of Evidence 702 requires that courts ensure that expert testimony "both rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the task at hand."189 The Court has carefully considered Tannery's testimony and the Tannery Report. For the reasons detailed below, the Court concludes that Tannery's testimony was wholly unpersuasive, and the Tannery Report is strikingly flawed in its methodologies and foundations and its conclusions are not reliable or relevant to the asserted claims before the Court. Before specifically addressing each of the calculations and conclusions contained in the Tannery Report, the Court makes the following observations about the report.

Tannery specifically testified that in performing his analysis and preparing the Tannery Report, he reviewed "the tax returns, the financial statements, the [Orta] report, and extensive conversations with [John Lester]."190 On cross-examination, however, Tannery admitted that he did not vet or verify the accuracy of any of the data provided to him by John Lester, and he did not look at or review any of SDI's contracts (which constitute the primary assets of SDI), bank statements, or many other relevant source documents to verify the accuracy of the numbers upon which he relied in the Tannery Report.191 Rather, Tannery just assumed the numbers provided by John Lester were accurate192 and he "believed" the numbers were accurate.193 Although Tannery testified that he "believed" the numbers he was using in the Tannery Report were accurate, he ultimately admitted that he has "no opinion" of the accuracy of most of the numbers that he used to form the basis of much of his report.194

Although Tannery initially denied that John Lester wrote portions of the Tannery Report,195 upon further questioning by the Court, Tannery finally admitted that portions of the Tannery Report were, in fact, written by John Lester.196 Finally, in response to valid cross-examination questions seeking insight into the "sophisticated system" Tannery uses in his valuations, Tannery responded, "It's proprietary. I am not going to tell you a thing about it."197 When asked again if he used "a policies and procedures, a manual of sorts, a standard of practice of, you know, for valuation of companies that you utilize?" he replied "yes . . . and I said earlier, I'm not going to tell you one thing about it."198 As a result of Tannery's refusal to describe the methodologies he used to arrive at his conclusions, it is not possible for the Court to determine if such methodologies are sound or reliable.

Now the Court will briefly address each of the calculations performed by Tannery in the Tannery Report.

1. Future Value Calculation for $138,000 Loss is $193,552.14 (7%) — 5 Years.199

Tannery's first calculation addressed his assumption concerning "money that was misappropriated in 2013." He then calculated the future value of $138,000 in five years using a 7% rate to arrive at his damages opinion of 193,552.14.200 As the Court has found and concluded, there was not sufficient evidence to establish the existence of "money that was lost or misappropriated in 2013." In addition, no credible facts or data were identified in the Tannery Report or in Tannery's testimony that justifies using five years or 7% for his calculation. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant. Rather, Tannery's first calculation represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

2. Future Value Calculation for $140,000 Loss is $210,414.94 (8.49%) — 5 Years.201

Tannery's second calculation addressed his assumption concerning "$140k paid to defendant's husband's company without authorization in 2013." He then calculated the future value of $140,000 in five years using an 8.49% rate to arrive at his damages opinion of 210,414.94.202 First, it is unclear what unauthorized payments to which Tannery is referring. The Consultant's Report found no unauthorized payments to any company owned by Ronald Dean. Perhaps Tannery meant to refer to Ms. Orta's $138,945 adjustment for "checks that cleared through the bank that were, within the QuickBooks system, noted as being checks to R.L. Dean or Ronald Dean & Associates but they were checks that were actually written to Nedra Dean."203 If this adjustment (for a payment to Nedra Dean, not to Ronald Dean's company) is what Tannery meant, there was not sufficient evidence to establish a breach of fiduciary duty or breach of contract from this transaction. In addition, no credible facts or data were identified in the Tannery Report or in Tannery's testimony that justifies using five years or the 8.49% for his calculation. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant. Rather, just like his first calculation, Tannery's second calculation represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

3. Future Value Calculation for $75,000 Loss is $105,191.38 (7.00%) — 5 Years.204

Tannery's third calculation addressed his assumption concerning "[e]stimated $75k in unsubstantiated/non-business credit card charges." He then calculated the future value of $75,000 in five years going back to his 7.00% rate to arrive at his damages opinion of 105,191.38.205 As the Court has found and concluded, there was not sufficient evidence to establish that there was "$75k in unsubstantiated/non-business credit card charges." In addition, no credible facts or data were identified in the Tannery Report or in Tannery's testimony that justifies using five years or the 7.00% for his calculation. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant. Rather, this calculation also represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

4. Future Value Calculation for $561,000 (Total annual contract equals $1,100,000) with 51% Ownership.206

Tannery's fourth calculation addressed his assumption that—

There are several alarming concerns about this calculation. First, Tannery makes wrong assumptions in this calculation. For example, Tannery wrongly assumes that the Sheppard Contract (the subject of this calculation)207 had three years remaining after its termination. In fact, there were only two option periods remaining on the contract, assuming the government would exercise both remaining options. Second, Tannery's testimony concerning an unexplained number of $843,162.74 in this calculation was nonsensical and incomprehensible.208 And in response to a series of reasonable questions from Nedra Dean concerning the failure of Tannery to consider costs associated with such contracts in his calculation, he gave condescending, flippant, and absurd responses. In the final analysis, it appears that Tannery, John Lester, and SDI believe the amount of alleged damages associated with this calculation is $561,000,209 which simply represents 51% of one year of gross revenue to be received from the Sheppard Contract. What makes that opinion ridiculous on its face is that the vast majority of gross revenue received by SDI for any staffing contract, including the Sheppard Contract, was used to pay the salaries of the medical staff associated with the specific contract as well as overhead, leaving a relatively small margin for profit. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant. Rather, this calculation also represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

