MEMORANDUM DECISION

JOEL T. MARKER, Bankruptcy Judge

Ralph Merrill has been a thorn in Jason Maughn's side since at least January 20, 2012, when Ralph, Rex Merrill, RGMF Ltd. Partnership, and Vector Arms, Inc. filed a lawsuit in Utah State Court against Maughn and Vector Arms, Corp. ("Debtor"), essentially alleging that Maughn fraudulently induced Ralph into transferring control of Vector Arms, Inc.'s assets and inventory to Maughn and that he breached a contract with Ralph for the purchase of the business.1 Though other parties have ostensibly been involved, the dispute that led to this bankruptcy case and the present motion has always centered on Ralph and Maughn.

After years of still-ongoing litigation in state court, Ralph and Maughn's dispute is now in front of this Court in the context of the Debtor's Motion for Contempt Sanctions for Violation of the Automatic Stay against Ralph, Rex, RGMF Ltd. Partnership, Vector Arms, Inc., and Vector Fab, Inc. ("Merrill Parties"), Kelly Enterprises.net, LLC, and Charles Malta ("Motion"). At its core, the Motion can be boiled down to two issues. First, by filing an Amended Complaint in the state court lawsuit, which seeks an order "directing Jason Maughn to vacate the premises at 270 W. 500 N., North Salt Lake, Utah, and turn over all the business assets and records to the control of Plaintiff, and to transfer all ATF regulated inventory to a duly licensed custodial trustee of the Plaintiffs' choosing," did the Merrill Parties seek to obtain possession of property of the estate in such a way that they violated the automatic stay? And second, by adding various non-debtor parties to the Amended Complaint and serving them with a Settlement Letter, did the Merrill Parties commit an act against the Debtor that violated the automatic stay?

On October 7, 2015, the Court held an evidentiary hearing on the Motion, at which counsel for the Debtor and counsel for the U.S. Trustee appeared. Ralph also appeared telephonically, acting pro se,2 but due to his present circumstances he was unable to participate for the entire hearing.3 None of the other Merrill Parties appeared at the hearing, nor did they file a response to the Motion. Prior to the hearing, Malta and Kelly Enterprises reached a settlement agreement with the Debtor.4 At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court issued a ruling from the bench. On October 14, the Court entered an Order Vacating Bench Ruling and allowed the Parties until November 13, 2015, to file additional briefing with the Court.5

After considering the evidence properly before the Court, assessing the credibility of the three witnesses, considering the parties' arguments at the hearing, reviewing the post-hearing briefing, and conducting an independent review of applicable law, the Court issues the following Memorandum Decision to explain why the Motion will be granted in part and denied in part.6

I. FACTS

To better understand the context of the Motion, it is necessary to review some of the history of the state court litigation between the parties. On March 29, 2012, the state court judge entered an order that, among other things, allowed Maughn and the Debtor to continue to possess the premises located at 270 W. 500 N., North Salt Lake, Utah, but "with rent to be timely paid each month [to the state court plaintiffs]."7 On February 11, 2015, Maughn was scheduled to appear in the state court to respond to an order to show cause why he should not be held in contempt of court for allegedly failing to pay rent for three months.8 On February 11 at 12:15 p.m., just over an hour before the scheduled time of the state court hearing, the Debtor filed this chapter 11 case. At the hearing on the order to show cause, counsel for Maughn and the Debtor informed the state court of the bankruptcy filing and asserted that the proceeding was stayed as a result.9 On February 12, the state court entered a "case stay," which is reflected on its docket.

On May 18, the Merrill Parties—excluding RGMF Ltd.—filed an adversary proceeding against the Debtor in this Court, seeking a declaration that the Debtor's inventory and equipment are not owned by the Debtor, that the Debtor converted assets that belonged to Vector Arms, Inc., and that the Debtor breached its contract with Vector Arms, Inc. and engaged in fraudulent activity in doing so.10 The adversary proceeding involves essentially the same series of events at issue in the state court case.

