MEMORANDUM OPINION

DAVID HITTNER, District Judge.

On June 11, 2013, the Court entered an Order (Document No. 36) granting Defendants' Opposed Motion to Vacate Attachment and Dismiss Complaint (Document No. 22). The Court's ruling was based on the motion, submissions, applicable law, and oral arguments presented to the Court on Monday, June 10, 2013, at a hearing in open court. The Court's determination was grounded on the finding that the Court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. This memorandum opinion sets forth the Court's factual findings and legal conclusions supporting that determination. The Court notes, however, that practically this matter is moot as the attached vessel, the M/V Hero, was released pursuant to Plaintiffs request on June 11, 2013.1

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Basis of the Transaction at Issue2

In 2007, Defendant Amazing Shipping Ltd. ("Amazing Shipping") contracted to build the M/V Amazing (the "Amazing") at a cost of $33,500,000.00. According to Amazing Shipping, when the Amazing was finished and launched, she was not worth her cost. The Amazing could not earn even half the freight income initially contemplated in 2007. Amazing Shipping took delivery of the ship from the shipyard in August 2010, with DVB Bank providing financing of the construction cost.

Amazing Shipping determined that it needed to refinance and pay off DVB Bank, or it would lose the vessel. Amazing Shipping contends that it anticipated the market would improve in the near future, freights would increase, and the vessel would become profitable. Although Amazing Shipping could find no bank that would take the risk, Plaintiff Icon Amazing, L.L.C. ("Icon") offered to provide the needed financing. Unlike a conventional ship mortgage, in which the bank or finance company takes a collateral security interest in a vessel enforceable by a maritime lien during the mortgage loan payment period, Icon proposed a sale/lease-back/sale transaction for the Amazing during a seven-year vessel sale/finance period.3 This transaction was memorialized by a sale of the Amazing to Icon in the Memorandum of Agreement ("MOA") and a subsequent lease-back charter agreement that obligates Amazing Shipping to purchase the Amazing at the conclusion of the charter period (the "Barecon 2001"). In addition, Defendant Geden Holdings, Ltd. ("Geden"), the parent company of Amazing Shipping, guaranteed Amazing Shipping's obligations under the Barecon 2001 (Amazing Shipping and Geden collectively referred to as "Defendants"). Amazing Shipping subsequently defaulted under the charter party terms of the Barecon 2001.

B. The Pending Case

On May 20, 2013, Icon filed a verified complaint (the "Verified Complaint"), seeking the attachment of the M/V Hero (the "Hero"), a vessel owned by another subsidiary of Geden, pursuant to Rule B of the Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims.4 Icon's Verified Complaint seeks attachment of the Hero in an effort to obtain security for certain claims it has asserted or intends to assert against Defendants in relation to the Amazing.5 On the same day that the Verified Complaint was filed, a Writ of Maritime Attachment and Garnishment issued from this Court, directing the attachment of the Hero.6 On May 26, 2013, six days later, the master of the Hero was served with the attachment papers.

On June 4, 2013, Defendants filed their Opposed Motion to Vacate Attachment and Dismiss Complaint (Document No. 22), arguing that the underlying dispute arises from a non-maritime vessel sale/financing transaction, that such transactions are not maritime in nature, and that this Court therefore lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute. On June 10, 2013, the Court conducted an oral hearing on Defendants' motion.

Having considered the pleadings on file, the evidence submitted, the oral arguments of each party, and the applicable law, the Court determines that Defendants' motion should be granted, the attachment should be vacated, and the case should be dismissed because this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute. The Court issued a brief order so stating on June 11, 2013.7 The Court's order specifically stated, "[t]he Court will issue a memorandum opinion, setting forth its specific findings and reasons at a later date."8 Nonetheless, later that same day, Icon filed an Emergency Motion for Stay of Order Vacating Attachment (Document No. 37), requesting that the effect of the Court's order vacating the attachment and dismissing the Complaint be stayed pending publication of the Court's written reasons for its order. On the following day, June 12, 2013, the Court granted Plaintiffs motion to stay, pending the issuance of this memorandum opinion.

In support of the June 11, 2013 Order, the Court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law. Any finding of fact that should be construed as a conclusion of law is hereby adopted as such. Any conclusion of law that should be construed as a finding of fact is hereby adopted as such.

