LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY, Judge.
Plaintiff, Rudolph and Sletten, Inc. ("R&S"), brought this action pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act of 1978, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-09 ("CDA"). The government moved to dismiss R&S's complaint, or alternatively for summary judgment, for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 56 of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims ("RCFC"), arguing that there has been neither an actual nor a deemed final decision by the contracting officer. In the alternative, the government moves for remand of the case to the contracting officer for a final decision. For the reasons set forth below, the government's motion to dismiss, or alternatively for summary judgment, is
The dispute in this case arises out of a government contract awarded to R&S to build the Southwest Fisheries Science Center Replacement Headquarters and Laboratory in La Jolla, California ("La Jolla Laboratory").
On May 3, 2010, the United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ("NOAA"), awarded R&S Contract No. AB1330-10-CN-0114 to construct the La Jolla Laboratory. Compl. at Ex. A.
On August 20, 2013, R&S submitted a certified claim ("Claim 1") to NOAA's contracting officer ("the contracting officer") seeking a compensable contract time extension and $26,809,003 as compensation for costs due to alleged government-caused delay and disruption, additional consultant costs, and extra work undertaken by R&S and its subcontractors. Compl. at Ex. B. NOAA received R&S's certified claim on August 23, 2013. Compl. at Ex. C.
On October 21, 2013, the contracting officer wrote to R&S advising that:
App. to Def. Mot. at 19.
On October 30, 2013, R&S submitted a second certified claim ("Claim 2") to the contracting officer. App. to Def. Mot. at 1-18. This claim sought an additional $2,600,861 for delay-related costs and unresolved Requests for Contract Modifications. App. to Def. Mot. at 7.
On November 4, 2013, R&S wrote to the contracting officer acknowledging receipt of the October 21, 2013 letter, but stating that the nine-month extension to review Claim 1 was excessive and unreasonable. App. to Def. Mot. at 20. In addition, R&S requested either a detailed explanation for the delay or a work plan. Id. The contracting officer responded on November 8, 2013, explaining the reason for the nine-month delay and providing R&S with a timeline for reaching a final decision on Claim 1 by July 15, 2014. App. to Def. Mot. at 21-22.
On January 6, 2014, R&S filed its first lawsuit arising under the La Jolla contract. Rudolph & Sletten, Inc. v. United States, No. 14-14C (Fed. Cl. Jan. 6, 2014) ("R&S 1"). On May 6, 2014, the government filed a dispositive motion in R&S I. That motion is fully briefed and is separately pending before the Court.
On July 8, 2014, the contracting officer informed R&S that a final decision on Claim 1 would not be reached by July 15, 2014 as originally estimated by the government, and that, instead, a final decision would be forthcoming on March 15, 2015. App. to Def. Mot. at 40-41. The contracting officer also provided R&S with the following schedule for the resolution of Claim 1:
App. to Def. Mot. at 41. R&S filed the present action regarding Claim 1 on July 23, 2014.
The government moves to dismiss this case, or alternatively for summary judgment, for lack of jurisdiction, arguing that R&S failed to obtain a final decision from the contracting officer before filing its complaint. See generally Def. Mot. Alternatively, the government requests that the Court stay and remand this case to the contracting officer for a final decision, pursuant to 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5). Id. at 19.
Whether this Court possesses jurisdiction to decide the merits of a case is a threshold matter. Copar Pumice Co., Inc. v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 515, 527 (2013) (citing PODS, Inc. v. Porta Stor, Inc., 484 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2007)); Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95 (1998). Deciding a motion to dismiss "starts with the complaint, which must be well-pleaded in that it must state the necessary elements of the plaintiff's claim, independent of any defense that may be interposed." Holley v. United States, 124 F.3d 1462, 1465 (Fed. Cir. 1997). As a case cannot proceed if a court lacks jurisdiction to hear it, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction and must do so by a preponderance of the evidence. Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006); M Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988)).
If the Court finds it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, it must dismiss the complaint. Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 514. In considering a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, the Court must "view the alleged facts in the complaint as true, and if the facts reveal any reasonable basis upon which the non-movant [might] prevail, dismissal is inappropriate." Palafox St. Associates, L.P. v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 324, 327 (2014) (quoting Pixton v. B & B Plastics, Inc., 291 F.3d 1324, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). The Court may also look beyond the pleadings and `inquire into jurisdictional facts' to determine whether jurisdiction exists." Estes Express Lines v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 416, 420 (2013), rev'd on other grounds, 739 F.3d 689 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citing Rocovich v. United States, 933 F.2d 991, 993 (Fed. Cir. 1991)).
The Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1), grants the United States Court of Federal Claims jurisdiction "to render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort." 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Tucker Act further provides that the Court "shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim by or against, or dispute with, a contractor arising under section 7104(b)(1) of title 41 [the Contract Disputes Act]." Id. at § 1491(a)(2).
For the Court to have subject-matter jurisdiction to hear a dispute under the CDA, the plaintiff must meet two prerequisites: (1) submit a proper claim to the relevant contracting officer, which must be properly certified if the amount requested is above $100,000, and (2) obtain a final decision on that claim. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(a); Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572, 1575-76 (Fed. Cir. 1995).
Under the CDA, a contractor may obtain either an actual or a deemed final decision on the claim. Claude E. Atkins Enters., Inc. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 142, 143 (1992). For claims over $100,000, the CDA provides that the contracting officer shall, within 60 days of receipt of the submitted certified claim, "(A) issue a decision; or (B) notify the contractor of the time within which a decision will be issued." 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(2). The decision must be "issued within a reasonable time," which is calculated by "taking into account such factors as the size and complexity of the claim and the adequacy of information in support of the claim provided by the contractor." 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(3). If the contracting officer denies the claim within the required time period, that claim is actually denied. Id. However, a failure to issue a decision within the required time "is deemed to be a decision by the contracting officer denying the claim." 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5). A denial, actual or deemed, authorizes an "appeal or action on the claim as otherwise provided in [the CDA]. The tribunal concerned may, at its option, stay the proceedings of the appeal or action to obtain a decision by the contracting officer." Id.
