MEMORANDUM OPINION

LEONIE M. BRINKEMA, District Judge.

The issue before the Court is the proper amount of restitution to be awarded to the victims of defendant Howard R. Shmuckler ("Shmuckler"), who pleaded guilty to six counts of wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343 on April 10, 2012. The government argues that $1,848,279.00 is the appropriate amount; Shmuckler contends that the Sixth Amendment limits restitution to $68,970.00, the amount established by the facts alleged in the indictment, or in the alternative that the amount of restitution cannot be more than the amount of loss determined by the Court for purposes of calculating the advisory Sentencing Guidelines range.

For the reasons that follow, the Court finds that the Sixth Amendment does not restrict the restitution award to $68,970.00, and that the government has produced sufficient documentary evidence to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the proper amount of restitution should be $1,848,279.00.

I. BACKGROUND

On July 21, 2011, Shrauckler was indicted on seven counts of wire fraud pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1343. Dkt. No. 1. The indictment alleged that, as the owner and operator of a purported mortgage rescue business called The Shmuckler Group ("TSG"), Shmuckler devised a scheme to knowingly defraud individuals who came to TSG seeking to modify their mortgages. Indictment ¶¶ 1-4. According to the indictment, Shmuckler misrepresented his credentials, by claiming to be a Virginia attorney when he was not licensed to practice in the Commonwealth, and his success rate, by wrongfully estimating that TSG succeeded in achieving mortgage modifications 97% of the time. Id. ¶¶ 4-18. These misrepresentations enabled TSG to secure clients who paid between $2,500.00 and $22,020.00 for Shmuckler's services and "lull[ed] those victims into a false sense of complacency with respect to TSG's execution of those services." Id. ¶¶ 4-5, 9-11, 13-15. Shmuckler advised his clients to stop making their mortgage payments, but he did not thereafter facilitate the loan modifications as promised. Id. ¶¶ 5, 9, 11, 13. In addition to the seven counts, each pertaining to a specific victim, the indictment contained a $3 million forfeiture notice. Id. at 7.

On August 11, 2011, the defendant's motion to waive the Speedy Trial Act was granted over the government's objection. Dkt. Nos. 12-13. Due to the quantum of discovery in the case, the defendant's unopposed motion to continue the trial was also granted on February 10, 2012, and trial was set for April 18, 2012.1 Dkt. No. 21. On April 6, 2012, the defendant's motion in limine to exclude evidence that TSG's solicitations were targeted toward certain racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups was granted to the extent that such evidence could not be considered during the guilt phase of the trial. Dkt. No. 46. The Court did not restrict the government from raising this issue during sentencing. Id.

The government moved to dismiss Count III of the indictment on April 9, 2012 [Dkt. No. 47]; the next day, Shmuckler pleaded guilty without a plea agreement to the remaining six counts.2 During his plea colloquy, Shmuckler acknowledged that the written Statement of Facts he had signed was accurate and he agreed that its factual representations, which largely mirrored the allegations in the indictment, were true and accurate. See Statement of Facts [Dkt. No. 49]; Plea Hr'g Tr. [Dkt. No. 76] at 24:12-25:20.

At the June 25, 2012 sentencing hearing, the Court began by deciding the appropriate Sentencing Guidelines range. See Sentencing Hr'g Tr. [Dkt. No. 77] at 3:9-5:12. The Court found, and both parties agreed, that the base offense level was 7. Id. at 3:6-9. The first major dispute over the Guidelines calculations was the proper enhancement for amount of loss:

Id. at 3:9-21.3 The Court also found that enhancements were appropriate for sophisticated means, leadership role, abuse of a position of trust, and more than 250 victims. See id. at 3:22-4:15. These enhancements and a two-point deduction for acceptance of responsibility resulted in a final offense level of 31. Id. at 4:16-19. Because the defendant had a criminal history III, the advisory guideline range was calculated to be 135 to 168 months. Id. at 4:20-5:12.

During oral argument on sentencing, the government for the first time requested that the Court continue its decision on restitution:

Id. at 8:4-24.