II. FINDINGS OF FACT

(1) At the transaction's closing, effective October 1, 2010, Icon and Amazing Shipping entered into a Memorandum of Agreement (the "MOA") regarding the refinancing of the Amazing (the "Amazing").9 Pursuant to the terms of the MOA, Amazing Shipping agreed to sell, and Icon agreed to purchase, the Amazing for the price of $33,500,000.00.10 Icon further agreed to immediately return beneficial possession of the Amazing to Amazing Shipping in exchange for the payment of daily "charter hire" to Icon under a BIMCO Standard Bareboat Charter (the "Barecon 2001") executed simultaneously with the MOA.11 The day-rate owed by Amazing Shipping to Icon under the Barecon 2001 was $13,500.00.12

(2) The terms of the Barecon 2001 gave Amazing Shipping the option to purchase the Amazing from Icon on each anniversary of the commencement of the agreement beginning with the fourth anniversary. The Barecon 2001 also obligated Amazing Shipping to purchase the Amazing for a fixed-price, balloon payment of $21,500,000.00 at the conclusion of the seven-year term of the charter, if the option to purchase had not been exercised earlier. Specifically, the Barecon 2001 includes the following rider clause: "PURCHASE OBLIGATION": at year seven Amazing Shipping "shall purchase the vessel (such obligation being the `Purchase Obligation') for USD $21,500,000 ... (the `Purchase Obligation Price')."13

(3) Amazing Shipping's performance of its obligations under the agreements between it and Icon was fully guaranteed by Geden.14

(4) Parts II, III, and IV of the Barecon 2001 (which contain form, boilerplate language that typically applies to conventional maritime bareboat charter parties) have been largely or entirely deleted, and replaced by extensive Rider Clauses.15

(5) Documents submitted for the Court's consideration show that from the start, the transaction was regarded as a vessel sale/financing, not as a conventional maritime charter. Icon repeatedly referred to its transaction with Defendants as a "secured financing," and stressed that the transaction is not a bareboat charter, but a vessel sale/financing. These submissions include but are not limited to (a) a reference in the term sheet to Amazing Shipping as "Borrower";16 (b) repeated messages from Icon, some as recent as May 2013, stressing that the transaction is a loan;17 (c) amortization schedules, broken down into components of "interest" and "principal" used to calculate what is termed "charter hire" rates;18 (d) the requirement that Amazing Shipping maintain a specified loan-to-value ratio or pay additional amounts in hire;19 (e) covenants in the charter requiring delivery of periodic financial statements, as would be required in a loan;20 and (f) other loan-like covenants in the charter, such as a limitation on the ability to change ownership structure and restrictions on doing any business other than operating the ship, incurring other indebtedness, and paying dividends.21

(6) In its correspondence with Defendants, Icon has repeatedly referred to itself as a "lender" and to the transaction as a "loan." Tobias Backer, whose advertised area of expertise is vessel finance and who serves as the Managing Director — Head of Shipping & Offshore for Icon, stated, "We do not expect any special treatment, but rather to be treated the same as the other secured lenders to Geden."22 He also stated that this and related transactions "are secured financings, not time charter arrangements,"23 and that "one cannot look upon our deals as conventional charters."24 Icon repeatedly emphasized to Defendants that it viewed the transaction as a loan, and expected it to be treated as such: "From a legal perspective a capital lease — such as our deals — is no different than a loan. As such your lease with us is in reality a senior/junior loan. This is the way Icon approached this from day one.... As such, we are perplexed by why these deals would be dealt with differently than the loans."25 Because of his purported expertise and his position of leadership within Icon, the Court affords great weight to Mr. Backer's characterizations of the transaction.

(7) Icon's own amortization table26 establishes that the monthly payments due under the Barecon 2001 were simply principal and interest payments on the $33,500,000.00 amortized vessel sale/loan amount. It is apparent to the Court that the payments owed by Amazing Shipping (and guaranteed by Geden) under the Barecon 2001 do not constitute market "charter hire" as that term is understood in the maritime industry. Rather, the day rate in the Barecon 2001 is, in fact, the repayment of principal and interest, calculated not to remunerate the vessel owner with market-rate charter hire, but to amortize a loan provided by Icon to Amazing Shipping as a vessel sale/financing of the Amazing.

