MINDY MICHAELS ROTH, Special Master.
On March 6, 2017, Emilie Wolf ("Ms. Wolf" or "petitioner") filed a petition for compensation under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program on behalf of the estate of her son, Matthew Wolf ("Mr. Wolf").
On November 13, 2019, petitioner filed a Motion for Interim Attorneys' Fees and Costs ("Motion for Interim Fees"), requesting $30,094.10 in attorneys' fees and $43,057.28 in attorneys' costs for a total of $73,151.38. ECF No. 47. On November 25, 2019, respondent filed a response to petitioner's Motion for Interim Fees that contained no specific objection to the amount requested or hours billed, but instead asked that I exercise my discretion in determining the proper amount to be awarded. ECF No. 48. Petitioner did not file a reply to respondent's response.
Petitioner filed her petition on March 6, 2017. Petition, ECF No. 1. This matter was assigned to me on March 7, 2017. See ECF No. 4. On March 30, 2017, petitioner filed an amended petition, several medical records, and an affidavit. Amended Petition, ECF No. 7; Petitioner's Exhibits ("Pet. Ex.") 1-8, ECF No. 8. She filed additional records on April 3 and 14, 2017. Pet. Ex. 10-12, ECF Nos. 10-11.
An initial status conference was held in this matter on May 11, 2017, after which respondent was ordered to file a status report identifying any outstanding records and indicating how he intended to proceed by August 9, 2017. Order, ECF No. 13. Petitioner filed an additional affidavit on May 26, 2017. Pet. Ex. 13, ECF No. 14.
On August 30, 2017, respondent filed a status report advising that he intended to continue to defend this claim and intend to file a Rule 4(c) Report. Respondent's Status Report ("Resp. S.R."), ECF No. 17. Respondent filed his Rule 4(c) Report on October 16, 2017 arguing that petitioner had failed to meet her burden in this case and thus, is not entitled to compensation. Resp. Report, ECF No. 18. A 240 Order was issued on October 23, 2017.
Petitioner filed an expert report from Dr. Carlos Tornatore, a neurologist, on January 12, 2018, and supporting medical literature on January 18, 2018. Pet. Ex. 14-35, ECF Nos. 20, 22-24. Respondent filed an expert report from Dr. Subramanian Sriram and supporting medical literature on March 14, 2018. Resp. Ex. A-B, ECF No. 26. Petitioner filed a supplemental expert report from Dr. Tornatore on July 13, 2018. Pet. Ex. 36, ECF No. 30. Respondent filed a responsive expert report from Dr. Sriram and additional medical literature on October 25, 2018. Resp. Ex. C-C3, ECF No. 33. On December 21, 2018,
A Rule 5 status conference was held on March 12, 2019, during which I advised petitioner that her expert had not adequately addressed Althen prong I and suggested she obtain a report from an immunologist who could discuss the mechanism by which a Tdap vaccine can cause TM. Order, ECF No. 35. Petitioner was ordered to file a status report advising whether she intended to obtain an immunologist to author an expert report by April 11, 2019. Id.
On April 11, 2019, petitioner filed a status report advising that she intended to file a report from an immunologist and requested 60 days to do so. Pet. S.R., ECF No. 36. After three extensions of time, petitioner filed an expert report from an immunologist, Dr. Omid Akbari, and accompanying medical literature on October 22, 2019. Pet. Ex. 37-81, ECF Nos. 40-45. Respondent currently has a pending deadline to file a responsive expert report by March 23, 2020. Non-PDF Order, dated January 17, 2020.
Petitioner filed the instant Motion for Interim Fees on November 13, 2019, requesting $30,094.10 in attorneys' fees and $43,057.28 in attorneys' costs for a total of $73,151.38. ECF No. 47. On November 25, 2019, respondent filed a response to petitioner's Motion for Interim Fees that contained no specific objection to the amount requested or hours billed, but instead asked that I exercise my discretion in determining the proper amount to be awarded. ECF No. 48. Petitioner did not file a reply to respondent's response.
This matter is now ripe for determination.
The Vaccine Act permits an award of reasonable attorneys' fees and other costs. § 15(e)(1). If a petitioner succeeds on the merits of his or her claim, petitioner's counsel is automatically entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees. Id.; see Sebelius v. Cloer, 133 S.Ct. 1886, 1891 (2013). However, a petitioner need not prevail on entitlement to receive a fee award as long as the petition was brought in "good faith" and there was a "reasonable basis" for the claim to proceed. § 15(e)(1). Moreover, special masters have discretion to award interim fees while the litigation is ongoing if "the cost of litigation has imposed an undue hardship" and there is "a good faith basis for the claim." Shaw v. Sec'y of Health & Humans Servs., 609 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see Avera v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 515 F.3d 1343, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008). One instance in which interim fees have been awarded is "where proceedings are protracted." Avera, 515 F.3d at 1352.
