LEE ANN RENO, Magistrate Judge.
Today the Court must decide if Plaintiff Alicia Bryant ("Plaintiff")
Plaintiff's burden arises because of Gillem's assertion of qualified immunity in relation to that incident. Gillem filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, with a brief in support and appendix of evidence. [ECF Nos. 49, 50, 51, respectively]. Plaintiff filed a Response to the Motion, along with an objection
On August 24, 2016, 100th District Attorney Investigator Mike Chapman ("Officer Chapman") was working stationary radar on U.S. Highway 287 ("Highway 287") in the City of Childress, Texas. [ECF No. 51 at 42]
What follows is a general description of the pursuit recorded by Officer Chapman's dash camera. See generally id. at 64.
Five minutes into the recording, Gillem can be seen on the far-left side of Highway 287 with patrol vehicle lights flashing, joining the pursuit. Directly after Gillem joined the pursuit, Bryant almost ran another motorist off of the road. A mere twenty-five seconds later, he closely tailed the bumper of another motorist, forcing that vehicle to switch lanes. At the seven-minute and eight-second mark, Officer Chapman advised dispatch that the driver of the suspect vehicle appeared to be a black male. Bryant straddled multiple lanes during the continued pursuit, weaving back and forth to prevent Officer Chapman from passing or coming alongside him. At the eightminute and forty-second mark, Bryant ran multiple motorists off of the road. Near the nine-minute and fifty-second mark, he almost ran into a semi-truck.
At the eleven-minute and ten-second mark, as the pursuit neared Goodlett, Texas, Gillem asked Officer Chapman over the radio whether he was able to take a shot. Approximately eleven minutes and fifteen seconds into the pursuit, Officer Chapman fired multiple shots at the suspect vehicle for the first time. Gillem immediately advised dispatch that "[s]hots are being fired!" Officer Chapman fired upon the suspect vehicle for a second time at the eleven-minute and fortyfive-second mark, and for a third time at the twelve-minute and fifteen-second mark. Fifteen seconds after the third shooting, Bryant swerved out from behind another motorist onto the middle grass median of Highway 287 in order to avoid a spike strip.
At the thirteen-minute and forty-five-second mark, as the pursuit approached Quanah, Texas, Officer Chapman fired upon the suspect vehicle for a fourth and final time. Bryant immediately slammed on his breaks and began to pull over to the right side of Highway 287. Officer Chapman then drove his patrol vehicle into the rear of the suspect vehicle, forcing it off of the road where it came to a complete stop near a tree line in up-to-knee-length grass. Police sirens blared loudly in the background.
At the fourteen-minute mark, two men emerged from the driver and front passenger doors of the suspect vehicle with their hands raised. Both men went to the ground within seconds, laying down with arms and legs outstretched, while law enforcement simultaneously ordered them to the ground. At the fourteen-minute and seven-second mark, Officer Chapman appeared on screen with a pistol in both hands and walked to secure the individual on the passenger side of the suspect vehicle.
Fourteen minutes and twelve seconds into the pursuit, Gillem appeared on screen with a pistol in his right hand and ran to secure Bryant on the driver's side of the suspect vehicle.
After the gun discharged, Gillem immediately pointed the pistol away from Bryant. He subsequently holstered his pistol on the right side of his hip and requested assistance. Another officer came to assist Gillem and handcuffed Bryant, and Gillem requested medical assistance and the Texas Rangers.
That same day, the Texas Rangers, at the request of Sheriff Pigg, initiated an investigation regarding the shooting of Bryant. Id. at 38. As part of their investigation, the Texas Rangers created an investigative report documenting their interviews with numerous witnesses, including but not limited to Officer Chapman and Gillem, and their collection and review of other evidence regarding the shooting. See id. at 38-62. During his interview, Officer Chapman stated in part:
Id. at 43. During his interview, Gillem stated in part:
Id. at 40-41. The investigation was closed after a grand jury returned a no bill. Id. at 38-39.