(8) The Barecon 2001 contains a Loan-to-Value clause (the "LTV Clause"), concerning the residual value of the vessel.27 Conventional maritime bareboat charter parties do not contain an LTV Clause.28 The LTV Clause acts to transfer the risk of loss of the Amazing's value during the term of the charter party to Amazing Shipping. In other words, as the Amazing's value decreased, Amazing Shipping's monthly payment obligations would increase to compensate for the loss in vessel value. Placing the risk of loss of vessel value on Amazing Shipping is entirely consistent with the fact that at the end of the transaction, Amazing Shipping will be the ultimate owner.

(9) The relevant agreements between the parties were all executed and came into force at the same time — the closing of the transaction — as evidenced by the MOA, the Barecon 2001, the Guarantee and Indemnity, and the Bill of Sale and Protocols dated September 29/October 1, 2010.29

(10) Of considerable note is the fact that a substantial portion of Icon's claimed damages are based on the LTV Clause of the Barecon 2001 and not on the unsatisfied portions of Amazing Shipping's monthly Barecon 2001 installment payment obligations. Specifically, Icon seeks to recover $2,910,109.00 in damages based on the declining value of the Amazing, which represents additional security.30

(11) Finally, Icon is a financing company, not a company traditionally focused on maritime commerce, trade, or shipping.

III. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

(12) Supplemental Rules B and E of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern attachment of assets in a maritime action. Rule E allows for "any person claiming an interest in [the property arrested]... [to] be entitled to a prompt hearing at which the plaintiff shall be required to show why the arrest or attachment should not be vacated." FED. R.CIV.P. E(f) (Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims). The Plaintiff, therefore, bears the burden of establishing a right to attachment. Aqua Stoli Shipping, Ltd. v. Gardner Smith Pty Ltd., 460 F.3d 434, 445 (2d Cir.2006), abrogated on other grounds by Shipping Corp. of India Ltd. v. Jaldhi Overseas Pte Ltd., 585 F.3d 58 (2d Cir.2009). To meet this burden, the Plaintiff must show (1) a valid prima facie admiralty claim against the defendant; (2) the defendant cannot be found within the district; (3) the defendant's property is within the district; and (4) there is no legal bar to attachment — either statutory or maritime in nature. Id. at 445. The first inquiry is the primary issue in this case.31 The parties dispute whether Plaintiff has met its burden of showing that this Court has admiralty jurisdiction.

(13) Not all contracts involving vessels or seamen are maritime in nature. See Kossick v. United Fruit Co., 365 U.S. 731, 735-36, 81 S.Ct. 886, 6 L.Ed.2d 56 (1961). In fact, "contracts for the sale of vessels are not within admiralty jurisdiction, but charter parties are." Clem Perrin Marine Towing, Inc. v. Pan. Canal Co., 730 F.2d 186, 188 (5th Cir.1984). This bright-line rule was first established by the Second Circuit in The Ada, 250 F. 194 (2d Cir.1918).

(14) To determine whether a contract is truly maritime in nature, the Court must examine the agreed transaction between the parties in order to determine the nature and character of the agreement and the "principal objective" of the parties. Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Kirby, 543 U.S. 14, 25, 125 S.Ct. 385, 160 L.Ed.2d 283 (2004).32 "To ascertain whether a contract is a maritime one, we cannot look to whether a ship or other vessel was involved in the dispute, as we would in a putative maritime tort case." Id. at 23, 125 S.Ct. 385. "Nor can we simply look to the place of the contract's formation or performance. Instead, the answer `depends upon ... the nature and character of the contract,' and the true criterion is whether it has `reference to maritime service or maritime transactions.'" Id. at 24, 125 S.Ct. 385 (quoting N. Pac. S.S. Co. v. Hall Bros. Marine Ry. & Shipbuilding Co., 249 U.S. 119, 125, 39 S.Ct. 221, 63 L.Ed. 510 (1919)). Known as the "conceptual approach," the Supreme Court adopted this approach in its 2004 opinion Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. Kirby. Id. at 25, 125 S.Ct. 385. The Supreme Court has further "reiterated that the `fundamental interest giving rise to maritime jurisdiction is the protection of maritime commerce.'" Id. (quoting Exxon Corp. v. Cent. Gulf Lines, Inc., 500 U.S. 603, 111 S.Ct. 2071, 114 L.Ed.2d 649 (1991)).