On May 26, Ralph, this time acting pro se, filed an Amended Complaint in the state court case ("Amended Complaint"), listing only himself as plaintiff and superficially removing the Debtor as a defendant.11 In the Amended Complaint, Ralph adds David Maughan, Paul Fuwell, Robert Hierz, Tamara Haller, Jeff McNatt, and Malta as defendants along with Maughn. David Maughan (despite the different spelling of his last name) is Maughn's brother. Fuwell, McNatt, and Hierz are former employees or officers of the Debtor, though the Debtor employed only Fuwell as of the bankruptcy petition date.12 Haller is either the Debtor's former employee or former outside bookkeeper and payroll accountant.13 Malta is the President of Kelly Enterprises.net, LLC, a gun parts supplier and dealer that sold the Debtor's products.14

In the Amended Complaint, Ralph alleges the following: that Maughn and Maughan engaged in a conspiracy to commit fraud against Ralph in connection with the purchase of Vector Arms, Inc.'s assets and inventory; that Maughn, Fuwell, Hierz, and Haller converted and embezzled Ralph's money by using company credit cards for personal expenses, increasing their compensation without authorization from Ralph, and over-reporting hours worked; that Maughn and Fuwell engaged in outrageous conduct by betraying Ralph's trust; that Maughn, Fuwell, Hierz, and McNatt "converted company assets that belonged to [Ralph]"; that Maughn breached a lease agreement for the building in which the Debtor operates; that Maughn and Malta converted Rex's firearms collection; that Maughn converted "company vehicles that belonged to [Ralph]"; and that Maughn interfered with a contract between Ralph and a gun parts manufacturer. In the prayer for relief, Ralph seeks "[a]n order from the Court directing Jason Maughn to vacate the premises at 270 W. 500 N., North Salt Lake, Utah, and turn over all the business assets and records to the control of Plaintiff, and to transfer all ATF regulated inventory to a duly licensed custodial trustee of the Plaintiffs' choosing," an order requiring Maughn and Malta to return Rex's firearms collection, and other damages in excess of $3,000,000.15

Around the same time that Ralph filed the Amended Complaint, he also sent letters to Fuwell, Haller, and Malta ("Settlement Letters"),16 apprising them of the allegations in the Amended Complaint and offering them an opportunity to settle. Specifically, the Settlement Letters all contain the following language:

Malta acted quickly after receiving the Settlement Letter. He removed the Debtor's website, which he controlled, and indicated that the Debtor had been "replaced by Omega Guns."18 According to Maughn, Malta contacted other dealers and gun manufacturers and told them that the Debtor was going out of business,19 and he contacted some of the Debtor's employees to tell them that they should no longer work for the Debtor or Ralph would sue them as well.20 Malta also cancelled a 100-gun contract with the Debtor.21 Malta's actions caused considerable distraction to Maughn, who was forced to travel to Las Vegas to meet with one of the Debtor's dealers and to Montana to meet with one of the Debtor's suppliers in order to ensure them that the Debtor was still in business.22 There is no evidence that Ralph had any contact with Malta other than sending him the Settlement Letter, and Ralph denies ever meeting or speaking with Malta.23

The combination of Malta's phone calls, the Settlement Letters, and the Amended Complaint caused considerable concern among the Debtor's employees. Five employees quit because they did not want to be a witness or they feared that Ralph would include them in the state court case, even though Fuwell was the only employee at the time who Ralph had added to the Amended Complaint.24 As a result, the Debtor hired replacement employees at a higher cost and also required existing employees, including Maughn, to take on additional duties. Among the employees who stayed, morale dipped,25 production quality suffered,26 and constant phone calls regarding whether the Debtor was still in business occupied their time and caused the Debtor to lose sales.27

On August 24, the Debtor filed the present Motion. One day later, this Court held a hearing in the adversary proceeding, during which the Court indicated its intent to enter an order to show cause why it should not permissively abstain from conducting the adversary proceeding in favor of the state court litigation. On September 11, the Debtor filed a Motion for Relief from the Automatic Stay to Continue Prepetition Litigation in State Court, in which it requested that the automatic stay be lifted so it could "continue the State Court Lawsuit solely to determine the amount of any claims and counterclaims and the respective rights of the Merrill Parties, Maughn, and the Debtor to the property that the Debtor claims is property of its chapter 11 estate."28 Ralph filed a response with no objection, and the Court entered an order granting the Debtor's motion on October 2.29 The parties have since continued to litigate their claims in the state court case.