The parties do not dispute that R&S properly submitted a certified claim to the contracting officer and that the contracting officer did not issue a final decision on the claim by the government's original deadline. Def. Mot. at 13; Pl. Opp. at 8. Accordingly, the question presented by this case is whether the government's failure to issue a decision by the original deadline constitutes a deemed denial of R&S's claim under the CDA. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5). For the reasons set forth below, the passage of the government's July 15, 2014 deadline to decide plaintiff's claim constitutes a deemed denial of that claim. As a result, this Court has subject-matter jurisdiction to consider R&S's claim.
The government argues in its motion that the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to consider R&S's claim because there has not been a deemed denial of the claim by the contracting officer. Specifically, the government maintains that the contracting officer in this case properly and timely extended the deadline for issuing a final decision on R&S's claim until March 15, 2015, once the government determined that it would not meet its original deadline. Def. Mot. at 13-14. The government further maintains that because the new deadline set by the contracting officer is reasonable, R&S's claim before this Court is premature and jurisdictionally barred. Def. Mot. at 13. For the reasons discussed below, the Court disagrees.
The CDA contains specific requirements regarding the timing for reaching a decision on a claim. Section 7103(f)(2) of the CDA provides that: "A contracting officer shall, within 60 days of receipt of a submitted certified claim over $100,000— (A) issue a decision; or (B) notify the contractor of the time within which a decision will be issued." 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(2) (emphasis added). The plain language of the statute requires that the contracting officer either make a decision within 60 days, or set a firm deadline for issuing a final decision within 60 days of receiving a claim. Id.
Although the meaning of section 7103(f)(2) has not often been addressed by the courts, the relevant case law supports the view that section 7103(f)(2) gives the government the right to extend the deadline for issuing a final decision only once and that the deadline must be set during the initial 60-day period.
The Claude E. Atkins and Tuba City decisions are instructive here. In this case, the contracting officer set a deadline of July 15, 2014 for issuing a final decision on R&S's claim. That deadline passed without the contracting officer reaching a decision. Although the contracting officer did seek to extend the deadline again before the first extension expired, no language in the CDA provides the government with the right to a second extension. As a result, R&S may treat the contracting officer's failure to reach a decision by the government's July 15, 2014 deadline as a deemed denial of its claim. See 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(2); Claude E. Atkins, 27 Fed. Cl. at 145.
The government incorrectly argues that the contracting officer had the right to further extend the deadline for issuing a final decision in this case because R&S's claim is complex. Def. Mot. at 16-17. Section 7103(f)(3) of the CDA requires that, at the outset, the government calculate the deadline for issuing a final decision "taking into account such factors as the size and complexity of the claim and the adequacy of information in support of the claim provided by the contractor." 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(3). Moreover, in Claude E. Atkins, the Court held that even if the claim is complex, the contracting officer "must choose, within the sixty days, a reasonable due date that he will be able to meet." Claude E. Atkins, 27 Fed. Cl. at 146. There is "no exception to the § 7103(f) timing requirements for complex claims." Tuba City, 2014 WL 1648215, at *3. For this reason, when faced with a complex claim, the contracting officer here should have picked a deadline that afforded plenty of time to evaluate R&S's claim. Id.
The government also relies upon several Board of Contract Appeals cases to support its argument that the contracting officer properly extended the deadline for a final decision on R&S's claim.
Because section 7103(f)(2) requires that the contracting officer issue a final decision within the initial deadline set by the government, R&S may treat the elapse of the government's July 15, 2014 deadline in this case as a deemed denial of its claim. Id. The Court, accordingly, possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to consider R&S's claim.
As an alternative to dismissal of this case, the government requests that the Court stay and remand this case to the contracting officer for a final decision. Def. Mot. at 17-18. R&S opposes this request. Pl. Opp. at 2. As this Court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction over R&S's claim, the Court has discretion to issue a stay order "to obtain a decision by the contracting officer." 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5).
The government argues in its motion that a stay and remand of this case is warranted because the contracting officer has already devoted substantial resources to reviewing R&S's claim. Def. Mot. at 18. The government further asserts that the ongoing review of R&S's claim has "great potential to identify significant areas of agreement between R&S and the Government that could substantially narrow the issues truly in dispute between the parties." Id. Because the contracting officer has already committed significant resources towards analyzing R&S's claim, a stay until the contracting officer issues a decision will promote judicial economy.
For the foregoing reasons, the government's failure to reach an actual decision on R&S's claim within the time initially specified by the contracting officer constitutes a deemed denial of that claim under the CDA. R&S may appeal the deemed denial of its claim in this Court under the CDA. Accordingly, the government's motion to dismiss, or alternatively for summary judgment, is
Because the government has completed much of the work needed to review R&S's claim and a decision by the contracting officer on that claim is imminent, the Court exercises its discretion under the CDA to stay these proceedings to obtain a final decision by the contracting officer. The government's motion for remand to the contracting officer for a final decision is, therefore,
The parties are instructed to file a joint status report on or before 45 days from the filing of this Memorandum Opinion and Order advising the Court of their views on how this matter should proceed, which shall include a proposed schedule for discovery and a discussion of whether this case should be consolidated with Rudolph & Sletten, Inc. v. United States, No. 14-14C (Fed. Cl. filed Jan. 6, 2014).
The parties shall bear their own costs.