On February 11, 2019, Texas Ranger Ricky Brown ("Ranger Brown") — the lead investigator of the shooting — was deposed in connection to this case. See [ECF No. 51 at 18-37]; see also [ECF No. 58 at 55-83]
Gillem was also deposed. See id. at 1-54. During the course of his deposition, Gillem testified that upon his initial approach of the suspect vehicle he could not clearly see Bryant's hands because he was laying in tall grass, that he thought he had holstered his gun prior to attempting to secure Bryant, that he did not intend to pull the trigger of his firearm, and that he accidentally shot Bryant. Id. at 26-29, 33, 38, 45-47. Gillem also stated he never intended to put his finger on the trigger of his firearm because he was unaware it was not holstered when the gun transferred to his left hand. Id. at 32. However, he acknowledged, among other things, that he did not see any weapons in Bryant's hands when he "got up on him" and "got close enough" to him, that Bryant fully complied with his commands and did not resist arrest, that he had received training about holstering his weapon, that he had received training about trigger and muzzle discipline,
Gillem subsequently filed a declaration in conjunction with his motion for summary judgment in which he provided a general description of the pursuit and shooting of Bryant. See [ECF No. 51 at 15-17]. According to the declaration, on August 24, 2016, Gillem "heard radio traffic regarding a pursuit occurring on Highway 287." Id. at 15. Gillem "followed the radio traffic and was en route for assistance near [Highway] 287, when [he] observed Officer Chapman traveling east with his lights activated." Id. Gillem quickly "followed and positioned [his] vehicle behind that of Officer Chapman." Id. Gillem observed the suspect vehicle drive at "extremely high rates of speed, far in excess of 100 mph through traffic in the middle of the afternoon" and "weave[] in and out of traffic at high rates of speed, causing other vehicles to run off the road." Id. Just before entering the city limits of Quanah, Texas, Gillem observed "Officer Chapman hit [the suspect vehicle] with his, causing it to push further from the roadway into the barrow ditch." Id.
At that time, Gillem "slowed down and positioned [his] vehicle on the driver's side of [the suspect] vehicle." Id. He then "drew [his] weapon." Id. Upon exiting his own vehicle, Gillem observed Bryant "exit the [suspect] vehicle with his hands in the air" and "la[y] down in the grass." Id. The declaration indicates that the grass was "high and prohibited [Gillem] from clearly seeing [Bryant's] hands as [he] approached" the suspect vehicle. It also indicates that Gillem "kept [his] weapon drawn because [he] could not see [Bryant] clearly due to the grass." Id.
Upon reaching Bryant, Gillem "knelt down to secure [him]." Id. In quick succession Gillem "moved [his] weapon from [his] right hand to [his] left hand" and "kneeled down to grab [Bryant's] right arm with [his] right hand." Id. at 15-16. "As [Gillem] kneeled down and began to reach for [Bryant's] arm, [his] weapon discharged, shooting Bryant in the shoulder." Id. at 16. Gillem declared that "[t]he discharge was purely an accident," that "[he] did not intend to discharge [his] weapon at any time," and that "[he] did not even realize [he] was holding the gun in [his] left hand as [he] kneeled down and accidentally discharged the gun." Id. Following the shooting, Gillem "remained with Bryant and eventually help[ed] sit him up as [they] waited for paramedics to arrive." Id. Gillem declared under penalty of perjury that the facts stated in his declaration were "true and correct." Id. at 17.
Additionally, Gillem filed a declaration in which Margo Frasier, the former Sheriff of Travis County, Texas, provided an opinion regarding the actions taken by Gillem at the scene of the shooting. See id. at 1-14. She indicated that Gillem's actions were objectively reasonable under the circumstances and clearly established law. Id.
Plaintiff makes one claim in her Second Amended Complaint against Gillem under 42 U.S.C. § 1983: the use of excessive force during a seizure. See [ECF No. 47 at ¶¶ 24-34]. That claim arises under the Fourth Amendment.
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a), "[t]he court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." A dispute about a material fact is "genuine" if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment "always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). A qualified immunity defense, however, alters the usual summary judgment burden of proof, such that governmental employees need only assert the defense in good faith, putting forth no evidence, to shift the burden to the non-movant to show the defense does not apply. Davalos v. Johns, No. 3:11-CV-0222-P, 2013 WL 1820313, at *3-4 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 30, 2013) (citing Brown v. Callahan, 623 F.3d 249, 253 (5th Cir. 2010)).
