MEMORANDUM OPINION

JAMES C. CACHERIS, District Judge.

For seven years, qui tam relator Benjamin Carter's allegations of defense contractors submitting false claims to the Government have been before this Court. The case has undergone "a remarkable sequence of dismissals and filings." Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States ex rel. Carter, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1970, 1974, 191 L.Ed.2d 899 (2015). It is back now, on remand from the Fourth Circuit after the Supreme Court found that this Court erred by dismissing with prejudice under the False Claims Act's ("FCA"), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733, first-to-file bar. Consistent with the Supreme Court's opinion, this Court now dismisses Relator's case under the first-to-file bar, this time without prejudice.

This matter came before the Court on Defendants Halliburton Company; Kellogg Brown & Root Services, Inc.; Service Employees International, Inc.; and KBR, Inc.'s (collectively "Defendants") motion to dismiss with prejudice. [Dkt. 99.] In response to that motion, Relator Benjamin Carter ("Relator" or "Carter") motioned to file an amended complaint. [Dkt. 105.] For the following reasons, the Court will deny Relator's motion to amend and will dismiss Relator's case without prejudice.

I. Background

The Court briefly discusses this case's "remarkable" history so as to frame the present motions.

For four months in 2005, Carter worked for Defendants in a water purification unit employed to provide clean water to U.S. troops at war in Iraq. (Compl. [Dkt. 1] ¶¶ 1-3.) Carter alleges that during his time in Iraq, he never performed "actual water purification or testing duties." (Id. ¶¶ 40, 43, 53.) Instead, Defendants' personnel allegedly required Carter and other employees to fill out timecards reporting twelve hours of water purification work a day when they actually performed zero. (Id. ¶¶ 53-55.) Carter also alleges that it was "routine practice" to require "trade employees," such as him, to submit timecards totaling eighty-four hours per week, regardless of the actual work performed. (Id. ¶¶ 60-61, 65-68.) Through these allegedly false reporting practices, Carter argues that false claims were submitted to the Government and paid to Defendants.

Carter filed his original complaint under the False Claims Act in February 2006 in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. United States ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., No. 06-cv-616 (C.D.Cal. filed Feb. 1, 2006). In November 2008, after two years of investigation, the case was transferred to this Court ("Carter I"). United States ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., No. 08-cv-1162 (E.D.Va. transfer Nov. 7, 2008). Shortly before Carter I's trial date, the Government informed the parties of a pending case filed in 2005 with related allegations of false billing, United States ex rel. Thorpe v. Halliburton Co., No. 05-cv-8924 (C.D.Cal. filed Dec. 23, 2005). In response to Thorpe and the FCA's first-to-file bar, this Court dismissed Carter I without prejudice and Carter appealed that dismissal.

During the pendency of Carter I's appeal, Thorpe was dismissed for failure to prosecute. In response, Carter filed a new complaint ("Carter II"), but he failed to dismiss his prior appeal. United States ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., No. 10-cv-864 (E.D.Va. filed Aug. 4, 2010). Because Carter I and Carter II were substantively identical, this Court ruled that the still-pending appeal barred Carter II. Thus, this Court dismissed Carter II without prejudice. 2011 WL 2118227, at *6. In response, Carter voluntarily dismissed his appeal in Carter I and again filed his complaint ("Carter III"). United States ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., No. 11-cv-602 (E.D.Va. filed June 2, 2011). Carter III is the case currently before this Court. But Carter III underwent its own lengthy procedural journey before arriving for these present motions.

At the time Carter III was filed in June 2011, two cases alleging similar false billing by KBR were already pending in other courts: United States ex rel. Duprey, No. 8:07-cv-1487 (D.Md. filed June 5, 2007) ("Maryland Action") and a sealed action filed in Texas in 2007 ("Texas Action"). Defendants motioned to dismiss Carter III, arguing again that the earlier-filed cases destroyed this Court's subject matter jurisdiction due to the first-to-file bar. This Court concluded that the Maryland Action was related to Carter's claims and was pending when Carter filed his suit. Thus, the Court dismissed Carter III for lack of jurisdiction under the first-to-file bar. Additionally, the Court found that most of Carter III's allegations of false claims fell outside the FCA's six-year statute of limitations. In total, only $673.56 in allegedly false claims were issued within the six years prior to 2011. The Court, however, found that those claims would also be untimely if Carter tried to refile his case after dismissal. Therefore, the Court dismissed Carter III with prejudice. 2011 WL 6178878, at *12.

Carter noticed an appeal to the Fourth Circuit arguing, first, that the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act ("WSLA"), 18 U.S.C. § 3287, tolled the statute of limitations on his claims. See United States ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., 710 F.3d 171, 177 (4th Cir.2013). The Fourth Circuit agreed and reversed this Court's statute of limitations conclusion by finding that the WSLA did toll the statute and thus Carter's claims were not time barred. Id. at 181.

