ROYAL FURGESON, Senior District Judge.
Before the Court is Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Consolidated Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint (Docket No. 157), filed on December 9, 2009. A hearing in this matter was held on January 19, 2010. Having considered the oral argument, the filings and record, and applicable law the Court DENIES Defendants' Motion to Dismiss (Docket No. 157).
The original Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint in this case was filed on September 13, 2006, and assigned to the docket of the Honorable Jorge Solis. A similar complaint was filed October 26, 2006, Minich v. Kartsotis, No. 3:06-cv-1977-M (N.D.Tex.), and assigned to the Honorable Barbara M.G. Lynn. In November 2006, Judge Solis considered the question of consolidation and ordered that the cases be consolidated into the above-captioned case. On February 12, 2007, Plaintiffs filed their Consolidated Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint. See Docket no. 26. After obtaining extensions, Defendants filed their first motion to dismiss on April 6, 2007.
On June 29, 2007, Plaintiffs filed their First Amended Consolidated Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint ("the FAC"). See Docket no. 42. On July 6, 2007, certain Defendants moved to dismiss the FAC; the first motion to dismiss was denied as moot on July 30, 2007.
On July 15, 2009, the Court heard the parties regarding the then-pending motions to dismiss. On July 17, 2009, the Court denied all three motions to dismiss for the reasons stated in open court. Additionally, the Court ordered Plaintiffs to re-plead their Rule 10b-5 and Section 14(a) claims. On October 13, 2009, Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Consolidated Verified Shareholder Derivative Complaint (the "SAC"). On December 9, 2009, Defendants again moved to dismiss.
Plaintiffs are shareholders of Fossil, Inc.
Plaintiffs set forth facts alleging securities violations and stated eleven enumerated causes of action: violations of sections 14(a), 10(b), and 29(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, breach of fiduciary duties, corporate waste, gross mismanagement, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, insider selling and misappropriation, rescission, and accounting.
Count One of the SAC, the section 14(a) claim, names Defendants Kercho, K. Kartsotis, T. Kartsotis, Tunnell, Gold, Anderson, Stone, and Steinberg.
Count Two of the SAC, the section 10(b) claim, names Defendants T. Kartsotis, K. Kartsotis, Kercho, Kovar, Tunnell, Barnes, Gold, Anderson, Stone, and Steinberg.
Count Three of the SAC, the section 29(b) claim, names Defendants Barnes, Kercho, Kovar, Steinberg, Shroff, and Tunnell.
Count Nine, which states violations for insider selling and misappropriate of information, names Defendants T. Kartsotis, K. Kartsotis, Barnes, Kovar, Kercho, Shroff, Gold, Anderson, Stone, and Tunnell. The remaining seven counts are stated against all Defendants.
"To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. It follows that "where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not `show[n]'—`that the pleader is entitled to relief.'" Id. at 1950 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)).
When alleging fraud, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Fed. R.Civ.P. 9(b). "What constitutes `particularity' will necessarily differ with the facts of each case." Guidry v. Bank of LaPlace, 954 F.2d 278, 288 (5th Cir.1992). "To plead fraud with particularity, a plaintiff must, at a minimum, include the time,
As stated above, Plaintiffs allege Section 10(b) violations against certain Defendants.
Because Plaintiffs claim securities fraud in violation of Rule 10(b), they must satisfy the heightened pleading requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act ("PSLRA"). See Lormand v. U.S. Unwired, Inc., 565 F.3d 228 (5th Cir.2009). Rule 9(b) requires a plaintiff to plead fraud with particularity, including specific allegations of the time, place, and content of the misrepresentations, the identity of the persons making the misrepresentations, and what the person who made those misrepresentations gained from making the statements. Shushany, 992 F.2d at 521. The PSLRA requires Plaintiffs to "specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and if an allegation regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, the complaint shall state with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed." 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1); see also Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred Income Fund, Inc. v. TXU
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to adequately allege their 10(b) claims because they have not alleged facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter. In opposition, Plaintiffs point to the allegation that Defendants approved the backdating options, and argue that allegation is sufficient to demonstrate a strong inference of scienter.
Under the PSLRA, the Court considers whether all the facts and circumstances, taken together, give rise to a strong inference of scienter. Abrams v. Baker Hughes Inc., 292 F.3d 424, 431 (5th Cir.2002); Nathenson v. Zonagen, Inc., 267 F.3d 400, 425 (5th Cir.2001). "Scienter, in the context of securities fraud, is defined as `an intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud or that severe recklessness in which the danger of misleading buyers or sellers is either known to the defendant or is so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it.'" Flaherty & Crumrine, 565 F.3d at 207 (quoting R2 Invs., 401 F.3d at 643). "Severe recklessness is limited to those highly unreasonable omissions or misrepresentations that involve not merely simple or even inexcusable negligence, but an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care." Id.