II. ANALYSIS

The automatic stay provided under 11 U.S.C. § 362 is one of the most important protections offered to a debtor in bankruptcy. Among other things, the automatic stay prevents "the commencement or continuation . . . of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of [the bankruptcy case]" as well as "any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate."30

Because the Debtor is not an individual and is not covered by the damages provision in § 362(k),31 the Debtor asks the Court to use its authority under § 105(a) to enforce the automatic stay and sanction the Merrill Parties for their actions. "The Tenth Circuit has held that bankruptcy courts have civil contempt powers pursuant to § 105(a). A bankruptcy court may exercise its civil contempt power for violation of the automatic stay so long as doing so is consistent with the purposes of civil contempt orders and doing so is within the limits of the bankruptcy court's § 105(a) powers. Sanctions for civil contempt must meet one or both of the following purposes: (1) to compel or ensure compliance with a court order; and (2) to compensate parties for losses caused by the contemnor's refusal to abide by a court order. Civil contempt orders should be remedial, not punitive, which is the purpose of criminal contempt."32

Unlike an action under § 362(k), which bears a preponderance of the evidence standard, an action for civil contempt requires that the Debtor prove by clear and convincing evidence that a valid court order existed, that the Merrill Parties had knowledge of the order, and that the Merrill Parties disobeyed the order.33

The evidence shows that the Merrill Parties, through counsel, first learned of the bankruptcy case at the state court hearing on the order to show cause held on February 11. The Merrill Parties also filed an adversary proceeding in the bankruptcy case before Ralph filed the Amended Complaint in state court. They knew about the bankruptcy case and the automatic stay, which means that the Debtor has satisfied the first two requirements to obtain an order for civil contempt. What remains is whether the Merrill Parties' actions violated the automatic stay, and if so, what sanctions are appropriate for their actions.

A. The Merrill Parties Other than Ralph

There is no evidence that any of the Merrill Parties other than Ralph were involved in filing the Amended Complaint or sending the Settlement Letters that are the basis for the Debtor's Motion. The heading of the Amended Complaint names Ralph as the sole plaintiff, acting in his personal capacity. At the evidentiary hearing, the Debtor argued that the Amended Complaint contains a number of allegations that Ralph could bring only in his capacity as president of Vector Arms, Inc. or RGMF Ltd. But the Amended Complaint characterizes the issues as personal disputes between Ralph and the various defendants, and the Debtor presented no evidence to show that Ralph acted on behalf of Vector Arms, Inc., Vector Fab, Inc., or RGMF, Ltd.34 The Settlement Letters also show Ralph as the sole signatory and make no mention of the other Merrill Parties. Nor is there evidence that Rex took any adverse action against the Debtor or that Ralph had any authority or direction to act on Rex's behalf. In sum, there is no clear and convincing evidence that Vector Arms, Inc., Vector Fab, Inc., RGMF, Ltd., or Rex took any action in contempt of the automatic stay, and the Motion is DENIED as to those parties.

B. Ralph Violated the Automatic Stay by Seeking Control of the Debtor's Property Via the Amended Complaint

As previously mentioned, the automatic stay prohibits "any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate."35 Property of the estate includes "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case."36 As the Tenth Circuit has stated, "[t]he scope of § 541 is broad and should be generously construed; an interest may be property of the estate even if it is novel or contingent."37

The Amended Complaint seeks "[a]n order from the Court directing Jason Maughn to vacate the premises at 270 W. 500 N., North Salt Lake, Utah, and turn over all the business assets and records to the control of Plaintiff, and to transfer all ATF regulated inventory to a duly licensed custodial trustee of the Plaintiffs' choosing."38 Under § 541, the Debtor's lease interest in the North Salt Lake building is property of the estate; the state court entered an order affirming the Debtor's right to possess the building, and notwithstanding the Debtor's admitted failure to pay rent, the state court has not vacated or otherwise overturned its earlier order.39 The Debtor also possesses and controls the "business assets and records" and "ATF regulated inventory" that Ralph seeks to control in the Amended Complaint.40 By filing the Amended Complaint, Ralph attempted to obtain possession or control of property of the estate.