(15) At least one district court has determined that the Supreme Court's Kirby opinion abrogated the general rule established by the Second Circuit in The Ada that a contract for the sale of a ship is non-maritime in nature. Kalafrana Shipping Ltd. v. Sea Gull Shipping Co., Ltd., 591 F.Supp.2d 505 (S.D.N.Y.2008). But, despite the district court's opinion in Kalafrana, other district courts have refused to adopt that interpretation.33 And Plaintiffs have not identified, nor has the Court found any, Circuit Courts of Appeals that have taken the view espoused in Kalafrana. This Court, therefore, is bound by precedent. Until the Fifth Circuit expressly adopts a different position, the Court finds that as a general rule the contract for the sale of a vessel does not sound in admiralty. Clem Perrin Marine Towing, Inc., 730 F.2d at 188.34

(16) The Court finds that Icon has not met its burden of proving admiralty jurisdiction, but rather that the following factors weigh in favor of finding that the Barecon 2001 and the surrounding agreements more properly resemble a vessel sale/financing contract than a true charter party.

(17) Moreover, applying the principles set forth by the Supreme Court in Kirby, the Court finds that the agreement at issue here has the nature and character of a vessel sale contract. The Court finds that the "true objective" of the parties was the payment of a loan and the eventual sale of the Amazing to Amazing Shipping.

(18) Because the underlying transaction itself is a non-maritime vessel sale/financing, Geden's guarantee of Amazing Shipping's obligations under the relevant agreements is similarly non-maritime in nature.

(19) Based on the foregoing, and after analyzing the relevant agreements and other documents submitted by the parties, hearing the oral arguments of counsel, and having its questions answered by counsel for the parties, the Court finds that the Barecon 2001, including the day-rate charter hire contained therein, is not a conventional maritime charter party, but is instead one inseparable component of a larger non-maritime vessel sale/financing transaction. The Court finds that the charter party cannot be severed from the overall vessel sale/financing transaction between the parties and is therefore non-maritime in nature.

IV. SUMMATION OF FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

In sum, Icon has not met its burden of establishing admiralty jurisdiction. From the outset the parties intended this to be a vessel sale/financing transaction, with Amazing Shipping (as both the initial and ultimate owner) selling the Amazing to Icon on the condition that Icon (as financing owner) immediately return beneficial possession of the vessel to Amazing Shipping and then, over seven years of monthly loan amortization payment installments and a balloon payment obligation, Amazing Shipping would retake legal title to the Amazing from Icon. There was never any question but that at the end of the seven-year financing period Icon would have sold the Amazing back to Amazing Shipping.

Further, the Court notes that Icon, through its counsel, has argued that it will be left without recourse if the attachment is vacated. However, Icon's counsel, Derek Walker, stated on the record in open court that Icon "would have to go to some other friendlier jurisdiction, like South Africa or Australia or elsewhere where attachments are fairly common, to start this over again to get security to go to England some day to fight the merits."37 First, the Court notes that this statement itself illustrates that Icon will have recourse outside this Court's admiralty jurisdiction. Second, both parties concede that their agreement contemplates adjudication of disputes in the English Courts, something that is still a viable option. Lastly, the loan transaction was structured in such a way that Icon owns the title to the Amazing. This was intentional. Had Icon wanted to take a true maritime mortgage, it could have. Rather, it chose to structure the arrangement as a sale/lease-back/sale so that it would own the Amazing as collateral.

Having determined that the character of the putative "charter party" was fixed from the outset as a sale contract and not as a conventional bareboat charter, the Court need proceed no further. Because the transaction is a single, integrated vessel sale/financing agreement, it is a non-maritime contract and this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. The attachment of the Hero must therefore be vacated and Icon's complaint dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).

V. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the Court hereby

AFFIRMS the previous Order of the Court, dated June 11, 2013 (Document No. 36), ordering that Defendants' Opposed Motion to Vacate Attachment and Dismiss Complaint (Document No. 22) is GRANTED.

The Court will issue a separate final judgment.