Numerous victims appeared at the sentencing hearing, many of whom also spoke. See id. at 14:9-34:6; see also id. at 15:3-5 ("I thought there would be about a half dozen total [victims who wished to allocute]. Having turned around for just the first time a moment ago, I see that the courtroom is full."). Most of the victims who spoke at sentencing and who sent letters to the Court were minorities. See id. at 36:16-22. Several victims required the aid of an interpreter. See id. at 14:22-15:2 (statement from the interpreter that she had "about a list of seven" victims who needed her assistance).

Many of the victims who spoke at the sentencing hearing had not previously sent their contact information or their loss amounts to the government or to the Court. See id. at 24:15-20 ("THE COURT: If, if anybody has replied to the letter sent by the U.S. Attorney's Office, I already have your situation in the record. I don't need to hear from you in court. The only people I want to hear from at this point are folks who have not filed a letter with the Probation Office or with the U.S. Attorney's Office."). Because so many victims came forward during the time period leading up to sentencing and during the sentencing hearing itself, the Court granted the government's motion to continue the restitution hearing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5). See id. at 34:7-21.

The Court found that a variant sentence was "appropriate under Section 3553(a) because of [Shmuckler's] age, [his] definitely well-documented health situation, and the fact that [he'd] received a significant sentence from the District of Columbia." Id. at 36:9-15. Nevertheless, the Court observed that the high percentage of minority victims was an aggravating factor:

Id. at 36:16-37:3. Shmuckler was accordingly sentenced to a variant sentence of 90 months of incarceration on each count, to be served concurrently, and three years of supervised release. Id. at 4:21-22, 37:4-13. The Court ordered that this sentence be served consecutive to a six-year sentence imposed previously by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for unrelated fraudulent conduct. Id. at 10:12-13, 11:8-11, 37:4-10.

After the sentencing hearing, the Government compiled an updated list of victims and their losses, which now exceed $1.8 million. See Government's Position on Restitution [Dkt. No. 71]. The issue was fully briefed, and oral argument was heard on August 16, 2012,4 at which time the Court took the matter under advisement.5

II. DISCUSSION

A. Statutory Framework

Shmuckler pleaded guilty to six counts of wire fraud; therefore, restitution in this case is required by the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663A-3664. See id. § 3663A(c)(1)(A)(ii) (providing that the MVRA applies to any "offense against property ... including any offense committed by fraud or deceit").

Before the MVRA was enacted in 1996, restitution for federal crimes was governed by the Victim and Witness Protection Act (VWPA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663. The VWPA granted sentencing courts the discretionary power to impose restitution obligations on individuals convicted of certain crimes. See id. § 3663(a)(1). In determining whether to order restitution, courts were required to consider not only the amount of loss suffered by the victims, but also the "financial resources of the defendant, [and] the financial needs and earning ability of the defendant and the defendant's dependents." Id. § 3663(a)(1)(B)(i); see also United States v. Leftwich, 628 F.3d 665, 668 (4th Cir.2010).

Under the MVRA, in contrast, the sentencing court is required to "order restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim's losses ... and without consideration of the economic circumstances of the defendant." 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A); see also Leftwich, 628 F.3d at 668; United States v. Alalade, 204 F.3d 536, 538-39 (4th Cir.2000). The government does "bear[] the burden of proving a victim's loss by a preponderance of the evidence." United States v. Wilkinson, 590 F.3d 259, 268 (4th Cir.2010) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e)). Once the court determines that the government has met that burden, it is required to order full restitution; the statute affords the court no discretion to adjust the amount. See Leftwich, 628 F.3d at 668 ("[T]he district court is precluded from ordering restitution in any amount less than the full amount of the victim's loss." (citation omitted)). The sentencing court must consider a defendant's financial resources, earning abilities, and other financial obligations, but only for purposes of setting a payment schedule. See id. (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(2)).

B. Defendant's Restitution Obligation

Shmuckler opposes the restitution amount sought by the government, arguing that imposing $1.8 million would require "th[e] Court to make factual findings that would violate Mr. Shmuckler's Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine all facts, other than those he admitted, that increase the maximum Punishment to which he is exposed." Def.'s Resp. to Government Position on Restitution ("Def.'s Resp.") [Dkt. No. 72] at 1. On this basis, Shmuckler argues that restitution should be limited to $68,970.00, which is the amount alleged in the six counts of the indictment to which he pleaded guilty. In the alternative, he argues that restitution should be limited to $472,813.07, the amount of loss that Shmuckler argues the Court used to determine "relevant conduct" in calculating the advisory sentencing guideline range.6 Id. at 1-2.