Qualified immunity is a defense that protects government officials from suit when they exercise the discretionary functions of their office. See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 815 (1982). In order to overcome a defense of qualified immunity, a plaintiff must establish that: (1) "the official violated a statutory or constitutional right" and (2) "the right was `clearly established' at the time of the challenged conduct." Morgan v. Swanson, 659 F.3d 359, 371 (5th Cir. 2011) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735 (2011)). A plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant's conduct was objectively unreasonable in light of the legal rules clearly established at the time of his actions. Thomas v. City of Dallas, 175 F.3d 358, 364 (5th Cir. 1999). Conclusory allegations of wrongdoing will not satisfy these requirements. Geter v. Fortenberry, 849 F.2d 1550, 1553 (5th Cir. 1988). A court may examine these factors in any order. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009), overruling in part Saucier v. Katz, 553 U.S. 194 (2001). It is a plaintiff's burden to present evidence that a defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity when the defense is raised. See Bazan ex rel. Bazan v. Hidalgo Cnty., 246 F.3d 481, 489 (5th Cir. 2001).
Claims of qualified immunity are not judged on twenty-twenty hindsight, or in light of knowledge ascertained after an event, but by looking through the eyes of the public official, considering what that official knew about the situation at the relevant time. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396-97 (1989); Poole v. City of Shreveport, 691 F.3d 624, 630 (5th Cir. 2012). When properly applied, qualified immunity protects "all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law." Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986). "[P]re-existing law must dictate, that is, truly compel (not just suggest or allow or raise a question about), the conclusion for every like-situated, reasonable government agent that what the defendant is doing violates federal law in the circumstances." Pierce v. Smith, 117 F.3d 866, 882 (5th Cir. 1997) (emphasis and citation omitted). "If officers of reasonable competence could disagree as to whether the plaintiff's rights were violated, the officer's qualified immunity remains intact." Tarver v. City of Edna, 410 F.3d 745, 751 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing Malley, 475 U.S. at 341).
The Court's analysis is divided in two parts. First, the Court addresses Plaintiff's Objection to portions of Gillem's appendix of evidence. Second, the Court addresses whether Plaintiff met her burden to establish a material fact question exists as to each element of her claim, sufficient to overcome Gillem's qualified immunity defense. To fulfill this burden, Plaintiff must provide evidence of a fact question that Gillem's intentional acts were objectively unreasonable in light of clearly established law. The Court stresses that this does not involve an analysis of Gillem's subjective intent to act in an objectively unreasonable fashion contrary to clearly established law, but rather simply requires some intentional behavior, rather than purely accidental behavior, to be objectively unreasonable.
Plaintiff's only objection concerns certain testimony of Ranger Brown. Specifically, Plaintiff "objects to the admissibility of Ranger Brown's testimony regarding Gillem's alleged mental and/or emotional states and the alleged effect on Gillem's response during the encounter with Mr. Bryant, including, but not limited to, any stress-induced `sympathetic reflex.'" [ECF No. 57 at 13, fn.1]. Plaintiff argues that "such testimony is entirely unsupported by any evidence in the record." Id. Construed liberally, this objection also challenges the lack of foundation for this evidence. Ultimately, the Court finds this objection moot, as the "science" of why Gillem pulled the trigger is not relevant to the issue of qualified immunity and the Court does not rely on such evidence in making its determination that the shooting was accidental. To the extent the objection attempts to disallow consideration of Ranger Brown's opinion that the shooting was accidental, the Court overrules the objection.
The essence of Plaintiff's objection is that a portion of Ranger Brown's testimony should be disregarded as lacking foundation and support by any other summary judgment evidence. However, credibility and weight-of the-evidence determinations are for a jury at an eventual trial, not for a judge on summary judgment. See, e.g., McManaway v. KBR, Inc., 852 F.3d 444, 449 (5th Cir. 2017) ("It is not the role of the court to make credibility determinations, or to weigh evidence when ruling on a motion for summary judgment." (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255)). It is Plaintiff's burden to create a material fact question as to the evidence. The Court must consider whether any evidence presented by plaintiff contradicts material testimony by Ranger Brown. Here, it is not specifically how the discharge of the firearm occurred that is relevant to the Court's analysis, but rather if the discharge was the result of an intentional act or the result of an accident. Ranger Brown's experience in investigating police shootings qualifies him to give an opinion not only as to whether the shooting was intentional or accidental, but also as to whether Gillem's behavior was objectively unreasonable. The Court is satisfied that Ranger Brown is qualified to deliver the opinion in question here. The Court is further satisfied that the proper foundation for Ranger Brown's opinion and conclusion is established in his declaration. See United States v. Wallace, 961 F.Supp. 969, 976 (N.D. Tex. 1996). The Court therefore overrules Plaintiff's objection.