There is a "three step approach to reviewing scienter allegations on a motion to dismiss a federal securities fraud case pursuant to the PSLRA":
Ind. Elec. Workers' Pension Trust Fund IBEW v. Shaw Group, Inc., 537 F.3d 527, 533 (5th Cir.2008) (citing Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322-23, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007)). In addition, "omissions and ambiguities count against inferring scienter, for plaintiffs must `state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.'" Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 326, 127 S.Ct. 2499 (citation omitted).
Although allegations of motive and opportunity standing alone will not suffice to meet the scienter requirement, allegations of motive and opportunity may meaningfully enhance the strength of the inference of scienter. Ind. Elec., 537 F.3d at 533 (citing Southland Sec. Corp. v. ISpire Ins. Solutions, Inc., 365 F.3d 353, 368 (5th Cir.2004)). The Court will reject the group pleading approach to scienter and instead look to the state of mind of the individual corporate official or officials "who make or issue the statement (or order or approve it or its making or issuance, or who furnish information or language for inclusion therein, or the like) rather than generally to the collective knowledge of all the corporation's officers and employees acquired in the course of their employment." Id.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs merely allege that the Defendants "participated in" the option grant process and that this does not meet the scienter requirement. Defendants argue Plaintiffs attempt to establish scienter by pointing to the findings
The SAC sets forth Plaintiffs' allegations in specific and particularized detail as to each individually named defendant. Plaintiffs generally allege that the group of Defendants participated in or approved the backdating of options to the Defendants' unjust enrichment and to the detriment of Fossil. Were this the only allegation, then Defendants' motion to dismiss would prevail. Plaintiffs' SAC, however, is not so generalized throughout. Plaintiffs allege that certain Defendants knew of the backdating of options and false and inflated reports of earnings and sold either millions or hundreds of thousands of shares of Fossil stock, depending on the individual, without disclosing the materially adverse information. Specific to each Defendant, the SAC alleges the approval or acceptance of backdated options, participation in or responsibility for compensation and options as a committee member, oversight of the Company's internal controls, and approval of false financial statements. The SAC also suggests motive, which bolsters an inference of scienter.
The Court does not find persuasive Defendants' specific challenges to the allegations against Shroff, Tunnell, and Kercho. The SAC sufficiently alleges scienter as to these individual Defendants. The SAC describes in detail, with respect to each individual, sufficient factual information that this Court finds a strong inference of scienter with respect to each individual Defendant because the inference of scienter is cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference of nonfraudulent intent. See Lormand, 565 F.3d at 252 (quoting Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 323-24, 127 S.Ct. 2499) Considering all of Plaintiffs' allegations cumulatively as the Court must, Goldstein v. MCI WorldCom, 340 F.3d 238, 247 (5th Cir.2003), the Court concludes Plaintiffs sufficiently pleaded scienter.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot sufficiently plead the reliance element of the 10(b) and 10b-5 claims. Plaintiffs allege that "Fossil would not have purchased its common stock at the prices it paid had the market previously been aware that the market price of Fossil's stock was falsely inflated by defendants' misleading statements." SAC ¶ 379. Defendants argue that this reliance allegation of reliance is impossible because Plaintiffs "allege that the individuals making the repurchase decisions knew of, and were responsible for the, alleged issuance of misleading financial statements." Plaintiffs counter that because "the Company provided the shares [underlying the options] in exchange for the artificially low
Defendants rely in part on a Northern District of California case with similar facts. See In re Verisign, Inc., Derivative Litigation, 531 F.Supp.2d 1173, 1209 (N.D.Cal.2007). There, the court concluded that plaintiffs failed to sufficiently plead reliance and wrote:
Id.
In response, Plaintiffs argue that courts have historically rejected the notion that the directors and company are identical in the face of securities fraud allegations. See Goldberg v. Meridor, 567 F.2d 209, 215 (2d Cir.1977). "If ... the board defrauded the corporation into issuing shares either to its members or others, we can think of no reason to say that redress under Rule 10B-5 is precluded, though it would have been available had anyone else committed the fraud." Id. (quoting Ruckle v. Roto American Corp., 339 F.2d 24, 29 (2d Cir. 1964)).