1. Sixth Amendment Claim

The parties dispute whether the Sixth Amendment bars the amount of restitution sought by the government. Shmuckler relies heavily on Southern Union Co. v. United States, in which the Supreme Court extended to criminal fines the principle, first articulated in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), that "[t]he Sixth Amendment reserves to juries the determination of any fact, other than the fact of a prior conviction, that increases a criminal defendant's maximum potential sentence." ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 2344, 2348-49, 183 L.Ed.2d 318 (2012). Under the Apprendi line of case law, "[t]he statutory maximum ... is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant." Id. at 2350 (quoting Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

In Southern Union, the defendant corporation was found guilty of improperly storing hazardous chemicals in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 6928(d)(2)(A). Id. at 2349. A conviction under that statute is punishable by a fine of up to $50,000.00 per day of violation. Id. Although the jury did not make a finding as to the precise duration of the statutory violation, and in fact the government had argued at trial that conviction was proper if the evidence proved even a single day of violation, the sentencing court concurred with the presentence report and found that Southern Union had been in violation for all 762 days alleged in the indictment. Id. Based on this finding, the court set a maximum potential fine of $38.1 million. Id. From this potential maximum, the court imposed an actual fine of $6 million plus a $12 million community service obligation. Id.7 Reversing and remanding, the Supreme Court stated that "our decisions broadly prohibit judicial factfinding that increases maximum criminal sentences, penalties, or punishments — terms that each undeniably embrace fines." Id. at 2351 (alterations, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted).

Shmuckler argues that this holding applies with equal force to restitution and that the Court is limited by the amounts specifically identified in the counts of the indictment to which he pleaded guilty. He acknowledges that the restitution statutes, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3663(a)(2) and 3663A(a)(2), "permit the Court to go beyond the specific facts of the conviction and award restitution to all victims proximately harmed" by defendant's conduct, but maintains that, in light of Southern Union, those statutes cannot be applied without violating the Sixth Amendment. Def.'s Resp. at 3.

Before Southern Union, the Fourth Circuit confronted the issue presented here and joined courts in every other circuit which had considered the issue in holding that the Apprendi line of case law does not apply to restitution. See United States v. Rattler, 139 Fed.Appx. 534, 536 (4th Cir. 2005) ("Because there is no statutory maximum for restitution, the Sixth Amendment and Booker do not apply to restitution ordered by the sentencing court."); see also, e.g., United States v. Sosebee, 419 F.3d 451, 454, 461-62 (6th Cir.2005) ("[W]e hold that restitution is not subject to Booker analysis because the statutes authorizing restitution, unlike ordinary penalty statutes, do not provide a determinate statutory maximum."); United States v. Swanson, 394 F.3d 520, 526 (7th Cir.2005) (holding that "because there is no prescribed statutory maximum for restitution orders, Blakely [and] Booker ... do not affect the manner in which findings of restitution amounts must be made) (internal quotation marks omitted); United States v. Wooten, 377 F.3d 1134, 1144 (10th Cir.2004) (holding that because there is no prescribed statutory maximum for restitution, restitution orders are unaffected by Blakely). These cases recognized Apprendi and its progeny, in particular Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and nevertheless found that restitution is unique within the statutory sentencing scheme and unlike other forms of penalties for Sixth Amendment purposes.