At the outset of the Opinion and Order, the Court referenced four specific actions by Gillem during the seizure of Bryant that are at issue in this case: (1) drawing his firearm; (2) pointing the firearm at Bryant until Gillem was close enough to handcuff Bryant; (3) failing to holster his firearm prior to the attempt to handcuff Bryant; and (4) discharging the firearm, striking Bryant in the shoulder with a bullet. Plaintiff's claim of excessive force during the seizure requires the Court to determine: (1) if these four actions were the result of intentional choices by Gillem or were purely accidental; and (2) if these actions were objectively unreasonable in light of clearly established law and considering all the circumstances. The Court addresses each issue in turn.
"The Fourth Amendment creates a right to be free from excessive force during a seizure." Trammell v. Fruge, 868 F.3d 332, 339-340 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Poole, 691 F.3d at 627). "To bring a [section] 1983 excessive force claim under the Fourth Amendment, a plaintiff must first show that she was seized." Hamilton v. Kindred, 845 F.3d 659, 662 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Flores v. City of Palacios, 381 F.3d 391, 396 (5th Cir. 2004)). A "Fourth Amendment seizure" occurs "when there is a governmental termination of freedom of movement through means intentionally applied." Brower v. County of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 596-97 (1989); see, e.g., Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 254 (2007) (explaining that a person is seized by the police and thus entitled to challenge the government's action under the Fourth Amendment when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, terminates or restrains his freedom of movement through means intentionally applied) (emphasis in original).
The plaintiff must then show that she suffered:
Hamilton, 845 F.3d at 662 (quoting Flores, 381 F.3d at 396).
Peña v. City of Rio Grande City, 879 F.3d 613, 619 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). Whether the force used was excessive or unreasonable depends on the "totality of the circumstances." Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 9 (1985).
"[A]ll claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive force — deadly or not — in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other `seizure' of a free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its `reasonableness' standard[.]" Graham, 490 U.S. at 395. Accordingly, the Fifth Circuit, in an unpublished opinion, found that "[an officer] still may have violated the Fourth Amendment if he acted objectively unreasonably by deciding to make an arrest, by drawing his pistol, or by not reholstering it before attempting to handcuff [a suspect]." Watson, 532 F. App'x at 458. As clearly outlined in Watson, this additional scrutiny of an officer's actions precipitating an "accidental shooting" does not vitiate the legal standard requiring an officer's behavior to be intentional as opposed to accidental. Id. In fact, the Watson court found qualified immunity applied to the officer's conduct specifically because the only conduct that was not objectively reasonable under the circumstances of the case — the discharge of the firearm at a suspect — was unintentional behavior. Id. Although the Watson court went on to analyze the failure to holster a firearm under the objective reasonableness standard, it was clear from the court's analysis that the officer intended to keep his firearm drawn while handcuffing a potentially noncompliant suspect. Id.
In this case, the parties do not dispute that it was entirely appropriate for Gillem to decide to secure Bryant and to draw his pistol before doing so. There seems to be some dispute, however, as to whether Gillem acted objectively unreasonably in continuing to point the gun at Bryant until he kneeled down beside him and prior to the point he attempted to handcuff Bryant.
As an initial matter, the Court finds that Plaintiff has met her summary judgment burden to identify evidence reasonably showing that Gillem "seized" Bryant prior to the shooting. Officer Chapman's video recording indicates that following the high-speed pursuit, Bryant emerged from the suspect vehicle with his hands raised. [ECF No. 51 at 64]. He went to the ground within seconds, laying down with arms and legs outstretched. As Gillem neared the suspect vehicle, he held his pistol with both hands and pointed it at Bryant. Bryant immediately placed both of his arms straight behind his back. Gillem then transferred the pistol to his left hand, knelt towards Bryant, and kneed Bryant in the back with his right knee. Gillem's video recording indicates that prior to the shooting, Gillem yelled at Bryant, "Put your hands behind your back!" [ECF No. 51 at 63]. The Court, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, concludes that a reasonable jury could only find on this record that Gillem by a show of authority restrained Bryant's freedom of movement through means intentionally applied when he pointed his pistol at him, ordered him to place his hands behind his back, and kneed him in the back. The Court now turns to the question of whether Gillem's decision to point his gun at Bryant was objectively reasonable under clearly established law, considering the totality of the circumstances.