The Fourth Circuit then considered the effect of the first-to-file bar. By the time of appeal, the Maryland and Texas Actions had been voluntarily dismissed. Thus, Carter argued that those earlier-filed cases were no longer "pending" in a way that would bar his suit. The Fourth Circuit rejected this argument, noting that the "plain language of the first-to-file bar" required the court to "look at the facts as they existed when the claim was brought to determine whether an action is barred." Id. at 183. Because the Maryland and Texas Actions were "pending" when Carter III was filed, the subsequent voluntary dismissal of those cases did not remove the first-to-file bar. Thus, the Fourth Circuit agreed with this Court that the first-to-file bar precluded Carter III. Id.

The Fourth Circuit then considered whether the earlier Actions would continue to bar related suits in perpetuity, even though those Actions were dismissed. The Fourth Circuit appears to have reached this question due to its interpretation that this Court dismissed Carter III with prejudice under a perpetual-bar theory. The Fourth Circuit concluded that dismissal with prejudice on first-to-file grounds was error because "once a case is no longer pending the first-to-file bar does not stop a relator from filing a related case." Id. Therefore, this Court should have dismissed without prejudice to permit Carter to refile. Id. The Fourth Circuit did not consider whether the statute of limitations would have barred refiling, likely because the court found the WSLA tolled the statute of limitations.

This substantial litigation inertia carried Carter III all the way to the Supreme Court. Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States ex rel. Carter, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1970, 191 L.Ed.2d 899 (2015) [hereinafter Kellogg]. On the statute of limitations question, the Supreme Court agreed with this Court that "the WSLA does not suspend the applicable statute of limitations." Id. at 1978. This holding rendered all of Carter's claims time barred except for $673.56 of false billing. Thus, the Supreme Court proceeded to consider the application of the first-to-file bar on those remaining claims. Looking at whether dismissal with prejudice was required under the first-to-file bar, the Supreme Court asked "whether the False Claims Act's first-to-file bar keeps new claims out of court only while related claims are still alive or whether it may bar those claims in perpetuity." Id. at 1973. On this question, the Supreme Court "agree[d] with the Fourth Circuit that the dismissal with prejudice of respondent's one live claim was error" because a case is no longer "pending" once it has been dismissed. Id. at 1978-79. Thus, the Supreme Court reversed in part and affirmed in part and remanded the case. The Supreme Court never addressed the question of whether the statute of limitations or repose would preclude Carter from refiling after dismissal without prejudice.

On remand, the Fourth Circuit considered the "only issue left for resolution ... whether Carter timely filed his complaint under the principle of equitable tolling." United States ex rel. Carter v. Halliburton Co., 612 Fed.Appx. 180, 180 (4th Cir.2015). Finding that Carter did not properly appeal the issue of equitable tolling, the Fourth Circuit granted the "extraordinary" remedy of summarily affirming this Court's decision not to equitably toll the statute of limitations. Id. at 180; see also 4th Cir. R. 27(f) ("Motions for summary affirmance ... are reserved for extraordinary cases only and should not be filed routinely."). The Fourth Circuit noted, however, that "the district court judgment was not wholly free from error, as `dismissal with prejudice of respondent's one live claim' was `not called for' under the first-to-file rule." Id. at 181 (quoting Kellogg, 135 S.Ct. at 1978-79). Therefore, the Fourth Circuit remanded the case to this Court. Id.

After this labyrinthine course, Carter's case is before this Court again on Defendants' motion to dismiss with prejudice pursuant to the first-to-file bar and the statute of limitations and repose that Defendants argue would prevent Carter from refiling. In response, Carter argues the first-to-file bar no longer precludes his case and he seeks to revive his time-barred allegations through amendment, relation back, and equitable principles. For the following reasons, the Court will deny Carter's motion to amend and will dismiss this case without prejudice due to the first-to-file bar.

II. Legal Standard

Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), a claim may be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Defendants raising a 12(b)(1) challenge may contend that the complaint "fails to allege facts upon which subject matter jurisdiction may be based" or "that the jurisdictional allegations of the complaint were not true." Adams v. Bain, 697 F.2d 1213, 1219 (4th Cir.1982). In either case, the "burden of proving subject matter jurisdiction on a motion to dismiss is on the plaintiff, the party asserting jurisdiction." Id.

Additionally, Rule 12(b)(6) allows a court to dismiss a suit which fails "to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).1 To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain facts sufficient to "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). When reviewing the complaint, the court "must accept as true all the factual allegations contained in the complaint" and "draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff." E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc., 637 F.3d 435, 441 (4th Cir.2011).

III. Analysis

The FCA's qui tam provision incentivizes citizens to report and prosecute knowingly false claims being submitted to the Government. The FCA, however, places limitations on qui tam suits to "prevent parasitic lawsuits based on previously disclosed fraud." Carter, 710 F.3d at 181 (citing United States ex rel. LaCorte v. SmithKline Beecham Clinical Labs., Inc., 149 F.3d 227, 233 (3d Cir.1998)). The first-to-file bar, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(5), is one such limitation. Section 3730(b)(5) "precludes a qui tam suit `based on facts underlying [a] pending action.'" Kellogg, 135 S.Ct. at 1974. Specifically, the statute states the following: "When a person brings an action ... no person other than the Government may intervene or bring a related action based on the facts underlying the pending action." § 3730(b)(5).