The Federal Circuit has endorsed the use of the lodestar approach to determine what constitutes "reasonable attorneys' fees" and "other costs" under the Vaccine Act. Avera, 515 F.3d at 1349. Under this approach, [t]he initial estimate of reasonable attorneys' fees is calculated by "multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate." Id. at 1347-48 (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 (1984)). That product is then adjusted upward or downward based on other specific findings. Id.
Special masters have substantial discretion in awarding fees and may adjust a fee request sua sponte, apart from objections raised by respondent and without providing petitioners with notice and opportunity to respond. Sabella v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 209 (2009). Special masters need not engage in a line-by-line analysis of petitioner's fee application when reducing fees. Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 102 Fed. Cl. 719, 729 (2011).
Special masters have discretion to award interim fees while the litigation is ongoing if "the cost of litigation has imposed an undue hardship" and there is "a good faith basis for the claim." Shaw v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 609 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see Avera, 515 F. 3d at 1352. The court in Avera held that interim fees may be awarded "in appropriate circumstances." 515 F.3d at 1351. The court then listed some circumstances—cases involving "protracted" proceedings and "costly experts"—in which it would be particularly appropriate to award interim fees. Id. at 1352. But "the Federal Circuit in Avera . . . did not enunciate the universe of litigation circumstances which would warrant an award of interim attorney's fees," Woods, 105 Fed. Cl. at 154, and "special masters [retain] broad discretion in determining whether to award" them, Al-Uffi ex rel. R.B. v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 13-956V, 2015 WL 6181669, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 30, 2015). The inquiry is simply whether there is "a good faith basis for the claim" and the denial of interim fees would "impose[] an undue hardship" in the circumstances of the case. Shaw, 609 F.3d at 1375. In making this determination, "the special master may consider any of the unique facts of a case." Rehn v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 126 Fed. Cl. 86, 94 (2016).
Under the circumstances of this case, interim fees are warranted. This case has been pending for almost three years, which ordinarily "suffice[s] to constitute the type of `circumstances' to warrant an interim fee award." Woods, 105 Fed. Cl. at 154; see also, e.g., Thompson v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 12-475V, 2018 WL 1559799, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 28, 2018) ("[I]nterim attorneys' fees and costs are appropriate because waiting for the conclusion of the case would place an undue hardship in petitioner"); Kottenstette v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-1016V, 2017 WL 5662780, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 30, 2017) (finding two-year proceeding constituted appropriate circumstances for interim fees). Respondent does not dispute that there is "a good faith basis for [petitioner's] claim." Shaw, 609 F.3d at 1375; see Sharp-Rountree, 2015 WL 12600336, at *3 (explaining that "petitioners are entitled to a presumption of good faith absent direct evidence of bad faith" and finding a good faith basis when respondent "declined to challenge [it]"). Further, petitioner has expended significant funds on expert reports, and it appears an entitlement hearing will likely be necessary. Given the unprecedented number of cases currently pending in the Vaccine Program, if this matter requires a hearing, it will likely not be scheduled for at least two years. In sum, the circumstances of this case warrant an award of interim fees and costs, so as not to impose economic hardship on petitioner.
A reasonable hourly rate is defined as the rate "prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation." Id. at 1348 (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n.11). This rate is based on "the forum rate for the District of Columbia" rather than "the rate in the geographic area of the practice of petitioner's attorney." Rodriguez v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 632 F.3d 1381, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citing Avera, 515 F. 3d at 1349). There is a limited exception that provides for attorneys' fees to be awarded at local hourly rates when "the bulk of the attorney's work is done outside the forum jurisdiction" and "there is a very significant difference" between the local hourly rate and forum hourly rate. Id. This is known as the Davis County exception. See Hall v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 640 F.3d 1351, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citing Davis Cty. Solid Waste Mgmt. & Energy Recovery Special Serv. Dist. v. U.S. EPA, 169 F.3d 755, 758 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). For cases in which forum rates apply, McCulloch provides the framework for determining the appropriate hourly rate range for attorneys' fees based upon the attorneys' experience. See McCulloch v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 09-293V, 2015 WL 5634323 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 1, 2015). The Office of Special Masters has issued a fee schedule that updates the McCulloch rates to account for inflation in subsequent years.