The Court notes that the parties dispute whether the law is clearly established that the actions taken by an officer preceding an accidental shooting can constitute excessive force under the Fourth Amendment. The Fifth Circuit previously intimated as much in Watson, the only analogous Fifth Circuit case upon which Plaintiff relies. See Watson, 532 F. App'x at 457-59. But Watson — an unpublished non-precedential opinion from 2013 — is insufficient to clearly establish the law for purposes of qualified immunity. See, e.g., Cooper v. Brown, 844 F.3d 517, 525 n.8 (5th Cir. 2016) (explaining that an unpublished Fifth Circuit opinion did not constitute clearly established law for purposes of qualified immunity). This Court has not located any binding United States Supreme Court or Fifth Circuit precedent clearly establishing the proposition of law that an unintentional shooting during an intentional seizure can constitute excessive force if the officer's conduct leading to the accident was objectively unreasonable.
Plaintiff has directed the Court to several cases from other circuits decided prior to August 24, 2016, more-or-less supporting that proposition of law being clearly established. See Stamps v. Town of Framingham, 813 F.3d 27, 37 (1st Cir. 2016) ("There is widespread agreement among the circuits that have addressed the issue that a claim is stated under the Fourth Amendment for objectively unreasonable conduct during the effectuation of a seizure that results in the unintentional discharge of an officer's firearm."); see also In re Estate of Bleck ex rel. Churchill, 643 F. App'x 754, 756-57 (10th Cir. 2016) (examining the objective reasonableness of an officer's actions in the context of an accidental shooting of a suspect); Henry v. Purnell, 652 F.3d 524, 531-33 (4th Cir. 2011) (same); Tallman v. Elizabethtown Police Dep't, 167 F. App'x 459, 463-67 (6th Cir. 2006) (same); Pleasant v. Zamieski, 895 F.2d 272, 275-77 (6th Cir. 1990) (same); Torres v. City of Madera, 524 F.3d 1053, 1056-57 (9th Cir. 2008) (remanding to the district court to address the objective reasonableness of an officer's actions in the context of an accidental shooting of a suspect).
Setting aside for the moment that the out-of-circuit cases cited by Plaintiff are nonprecedential for this Court, there seems to be uncertainty among the circuits as to whether the aforementioned proposition of law — that unreasonable conduct preceding an accidental shooting can overcome qualified immunity — is clearly established. The Ninth Circuit and Fourth Circuit have suggested that it is not clearly established law. See Powell v. Slemp, 585 F. App'x 427, 428 (9th Cir. 2014); see also Culosi v. Bullock, 596 F.3d 195, 200 (4th Cir. 2010). The Ninth Circuit determined that "[u]nless existing law would have made it `sufficiently clear' to a reasonable officer in [the officer's] position that attempting to restrain [the suspect] with his gun drawn violated [his] Fourth Amendment rights, [the officer] was entitled to qualified immunity." Powell, 585 F. App'x at 428. If no case law exists and the illegality of the officer's actions was not otherwise `beyond debate,' the officer must prevail on his motion for summary judgment. Id. In the Fourth Circuit, application of the qualified immunity defense to turns on this question: "was the shooting death of [the suspect] the result, on the one hand, of an intentional act by [the officer], or, on the other hand, was it the result of a tragic and deeply regrettable, unintentional, accidental, discharge of [the officer's] firearm? . . . [a] Fourth Amendment seizure occurs `only when there is a governmental termination of freedom of movement through means intentionally applied.'" Culosi, 596 F.3d at 200.