Ralph argues that the Debtor does not own the property in question, and thus the Amended Complaint does not actually seek to obtain possession of property of the estate. The question of who owns the assets and inventory is obviously disputed and will be decided in the state court case. But even if the state court eventually determines that Ralph owns the disputed property, Ralph's argument ignores the effect of § 541, and for that reason it fails. Ralph violated the automatic stay.

C. Ralph Did Not Violate the Automatic Stay by Adding Non-Debtor Parties to the Amended Complaint

The automatic stay also prohibits "the commencement or continuation . . . of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of [the bankruptcy case]."41 The Debtor argues that by adding related but non-debtor parties to the Amended Complaint, Ralph really sought to harm the Debtor and violated the automatic stay.

By its terms, the automatic stay applies only to the Debtor and does not prevent actions against non-debtor principals, officers, employees, and other related parties.42 However, using their authority under § 105(a), courts have extended the protection of the automatic stay to non-debtors in "unusual situations" such as "when there is such identity between the debtor and the third-party defendant that the debtor may be said to be the real party defendant and that a judgment against the third-party defendant will in effect be a judgment or finding against the debtor."43 With that in mind, the Debtor's Motion has two significant problems.

First, the Motion does not seek to extend the automatic stay to non-debtor parties; it requests sanctions against Ralph for adding non-debtor parties to the Amended Complaint. This is a problem because "although the stay provided by 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) is automatic as to the debtor, it is not automatic as to others. Unless the bankruptcy court expressly extends the stay to others, it applies by its literal terms only to the debtor."44 The distinction is important, because unlike the automatic stay in § 362(a), "[t]he party seeking to invoke an extension of the stay [under § 105(a)] must affirmatively seek an order from the bankruptcy court."45 Having failed to do so, the Debtor is effectively asking the Court to sanction Ralph for violating a stay—as to the non-debtor parties—that did not exist.

Second, even if the Court could somehow retroactively extend the stay to the non-debtor parties, there is insufficient identity of interest between the Debtor and non-debtor parties to justify extending the stay. The Debtor acknowledged that Hierz, Haller, and McNatt were already former employees or contractors of the Debtor by the time it filed for bankruptcy relief. They have nothing to do with the Debtor's current operations or attempt to reorganize. Fuwell is also a former employee, though he was employed by the Debtor when Ralph added him to the Amended Complaint and sent him the Settlement Letter. With that said, Ralph's claims against Fuwell are not claims against the Debtor. Though Ralph's claims arise out of Fuwell's employment, first with Vector Arms, Inc. and then with the Debtor, Ralph does not raise respondeat superior or any other legal theory to impute liability to the Debtor. Whether or not the claims against the former employees are meritorious, the evidence does not show that any of the former employees have such an identity of interest with the Debtor that Ralph violated the automatic stay by adding them to the Amended Complaint.

The other new defendants, Malta and Maughan, also lack a sufficient nexus to the Debtor to support a finding that adding them to the Amended Complaint was really an act against the Debtor. The Debtor has never employed or done business with Maughan. The only apparent connection the Debtor has with Maughan is that he is Maughn's brother, and allegedly helped Maughn purchase Vector Arms, Inc.'s assets and inventory from Ralph. It is possible that the claim against Maughan was another blow in Ralph's personal dispute with Maughn; but Maughn is not the Debtor, and a claim against his brother is not protected by the automatic stay.

As the president of one of the Debtor's now-former vendors, Malta is more connected to the Debtor's business than Maughan. But as with Maughan, Ralph's claim against Malta has little to do with the Debtor. The Amended Complaint alleges that Malta bought Rex's personal gun collection from Maughn, knowing that the gun collection had been stolen. Ignoring Ralph's questionable standing to bring a claim on Rex's behalf, the claim involves an alleged transaction that is completely separate from the Debtor and its business. To sanction Ralph for suing Malta based on a transaction involving assets never owned by the Debtor would be to extend the protection of the automatic stay to a degree that is not supported by the language of the statute or any case law that this Court is aware of. The Court is unwilling to make that leap.