Petitioner requested $30,094.10 in attorneys' fees. Motion for Interim Fees at 1. She requested the following hourly rates for her attorney and the other attorneys, paralegal, and law clerks at her counsel's firm: for Joseph Pepper, $290 for work performed in 2016, $297 for work in 2017, $305 for work in 2018, and $325 for work performed in 2019; for Ronald Homer, $409 for work performed in 2017, $421 for work performed in 2018, and $430 for work in 2019; for Christina Ciampolillo, $300 for work performed in 2016, $307 for work in 2017, $342 for work in 2018, and $350 for work in 2019; for Meredith Daniels, $294 for work performed in 2018, and $320 for work in 2019; for paralegals at the Homer firm, $135 for work in 2016, $138 for work performed in 2017, $142 for work in 2018, and $145 for work in 2019; and for law clerks, $145 for work in 2016, and $148 for work performed in 2019. See Motion for Interim Fees, Ex. A at 35-36. The requested hourly rates are consistent with the rates previously found to be reasonable in cases involving petitioner's counsel and his law firm. See e.g., Powers v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-917, 2019 WL 423065, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 10, 2019); Faup v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-42V, 2018 WL 343317, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 30, 2018); Stepp v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 14-851V, 2018 WL 793426, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 2, 2018). Therefore, the hourly rates requested in this case do not warrant a reduction.
Once the applicable hourly rate is determined, it is applied to the "number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation." Avera, 515 F.3d at 1348. The application for fees and costs must "sufficiently detail and explain the time billed so that a special master may determine . . . whether the amount requested is reasonable," and an award of attorneys' fees may be reduced for "vagueness" in billing. J.W. ex rel. Wilson v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 15-1551V, 2017 WL 877278, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 10, 2017). Moreover, counsel should not include in their fee requests hours that are "excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary." Saxton ex rel. Saxton v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 3 F.3d 1517, 1521 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983)). "Unreasonably duplicative or excessive billing" includes "an attorney billing for a single task on multiple occasions, multiple attorneys billing for a single task, attorneys billing excessively for intra office communications, attorneys billing excessive hours, [and] attorneys entering erroneous billing entries." Raymo v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 129 Fed. Cl. 691, 703 (2016).
Furthermore, some tasks are generally compensated at a reduced rate. Attorneys who perform non-attorney-level work are compensated at a rate comparable to what would be paid to a paralegal. See O'Neill v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-243V, 2015 WL 2399211, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 28, 2015). Hours spent traveling are ordinarily compensated at one-half of the normal hourly attorney rate. See Scott v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 08-756V, 2014 WL 2885684, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 5, 2014) (collecting cases). Finally, some tasks are never compensable. For instance, "it is inappropriate for counsel to bill time for educating themselves about basic aspects of the Vaccine Program." Matthews v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No 14-1111V, 2016 WL 2853910, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 18, 2016). Additionally, clerical and secretarial tasks should not be billed at all, regardless of who performs them. See, e.g., McCulloch, 2015 WL 5634323, at *26. Non-compensable clerical and secretarial tasks include making travel arrangements, reviewing and paying invoices, setting up meetings, organizing files, scheduling conference calls, and reviewing files for consistency. J.W., 2017 WL 877278, at *3; Barry v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., No. 12-039V, 2016 WL 6835542, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 25, 2016).
It is "well within the Special Master's discretion to reduce the hours to a number that, in [her] experience and judgment, [is] reasonable for the work done." Saxton, 3 F.3d at 1522. In exercising that discretion, special masters may reduce the number of hours submitted by a percentage of the amount charged. See Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 102 Fed. Cl. 719, 728-29 (2011) (affirming special master's reduction of attorney and paralegal hours); Guy v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 38 Fed. Cl. 403, 406 (1997) (same). Ultimately, special masters have substantial discretion in awarding fees and costs, and may adjust a fee request sua sponte, apart from objections raised by respondent and without providing petitioners with notice and opportunity to respond. See Sabella v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 86 Fed. Cl. 201, 209 (Fed. Cl. 2009). Special masters need not engage in a line-by-line analysis of petitioner's fee application when reducing fees. See Broekelschen, 102 Fed. Cl. at 729.
Upon review of the hours billed by petitioner's counsel and his firm, the majority of hours billed appear to be reasonable. See generally, Motion for Interim Fees, Ex. A. However, there were multiple instances
Petitioner requested a total of $43,057.28 in attorneys' costs. Motion for Interim Fees at 2. The requested costs are those associated with securing medical records and expert reports. See id., Ex. B. Petitioner's counsel has provided sufficient documentation to support his costs requests for all but $65.25 for costs associated with postage, photocopies, and flash drives. See id., Ex. A at 34. Costs cannot be reimbursed without proper documentation. Therefore, considering the in-depth analysis provided by petitioner's experts and reasonableness of the costs associated with obtaining medical records, the only reduction to petitioner's costs request will be for inadequate documentation in the amount of $65.25.
Based on the foregoing, petitioner's Motion for Interim Attorneys' Fees and Costs is