The Eleventh Circuit and the Second Circuit have clearly indicated that it is not clearly established as to whether officer's actions preceding accidental shooting can also constitute a Fourth Amendment violation. The Eleventh Circuit has stated that "there is no clearly established right to be free from the accidental application of force during arrest, even if that force is deadly." See Speight v. Griggs, 620 F. App'x 806, 809 (11th Cir. 2015) The Second Circuit held that "[t]he [F]ourth [A]mendment . . . only protects individuals against `unreasonable' seizures, not seizures conducted in a `negligent' manner. The Supreme Court has not yet extended liability under the [F]ourth [A]mendment to include negligence claims. Only cases involving intentional conduct have been considered by the Supreme Court." Dodd v. City of Norwich, 827 F.2d 1, 7-8 (2d Cir. 1987). Finally, the Eighth Circuit declined to address this issue in similar circumstances to the case before the Court. See McCoy v. City of Monticello, 342 F.3d 842, 847 n.3 (8th Cir. 2003) ("The shooting was unintentional, thereby raising an interesting question of law: after an intentional Fourth Amendment seizure has occurred, does an accidental shooting implicate the Fourth Amendment? . . . Because we hold [the officer's] post-seizure conduct was objectively reasonable, we need not decide this issue." (citations omitted)).
The Court in this instance, agrees with the position taken by the Eighth Circuit in McCoy and finds that although the question remains for the Fifth Circuit whether Gillem's post-seizure conduct preceding the accidental shooting can constitute a Fourth Amendment violation, it is clear his action in pointing the gun at Gillem was not objectively unreasonable in these circumstances. Therefore, the Court declines to decide whether the law is clearly established, and assuming in the Plaintiff's favor that post-seizure actions taken prior to an accidental shooting can expose an officer to liability for purposes of this Opinion and Order, finds that Gillem's post-seizure actions in drawing his gun and pointing it at Bryant were objectively reasonable.
Officer Chapman's video recording indicates that Gillem participated in a dangerous high-speed pursuit of the suspect vehicle. [ECF No. 51 at 64]. During the pursuit, Gillem observed Bryant evade arrest with a vehicle, which placed the lives of other motorists at risk. See Tex. Penal Code § 38.04(b)(2)(A); Tex. Transp. Code § 545.421(d). During the pursuit of the vehicle, Officer Chapman fired several rounds at the fleeing driver in an attempt to gain his compliance in order to pull his vehicle off of the highway. [ECF No. 51 at 64]. After the suspect vehicle came to a stop, Bryant exited it with his hands raised and quickly went to the ground with arms and legs outstretched. As Gillem neared the suspect vehicle, he pointed his pistol at Bryant and ordered him to put his hands behind his back. Bryant immediately complied. (Bryant's hands are visible in the video recording. No weapons of any kind can be seen in them.)
At deposition, Gillem acknowledged that he did not see any weapons in Bryant's hands when he "got up on him" and "got close enough" to him, that Bryant fully complied with his commands, and that Bryant did not resist arrest. Gillem's deposition testimony is consistent with what the video recording shows, namely, that Bryant was not actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight after he exited the vehicle. However, each law enforcement officer on scene in the video had a firearm drawn and pointed at a suspect as they approached the suspect. Further, Plaintiff has not presented any legal authority that an officer acts objectively unreasonably in approaching a suspect with a firearm drawn following a lengthy high-speed chase in a vehicle where shots were fired at the vehicle multiple times, and then the suspect complied with commands. Despite compliance by Bryant after exiting the vehicle, until an officer is close enough to be certain the suspect has no weapons, especially given the very short time frame (approximately five seconds) in which to effectuate the seizure, keeping his gun trained on the suspect is objectively reasonable.
This result is based on the Court's analysis of the objective standard: "the question is whether the officers' actions are `objectively reasonable' in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation." Ramirez v. Knoulton, 542 F.3d 124, 128-29 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989)). This test "allow[s] for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments — in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving — about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation." Ramirez, 542 F.3d at 129. The test for reasonableness also must consider "whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight." Id. (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396).
When Gillem drew his firearm and pointed it at Bryant, he was responding to a situation where Bryant had evaded arrest with a motor vehicle for over fourteen minutes, nearly causing potentially fatal car accidents (a threat to other people), failed to stop until the police opened fire on his vehicle (creating a potential danger to other travelers, the police, himself, and his passenger), and Gillem only had seconds to effectuate the arrest. Gillem testified that at the point he was certain Bryant was in compliance with officer orders, he believed he had holstered his firearm before attempting to effectuate the arrest by handcuffing Bryant. [ECF No. 58 at 32-36]. Gillem stated his failure to do so was unintentional. Id.