D. Ralph Did Not Commit the Other Complained-of Acts

The Motion also seeks sanctions for "contacting and harassing the Debtor's current employees and threatening to name them in the Utah State Court lawsuit if they continued to work for the Debtor" and "using the Amended Complaint and other means to coerce Malta to transfer the Debtor's internet domain name, www.vectorarms.com, which was controlled by Malta, to the Merrill Parties."46 But according to Maughn it was Malta, not Ralph, who contacted the Debtor's employees and told them that they would be added to the state court lawsuit. There is also no evidence to show that Ralph coerced Malta into transferring the Debtor's internet domain name. Based on the Debtor's settlement agreement with Malta, which requires Malta to transfer the domain name "vectorarms.com" to the Debtor,47 it appears that Malta retained control of the Debtor's domain name and removed the website on his own. Ralph cannot be held liable for Malta's actions simply because he added Malta to the Amended Complaint, an act that did not violate the automatic stay.

E. Damages

The Debtor requests actual and punitive damages against Ralph for his contempt of court. To begin with, "[c]ivil contempt orders should be remedial, not punitive, which is the purpose of criminal contempt."48 Accordingly, the Debtor's request for punitive damages is denied.49

Turning next to actual damages, the Debtor asserts that it sustained $213,274.39 in actual damages as a result of the Merrill Parties' actions. "In a civil contempt proceeding, once a plaintiff has established the elements of contempt by clear and convincing evidence, it need only prove damages by a preponderance of the evidence."50 Before proceeding further, it is helpful to reiterate that Ralph committed contempt only by continuing his effort to obtain possession and control over property of the estate via his request in the Amended Complaint, which violated the automatic stay. Thus, any damages that arise from the other complained-of acts—in particular, adding the new defendants to the Amended Complaint and serving them with the Settlement Letters—do not arise out of a violation of the automatic stay and should be denied.

At the hearing, and in conjunction with Maughn's testimony, the Debtor presented a demonstrative exhibit that categorizes the actual damages as follows: $202.92 for time spent meeting with Haller, Hierz, and McNatt as well as the travel costs associated with those meetings;51 $386.57 for expenses incurred in traveling to meet with a dealer in Las Vegas for the purpose of ensuring the dealer that the Debtor was still in business; $295.90 for replacement domain names the Debtor was forced to purchase after Malta removed its website;52 $58,290 for net profit lost on a 100-gun contract that Kelly Enterprises canceled after Ralph filed the Amended Complaint; $136,125 for other combined net profit losses that were caused by damage to production and sales from the loss of employees, decrease in employee morale, distraction caused to management, loss of business reputation and confidence, and interruption of brand presence online and in dealerships; and $17,974 for attorney's fees.

As previously explained, Ralph did not violate the automatic stay by adding the former employees to the Amended Complaint, and for that reason the Court denies the Debtor's request for damages incurred in meeting with those employees to discuss the Amended Complaint.

The next three items — the Las Vegas meetings, the domain name purchases, and the canceled contract — all consist of damages that arose out of Malta's actions, not Ralph's, and will be denied accordingly. Though the record does not reflect exactly why the Las Vegas dealer believed that the Debtor was out of business, Maughn testified that multiple dealers thought that the Debtor had been "bought out by a company in Florida"53 and that Malta changed the Debtor's website to say that "Vector had been replaced by Omega Guns."54 Presumably then, it was the changed website that caused the Las Vegas dealer to believe that the Debtor had gone out of business.55 At the very least, there is no evidence to show that Ralph contacted the Las Vegas dealer. Similarly, Malta's actions with the website were the reason the Debtor was forced to purchase additional domain names. As for the canceled contract, Maughn testified that he overheard Malta say "he was doing it to help Ralph"56 in response to the Amended Complaint.

But there is no evidence that Ralph asked Malta to cancel the gun contract with the Debtor, or even that Ralph knew the contract existed. Because there is no evidence that Ralph's violation of the automatic stay led to the Las Vegas meetings, the website purchases, or the canceled contract, damages for all three items are denied.