The Court is not persuaded by the analysis of Verisign; nor is the authority for Verisign's analysis, Atari Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 981 F.2d 1025 (9th Cir.1992), binding or persuasive here. Verisign addressed arguments similar to those advanced by Plaintiffs here—attribution of the individual defendants' alleged wrongdoing to the company is a legal fiction which permits an entity's directors and officers to collude in wrongdoing, mislead the company, and then escape derivative liability because they colluded in the misleading and succeeding in misleading the company. See Verisign, 531 F.Supp.2d at 1209. The district court in the Northern District of California dismissed this argument on the basis of a Ninth Circuit panel opinion's statement that "[i]f the investor already possess information sufficient to call the representations into question, he cannot claim later that he relied on or was deceived by the lie." Atari, 981 F.2d at 1030.
The key distinction between the statement in Atari and the allegations in this case and Verisign is that Plaintiffs here allege that certain directors and officers misled the company, and Plaintiffs bring their claim derivatively on the company's behalf. This Court agrees, in part, with the rationale of the Verisign court—a plaintiff could not state a claim against an individual person for fraud and claim that individual person relied upon the alleged misstatement. Defendants here, and the court in Verisign, extended too far the legal fiction that the company is the same as its leadership. Plaintiffs here have alleged, and this Court concludes sufficiently so, that the company relied upon the individual Defendants' alleged misstatements to the company's detriment. This allegation is permissible as part of a 10(b) claim.
This conclusion comports with the Supreme Court's explanation for pleading loss causation in securities fraud cases. See Dura Pharms., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 346, 125 S.Ct. 1627, 161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005). "[T]he federal laws require `that a plaintiff prove that the defendant's misrepresentations (or other fraudulent conduct) proximately caused the plaintiffs economic loss.'" Lormand, 565 F.3d at 255 (quoting Dura, 544 U.S. at 346, 125 S.Ct. 1627). Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded a facially plausible 10(b) claim, including the elements of scienter and reliance.
Defendants challenge Count Three, the section 29(b) claim. SAC ¶¶ 280-82.
Defendants seek dismissal of Plaintiffs section 14(a) claim, Count One of the SAC, because they argue that it fails to meet the strict pleading requirements of the PSLRA. Section 14(a) prohibits false statements in proxy solicitations associated with registered securities. See 15 U.S.C. § 78n(a); 17 C.F.R. § 240.14a-9. Plaintiffs state Count One against Defendants Kercho, K. Kartsotis, T. Kartsotis, Tunnell, Gold, Anderson, Stone, and Steinberg. SAC, Count One, ¶ 266.
To state a claim under § 14(a), a plaintiff must allege that "the proxy solicitation itself, rather than the particular defect in the solicitation materials, was an essential link in the accomplishment of the transaction." Mills v. Elec. Auto-Lite Co., 396 U.S. 375, 385, 90 S.Ct. 616, 24 L.Ed.2d 593 (1970); see also Shaev v. Saper, 320 F.3d 373, 379 (3d Cir.2003). Stated another way, a plaintiff must allege "that (1) defendants misrepresented or omitted a material fact in a proxy statement ...; (2) defendants acted at least negligently in distributing the proxy statement ...; and (3) the false or misleading proxy statement was an essential link in causing the [lossgenerating] corporate actions." Hulliung v. Bolen, 548 F.Supp.2d 336, 339 (N.D.Tex. 2008) (emphasis added) (quoting In re Browning—Ferris Indus., Inc., S'holder
Plaintiffs' section 14(a) claims are based on the theory that Fossil's proxy statements omitted the material fact "that certain of the defendants were causing Fossil to engage in backdating options and were receiving backdated options." SAC ¶ 286. According to Defendants, Plaintiffs' SAC contains no facts that create a strong inference that any Defendant acted with negligence in connection with the filing of any of the proxy statements. But Defendants focus too narrowly upon negligence. The SAC alleges that the individuals knowingly turned a blind eye on the relevant conduct. In addition, Plaintiffs alleged that each individual Defendant "(1) signed and approved proxies falsely representing options were granted in accordance with shareholder-approved option plans and options were priced based on fair market value on the date of grant (among other misrepresentations); and (2) was negligent in not knowing the true omitted material facts, for each such defendant previously approved the granting of millions of alleged backdated options and/or received hundreds of thousands of alleged backdated options." See SAC ¶¶ 68-84, 112, 115, 118, 121, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144. Moreover, Plaintiffs allege that some Defendants additionally were negligent in failing to disclose the backdating notwithstanding their duty to be aware of such and their representations that they had complied with duties and internal controls. See id. ¶¶ 19-21, 24-26, 36-37, 40-41, 44-45, 48-49, 51-52, 68-84, 126, 130, 134, 138, 142, 146, 154-57. Having reviewed the entirety of Plaintiffs' SAC, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs sufficiently stated facts supporting a strong inference of the relevant Defendants' negligence, at a minimum, in connection with the filing of the proxy statements.
Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs have failed to state a specific injury to Fossil because instead Plaintiffs only allege that "misrepresentations and omissions in the proxy statements were material to plaintiffs and would be material to reasonable investors who voted on each proxy statement." Defendants argue that this allegation fails to show that the proxy resulted in any injury to Fossil. Plaintiffs argue that the actions of the defendants were the proximate cause of the backdating, and "the harm that befell Fossil from its directors would not have occurred but for the directors' ability to maintain their positions on the Board by false and misleading proxies." Plaintiffs argue that but for the false proxy statements, the backdating conduct and misrepresentations would have been discovered and stopped, thereby preventing harm to Fossil. Plaintiffs also argue that the election of the directors by the false proxies is an essential link to the harm caused to Fossil. Although Plaintiffs may not ultimately be able to prove this allegation, it is sufficiently stated for purposes of surviving Defendants' Rule 12(b)(6) motion. The Court concludes that Plaintiffs adequately pleaded Count One, the section 14(a) claim against certain Defendants.
Defendants next challenge the sufficiency of Plaintiffs' allegations of insider trading. The parties agree that Delaware law governs this claim. Under Delaware case law, to establish a claim for insider trading or Brophy claim, a plaintiff "must show that: 1) the corporate fiduciary possessed material, nonpublic company information; and 2) the corporate fiduciary
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not plead with particularity allegations of scienter as to each individual alleged to have traded stock on insider information. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs' chart that spans the course of nine years and numerous transactions per defendant do not discuss why any of these transactions were improper. See SAC ¶ 239. Defendants complain that the SAC fails to allege that any of these stock sales occurred at suspicious times, were in suspicious amounts, were out of line with any defendant's prior trading practices, or were made at a time calculated to maximize gain. See Southland Securities, 365 F.3d 353. Plaintiffs also allege, however, that individual Defendants (T. and K. Kartsotis, Barnes, Kovar, Kercho, Shroff, Gold, Anderson, Stone and Tunnell) "knew [at the time of the alleged stock sales] that the Company's financial results were false and misleading" and that the sales of those stocks with such materially adverse and non-public information constitutes insider trading. SAC ¶¶ 308-311. Taken together, the allegations of the SAC sufficiently state a claim for insider trading, even if ultimately Plaintiffs are unable to prove those allegations.
Defendants argue that several of Plaintiffs' state law tort claims are timebarred and Plaintiffs' attempt to rely on fraudulent concealment to preserve the timeliness of claims has been inadequately pleaded. Defendants argue that all alleged breaches of fiduciary duty related to equity grants prior to September 13, 2002, should be dismissed under Delaware's three-year statute of limitations, and that all such claims are time-barred even if Texas's four-year statute applies.
Defendants argue Plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead fraudulent concealment because they failed to plead with particularity the circumstances surrounding the concealment and state facts showing their due diligence in trying to uncover facts. See, e.g., S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 6 (Tex.1996). Moreover, according to Defendants, Plaintiffs should have known of the allegedly suspicious grants on the date they were publically available, that is, September 13, 2006. Plaintiffs counter that this Court previously denied Defendants' timeliness challenge in its Order on the prior motion to dismiss. The Court did previously reject Defendants' motion to dismiss based on a time-bar. Although Defendants were not precluded from reraising the issue here by any statement by this Court, the Court concludes that fact questions preclude dismissal on the basis of a time-bar as to any state law claim. The SAC adequately pleads the operation of tolling based on fraudulent concealment and Plaintiffs' due diligence. The timeliness of Plaintiffs' state law claims is an issue that may be resolved on a motion for summary judgment, but the Court cannot conclude at this stage that Plaintiffs did not know of or could not have known of the alleged wrongful conduct in the exercise of due diligence earlier than alleged. See Margolies v. Deason, 464 F.3d 547, 554-55 (5th Cir.2006).
For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants' Motion to Dismiss.
As previously discussed at the June 2009 hearing, the Court will now order the parties to submit proposals regarding discovery.
(1) On or before
(2) In the event that the parties desire to pursue mediation, the parties will jointly select a mediator and jointly submit, on or before
(3) In the event that the parties do not agree on mediation or desire to pursue mediation, the parties shall jointly submit a proposed scheduling order on or before
15 U.S.C. § 78j(b).
SEC Rule 10b-5, promulgated pursuant to Section 10(b), provides:
17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. (The Court refers to claims arising under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 as "10(b)" claims or violations for simplicity's sake.)
15 U.S.C. 78cc(b).