The Court, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff and acknowledging the totality of the circumstances with which Gillem was presented, concludes that Gillem acted objectively reasonably in seizing Bryant by drawing his weapon and pointing it at Bryant until he was close enough to attempt to handcuff Bryant. Assuming for purposes of this Opinion and Order that such actions preceding an accidental shooting may subject an officer to liability under the clearly established law of this circuit, the Court finds Gillem is entitled to qualified immunity based on the objective reasonableness of his actions in these circumstances. The Court therefore grants summary judgment for these intentional acts preceding Gillem's failure to holster his firearm during the seizure of Bryant.
Gillem argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity regarding failure to holster his firearm and the discharge of his firearm because the summary judgment evidence does not create a genuine issue of material fact supporting the first element — that his actions were intentional — necessary to overcome the defense of qualified immunity. The Court agrees.
The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to present any competent summary judgment evidence reasonably showing that Gillem's failure to holster his firearm and his discharge of the firearm were intentional acts. A video recording before the Court indicates that as Gillem reached in with his right hand for Bryant's hands, a single shot was simultaneously fired from the pistol in Gillem's left hand into Bryant's left shoulder. [ECF No. 51 at 64]. Such is consistent with Ranger Brown's and Margo Frasier's determinations that the shooting was accidental. Id. at 1-14, 38-62. After Gillem shot Bryant, he immediately pointed the pistol away from him. Id. at 64. Gillem subsequently holstered the pistol on the right side of his hip and requested assistance. Id. Another video recording before the Court indicates that Gillem requested an ambulance for Bryant and told him he was not going to let him die. Id. at 63. Gillem also stated to another officer, "I messed up. I messed up. I had him on the ground, and I went and got his arm, and as soon as I did, `pow!'" Id. An investigative report created by the Texas Rangers indicates that following the shooting, "Gillem stated to [Officer Chapman] that he accidentally shot [Bryant] while he was attempting to arrest him." Id. at 42-44. At deposition, Gillem stated that he thought he had holstered his gun prior to attempting to secure Bryant, that he did not intend to pull the trigger of his firearm, and that he accidentally shot Bryant. [ECF No. 58 at 1-54]. Consistent with his deposition testimony, Gillem subsequently filed a declaration in which he declared that "[t]he discharge was purely an accident," that "[he] did not intend to discharge [his] weapon at any time," and that "[he] did not even realize [he] was holding the gun in [his] left hand as [he] kneeled down and accidentally discharged the gun." [ECF 51 No. at 15-17]. The Court, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, concludes that a reasonable jury could only find on this record that Gillem did not intend to keep his firearm drawn when attempting to handcuff Bryant, and did not intend to discharge his firearm.
In Brower, the United States Supreme Court held that "a Fourth Amendment seizure does not occur whenever there is a governmentally caused termination of an individual's freedom of movement . . . but only when there is a governmental termination of freedom of movement through means intentionally applied." Brower, 489 U.S. at 596-97. The law of the Fifth Circuit is clear: unintentional behavior does not constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure under Brower. See Gorman v. Sharp, 892 F.3d 172, 175 (5th Cir. 2018) ("Brower and subsequent precedents foreclose liability under the Fourth Amendment in the absence of intentional conduct."); see also Watson v. Bryant, 532 F. App'x 453, 457 (5th Cir. 2013) ("The Supreme Court [in Brower] held that Fourth Amendment violations occur only through intentional conduct . . . In the absence of evidence showing that [the officer] intended to use deadly force, we must conclude that the negligent shooting here did not itself violate [the suspect's] Fourth Amendment rights." (citations omitted)); Baskin v. City of Houston, Mississippi, 378 F. App'x 417, 418 n.1 (5th Cir. 2010) ("To the extent that a Fourth Amendment claim was raised, any attempt to allege excessive use of force in the course of a negligent seizure is foreclosed by the Supreme Court's decision in Brower[.]"). Because there is no evidence on summary judgment to suggest that Gillem intended to maintain control of his weapon while handcuffing Bryant or intended to shoot Bryant, the Court concludes that these negligent acts do not violate Bryant's Fourth Amendment rights.
The Court therefore grants summary judgment to Gillem for failing to holster his firearm and for the discharge of his firearm.
For the above reasons, the Court OVERRULES Plaintiff's objection to parts of Gillem's summary judgment evidence, GRANTS Gillem's Motion for Summary Judgment on the issue of qualified immunity, and DISMISSES this action with prejudice by Judgment filed today.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