The damages for the other combined net profit losses is based on the Debtor's plan to ramp up production and distribution, which the Debtor alleges was delayed by approximately nine months by the actions of Malta and the Merrill Parties. According to Maughn, the Debtor intended to increase its production to 55-60 units per month,57 which was less than half of its peak prepetition production of well over 100 units per month,58 but more than the 48 units per month the Debtor was producing as of the petition date.59 Maughn testified that the Debtor would receive an average net profit of $550 per unit if it achieved its increased production and distribution goals.60 In reaching the $136,125 number, the Debtor discounted its expected net profits during the nine-month delay by 50 percent.

The Court will not award the Debtor any combined net profit damages for several reasons. First, to the extent that Ralph's continuation of the state court lawsuit created a distraction to management that caused any of the alleged net profit losses, those damages are mitigated by the Debtor's own request for relief from the automatic stay to continue the state court lawsuit.61

Second, the evidence and testimony do not demonstrate that Ralph's violation of the automatic stay led to the Debtor's delayed production. According to Maughn, the loss of employees and reduced morale resulted from Ralph adding Fuwell and Maughan — neither of whom was protected by the automatic stay — to the Amended Complaint and from Malta calling the employees to warn them to quit.62 The loss of reputation and brand presence, both online and with dealers, resulted from Malta removing the Debtor's website and calling the Debtor's dealers. In other words, it was Malta's repeated violations of the automatic stay that caused most, if not all, of the alleged damages.

Finally, the alleged damages are simply too speculative based on the Debtor's past performance. In 2013, the Debtor reported $1,214,323 in gross sales, but netted a profit of just $4,063 for the year.63 In 2014, the Debtor achieved $643,557.29 in sales, but suffered a net loss of $51,996.74 for the year.64 According to the monthly operating reports filed in this case, the Debtor earned cash profits of $2,399.74 in March, $2,685.91 in April, $458.16 in June, and $426.43 in July.65 The Debtor suffered net losses of $370.07 in May and $2,621.94 in August.66 The Debtor's cash profits during the case must be further discounted by about $4,000 per month, considering that the Debtor has not made a building lease payment to the landlord since at least the petition date.67 At no point since 2013 has the Debtor achieved or even come close to the profits it claims it would make in the nine-month period for which it seeks damages. And while the Debtor had plans to ramp up production and sell through a new distributor, "RSR," it presented no evidence to show that it had a pre-existing contract or definite agreement with RSR.

The Debtor's aspirations for sales and profits are an insufficient basis on which to award damages.

The Debtor also seeks attorney's fees of $17,974 for time expended to redress the violations of the automatic stay. Counsel incurred some of the fees in response to Malta's violations of the automatic stay, so it would not be appropriate to award those fees as damages against Ralph.68 However, counsel expended a substantial amount of time responding to the Amended Complaint, drafting the Motion, and preparing for the hearing, and an award of those fees is an appropriate sanction.69 Counsel also expended time that mixed work related to both Ralph's and Malta's violations of the automatic stay, and those fees will be awarded with a 50 percent discount.70 Taking into account the above-explained reductions, the Court finds it appropriate to award an equivalent of 52 hours of billed time at $265 per hour, for a total of $13,780, as a sanction for Ralph's violation of the automatic stay.

III. CONCLUSION

Counsel for the Debtor characterized Ralph's litigation strategy as a war of attrition. That is probably correct, though Maughn, not the Debtor, is Ralph's primary target. Without counsel to focus his efforts, Ralph's attempt to obtain control of the Debtor's property proved to be his undoing in this particular battle, as he failed to recognize the combined effect of §§ 541 and 362 of the Bankruptcy Code. With that said, only the Debtor is protected by the automatic stay, and Ralph does not deserve to be sanctioned under § 105(a) for suing non-debtor parties. For the reasons explained above, the Debtor is awarded $13,780 in damages for Ralph's violation of the automatic stay, but the Motion is otherwise DENIED. The Court will issue a separate order in accordance with this Memorandum Decision.