Shmuckler urges the Court to find that the reasoning in Southern Union abrogates the holdings in these cases.8 See Def.'s Resp. to Government's Supplemental Position on Restitution ("Def.'s Supp. Resp.") at 2. His argument fails because restitution is not a fine, despite Shmuckler's contention that "for Sixth Amendment purposes," they are "no different." Def.'s Resp. at 4. To be sure, numerous cases have held that restitution, as part of the criminal sentence, is a criminal penalty. See, e.g., Pasquantino v. United States, 544 U.S. 349, 365, 125 S.Ct. 1766, 161 L.Ed.2d 619 (2005); Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36, 46-49, 49 n. 10, 107 S.Ct. 353, 93 L.Ed.2d 216 (1986); United States v. Nicholson, 676 F.3d 376, 382 (4th Cir. 2012); United States v. Leahy, 438 F.3d 328, 335 (3d Cir.2006). But not every punitive aspect of a sentence necessarily implicates Apprendi. For example, the Supreme Court has held that the Sixth Amendment does not prohibit judges from finding facts that would determine whether to impose consecutive or concurrent sentences, a determination at least as punitive as the amount of restitution. See Oregon v. Ice, 555 U.S. 160, 129 S.Ct. 711, 715, 172 L.Ed.2d 517 (2009).

The application of a right to a jury determination under Apprendi, therefore, turns not on whether the outcome is punitive, but rather on whether the legislature has "encroach[ed] on the jury's traditional domain" in giving the fact-finding duties at issue to a judge. Id. at 717 (citing Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 477, 120 S.Ct. 2348). Unlike criminal fines, which "were by far the most common form of noncapital punishment in colonial America," Southern Union, 132 S.Ct. at 2350, restitution has historically rested outside the domain of the criminal jury trial. See Richard E. Laster, Criminal Restitution: A Survey of Its Past History and an Analysis of Its Present Usefulness, 5 U. Rich. L.Rev. 71, 75-77 (1970) (explaining that at common law, "the king [took] the entire compensative payment and thus effectively destroy[ed] the process of community composition and raise[d] punishment to the level of satisfaction," while legal theorists "contend[ed] that victims were satisfied just by being a part of a proceeding which protected the state" (citing 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries 133 (Chitty ed. 1826))). Indeed:

Id. at 76. Fines were well understood to be completely distinct from restitution: "[i]nstead of restoring the victim to his original position, the payment of a fine to the king was aimed at punishing the criminal and increasing the wealth of the state." Id. at 77.

This historical backdrop highlights the difference between the criminal fines at issue in Southern Union and the restitution order required by the MVRA, which moves away from the philosophy at common law toward a more victim-centric approach. The Supreme Court has observed that the "substantive purpose" of the MVRA is "primarily to assure that victims of a crime receive full restitution." Dolan v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2533, 2539, 177 L.Ed.2d 108 (2010). This fundamental difference in history and philosophy distinguishes Southern Union from the issue before the Court.

Moreover, the issue raised by Shmuckler has recently been resolved by the Fourth Circuit in United States v. Day, 700 F.3d 713 (4th Cir.2012), which squarely rejected Shmuckler's Sixth Amendment argument, finding:

Id. at 732 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original); see also United States v. Wolfe, 701 F.3d 1206, 1218 (7th Cir.2012) (holding that Southern Union and Apprendi do not apply to restitution because "restitution is not a criminal penalty"). In so holding, the panel dismissed the argument that Southern Union abrogated the Fourth Circuit's preSouthern Union case law, stating that "far from demanding a change in tack, the logic of Southern Union actually reinforces the correctness of the uniform rule adopted in the federal courts to date," which holds Apprendi inapplicable to restitution orders. Day, 700 F.3d at 732-33.

Finally, and most specifically, the concern about notice and fairness to defendants evinced in the jurisprudence arising out of Apprendi is unwarranted in this case. The Blakely Court expressed apprehension about a criminal justice regime "in which a defendant, with no warning in either his indictment or plea, would routinely see his maximum potential sentence balloon from as little as five years to as much as life imprisonment based not on facts proved to his peers beyond a reasonable doubt," but on facts compiled after a trial or plea in a Pre-Sentencing Report. 542 U.S. at 311-12, 124 S.Ct. 2531 (emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also Ice, 129 S.Ct. at 721 (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("There is no Sixth Amendment problem with a system that exposes defendants to a known range of sentences after a guilty verdict."). Shmuckler was put on notice before he pleaded guilty that his restitution obligation could be as high as $3.9 million, an amount far greater than the government now seeks:

Plea Hr'g Tr. at 10:13-11:8. The indictment also included a $3 million forfeiture count; the Court explained to the defendant that this provision allowed the government to take his property for purposes of satisfying a restitution judgment:

Id. at 13:3-16. Given the language in the indictment and the plea colloquy, Shmuckler was on full notice of his financial exposure when he knowingly and voluntarily pleaded guilty. Moreover, in the signed Statement of Facts supporting his guilty Plea, he "acknowledge[d] that the foregoing statement of facts does not describe all of the defendant's conduct relating to the offense charged in this case nor does it identify all of the persons with whom the defendant may have engaged in illegal activities." Statement of Facts ¶ 9. For Shmuckler to argue now that the federal Constitution prohibits restitution to any victims other than those whose losses were alleged in the indictment turns the notice and fairness rationale of this line of cases on its head.

For all these reasons, the Court holds that the Sixth Amendment does not prohibit ordering restitution for an amount exceeding the $68,970.00 in victim losses alleged in the indictment.

2. The Amount of Restitution

Shmuckler argues in the alternative that, even if the Sixth Amendment does not cabin restitution, the Court's adoption of an amount of loss ranging from $400,000 to $1 million for purposes of calculating the advisory Guidelines range is binding as to restitution. The Court finds this argument without merit.

The MVRA provides:

18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5).9 The statute thus contemplates that the restitution amount may be calculated after the sentencing hearing. It follows from this statutory framework that the restitution amount may not strictly correlate to the amount of loss calculated for purposes of determining the appropriate Guidelines range at sentencing.

Moreover, the calculations are governed by different standards. Under the Sentencing Guidelines, "[t]he court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss," by "taking into account, as appropriate and practicable under the circumstances," several factors provided in the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cant. n. 3(C)-(F). The MVRA, in contrast, requires more specificity, in that "[a]ny dispute as to the proper amount or type of restitution shall be resolved by the court by the preponderance of the evidence," with the burden on the government as to amount of loss and on the defense as to his financial resources and the financial needs of his dependents. 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e). It would make little practical sense for the "reasonable estimate" of loss calculated for purposes of determining the Guidelines range to bind the Court's loss determination in the face of more concrete evidence than was available during the sentencing proceeding.10

To calculate the total amount of restitution that must be awarded in this case, Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Joshua Huckel and other agents interviewed approximately 322 TSG clients, out of approximately 865 clients total. Position of the United States with Respect to Sentencing [Dkt. No. 57], Ex. 1, Decl. of Joshua Huckel in Supp. of Sentencing ("Huckel Decl.") ¶¶ 15, at 3. Special Agent Huckel also consulted letters that Shmuckler's victims wrote to the United States Attorney's Office. Id. ¶ 19, at 4. Using information from these letters and interviews, from TSG's client database, and from records of bank accounts Shmuckler controlled, Special Agent Huckel compiled a list of victims whose mortgages were not modified through TSG and the amount each victim paid TSG. Id. ¶¶ 14, 19, at 3, 4. This list was later amended twice to add the amounts paid by victims who sent letters that were received after the earlier declarations had been filed. See Supplemental Position of the United States with Respect to Sentencing [Dkt. No. 61], Ex. 1, Second Decl. of Joshua Huckel in Supp. of Sentencing ¶¶ 2-4, at 1; Government's Position on Restitution [Dkt. No. 71], Ex. 1, Third Decl. of Joshua Huckel in Supp. of Sentencing ("Third Huckel Decl.") ¶¶ 3-5, at 1. The final restitution figure using these calculations was $1,848,279.00. Third Huckel Decl. ¶ 5, attach. A.

Shmuckler contests the government's position that all these victims are entitled to restitution, arguing instead that only those victims who never received mortgage modifications or other relief11 and who specifically recalled fraudulent statements during their interviews or who were given a contract that included an excessive success rate are so entitled. See Def.'s Position on Sentencing [Dkt. No. 56] at 6-10, Ex. A. The Court finds that Shmuckler's misrepresentations were not isolated incidents affecting some clients but not others; rather, as the government argues, his lies pervaded the entire TSG enterprise Accordingly, all of the individuals listed in the attachment to the Third Huckel Declaration are victims of fraud that are entitled to relief.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court finds the appropriate amount of restitution in this case to be $1,858,279.00. An Order to this effect will be issued with this Memorandum Opinion.