5. Future Value Calculation for $1,000,000 (Four (sic) annual contract at $1,000,000 each).210

Tannery's fifth calculation addressed his assumption that—

There are several alarming concerns about this fifth calculation. First, as previously noted, it is obvious that the assumption was drafted by John Lester and not Tannery. Second, this calculation assumes SDI would have retained its 8(a) certification, which is not a reasonable assumption. Third, this calculation assumes that SDI would be successful in procuring such a lucrative government contract, which is not a reasonable assumption given SDI's financial troubles and serious member infighting. Again, because the assumptions used to establish this calculation are not reasonable or reliable, the Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant and yet another calculation of "faulty data in, faulty data out."

6. Future Value Calculation for $100,000 Loss is $123,070.53 (7%).211

Tannery's sixth calculation addressed his assumption concerning—

As the Court has found and concluded, there was not sufficient evidence to establish the existence of such losses. In addition, no credible facts or data were identified in the Tannery Report or in Tannery's testimony that justify using 7% for his calculation. Again, the Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant and represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

7. Future Value Calculation for $180,000 Loss is $237,969.70 (7%) 4 years.212

Tannery's seventh calculation addressed his assumption concerning—

Tannery's testimony concerning this additional calculation relating to the Shepard Contract was as incomprehensible as his testimony concerning his fourth calculation above. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant and represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

8. Future Value Calculation for $120,000 Loss is $157,295.52 (7%) 4 years.213

Tannery's eighth calculation addressed his assumption concerning—

Tannery's testimony concerning this additional calculation relating to future contracts is as flawed as his testimony concerning his fifth calculation above. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant and represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

9. Future Value Calculation for $1,000,000 Loss is $1402,707.51 (8.49%) 4 years.214

Tannery's ninth calculation addressed his assumption concerning—

Tannery's assumptions for this calculation are pie-in-the-sky assumptions and are similar to his flawed assumptions in his fifth and eighth calculations above relating to future contracts. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant and represents nothing more than "faulty data in, faulty data out."

10. Business Valuation Metrics used for Calculating Staffing Dynamics International, LLC as of December 31, 2012.215

Tannery's final calculation is an opinion regarding the value of SDI as of December 31, 2012. The calculation is highly speculative and assumes nonexistent evidence that Nedra Dean caused a decline in the value of SDI and dissipated its assets since 2012. The Court finds and concludes that this damages opinion calculation is not credible, not reliable, and not relevant.

E. Each party's request for attorney's fees and costs

Each party has requested an award of attorney's fees and costs.216 The American Rule is a bedrock principle of our country's court system, where each litigant pays its own attorney's fees, win or lose, unless a statute or contract provides otherwise.217 The American Rule is to be followed absent express contractual authority or "absent explicit statutory authority" that is "specific and explicit" as to the allowance of attorney's fees.218

No party requested fees in the Discharge Complaint, and 11 U.S.C. §§ 523 and 727 do not contain an independent source of authority to award fees to the prevailing party.219

All parties requested fees in the Liquidation Complaint but cited no statutory authority for an award of fees and costs. Instead, John Lester testified that he was seeking fees under section 3.02 of the Operating Agreement,220 which provides that SDI "and all other Members are hereby indemnified, defended, and held harmless from any losses or liabilities sustained by them because of the breach of this Section by the Member committing such breach."221 As detailed above, no party proved losses caused by the other party's alleged breaches of the Operating Agreement, so no party is entitled to an award of fees and costs under this provision. To the extent this provision could be construed as a "prevailing party" provision, the Court still would not award fees and costs to any party in connection with the Liquidation Complaint.

To determine if a party is a "prevailing party," Texas law requires a court to examine whether the party successfully prosecutes or defends the "main issue" in the proceeding, and the remedy actually obtained by that party.222 The main issue in the Liquidation Complaint is who, if anybody, proved the necessary elements of breach of fiduciary duty and breach of the Operating Agreement.

SDI and John Lester failed to prove their claims against Nedra Dean in the Liquidation Complaint, and Nedra Dean failed to prove her counterclaims against SDI and John Lester in the Liquidation Complaint. "Some might argue that not every lawsuit produces a winner (even cases that go to verdict); the parties could battle to what amounts to a draw, pay their own fees and expenses, and go home."223 This is one of those cases. SDI, John Lester, and Nedra Dean have battled to a draw in the Liquidation Complaint, so neither party is a prevailing party, and neither party is entitled to an award of fees and expenses.224

Even if one party or the other could be considered the prevailing party, the Court still would decline to award fees.

The Court finds and concludes that it would be inequitable and unreasonable to award fees to any party given each party's limited success in the Liquidation Complaint.

V. CONCLUSION

SDI and John Lester shall take nothing on their claims and causes of action against Nedra Dean. Even if SDI and John Lester have valid claims against Nedra Dean, Plaintiffs failed to prove that the claims are nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523. Plaintiffs also failed to prove that the Court should deny Nedra Dean her discharge under 11 U.S.C. §§ 707 and 727. Finally, Nedra Dean shall take nothing on her counterclaims and causes of action against John Lester and SDI. No party is entitled to an award of fees and costs.