In the present case, it is uncontested that the Maryland and Texas Actions were "pending" when Carter filed this suit in June 2011. Carter argues that those Actions no longer bar his suit because they were dismissed in October 2011 and March 2012, respectively, making them no longer "pending" under Kellogg's recent definition of that term. Thus, in Carter's view, he may proceed to trial on his timely claims without dismissing his case or amending his complaint. As an alternative position, Carter argues that the now dismissed Actions would not bar his suit if he filed an amended complaint. The Court will consider these arguments in turn.

A. Automatic First-Filer Status

Carter's argument that he can proceed with his current complaint unimpeded by the dismissed Maryland and Texas Actions relies on his interpretation of the Kellogg holding, which reads: "a qui tam suit under the FCA ceases to be `pending' once it is dismissed." (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 4 (quoting Kellogg, 135 S.Ct. at 1979).) In Carter's view, this holding means that "once an earlier suit is dismissed it ceases to bar the later suit which then rises to the status of first-to-file." (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 5.) In other words, Carter believes the dismissal of the earlier Actions automatically advanced him to the first-filer position, even though he filed this case when those Actions were pending in 2011. For the following reasons, Carter interprets Kellogg too broadly.

The law of this case and Fourth Circuit precedent are contrary to Carter's automatic-first-filer argument.2 The law of the case doctrine "posits that when a court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case." TFWS, Inc. v. Franchot, 572 F.3d 186, 191 (4th Cir.2009) (quoting United States v. Aramony, 166 F.3d 655, 661 (4th Cir.1999)). Additionally, "once the decision of an appellate court establishes the law of the case, it `must be followed in all subsequent proceedings in the same case in the trial court or on a later appeal.'" Id. (quoting Aramony, 166 F.3d at 661). The law of the case must be followed unless "(1) a subsequent trial produces substantially different evidence, (2) controlling authority has since made a contrary decision of law applicable to the issue, or (3) the prior decision was clearly erroneous and would work manifest injustice." Id. (quoting Aramony, 166 F.3d at 661).

Looking to the prior proceedings in this case, it is clear this Court applied the first-to-file bar at the time a complaint was filed. The prior opinion dismissing this case stated that "whether a qui tam action is barred by § 3730(b)(5) is determined by looking at the facts as they existed when the action was brought." 2011 WL 6178878, at *8 (citing Grynberg v. Koch Gateway Pipeline Co., 390 F.3d 1276, 1279 (10th Cir.2004)). The Fourth Circuit endorsed this view on appeal when it rejected the exact argument Relator makes here. The Fourth Circuit stated that "[f]ollowing the plain language of the first-to-file bar, Carter's action will be barred by Duprey or the Texas action if either case was pending when Carter filed suit." Carter, 710 F.3d at 183. The Fourth Circuit was explicit in this analysis, saying "we look at the facts as they existed when the claim was brought to determine whether an action is barred by the first-to-file bar." Id. The Fourth Circuit applied this standard to reach the same conclusion as this Court; Carter's claim is barred by the earlier-filed Actions pending at the time Carter filed his suit in 2011. Id. The Fourth Circuit's endorsement of this Court's statement of the law created the law of this case and this Circuit. Under that law, the Court consider whether the first-to-file bar applies at the time a suit is filed, not mid-course whenever an earlier suit is dismissed.

Relator argues that the Court is not bound by the law of the case or Fourth Circuit precedent because the Supreme Court's Kellogg decision is controlling contrary authority on the issue.3 See TFWS, Inc., 572 F.3d at 191 (noting an exception to the law-of-the-case doctrine when "controlling authority has since made a contrary decision of law applicable to the issue"). That argument is contradicted by a proper reading of Kellogg, the state of the law at the time Kellogg was decided, and a sister court's recent interpretation of Kellogg.

The Supreme Court's statement of the issues before it in Kellogg indicates the narrow nature of its holding. The Supreme Court framed the issue as "whether the False Claims Act's first-to-file bar keeps new claims out of court only while related claims are still alive or whether it may bar those claims in perpetuity." Kellogg, 135 S.Ct. at 1973. This statement indicates the Supreme Court was considering whether "new claims" would be barred by dismissed cases. The issue statement does not purport to address what effect a dismissal has on existing claims that were previously barred. Viewed in this context, the holding that "a qui tam suit under the FCA ceases to be `pending' once it is dismissed" does not support Carter's argument that an existing case may proceed to trial automatically when a first-filed suit is dismissed.

The state of the law on the meaning of "pending" before the Kellogg decision sheds additional light on how to interpret the Supreme Court's holding. In Carter III, the Fourth Circuit considered Relator's argument that "the district court erred when it dismissed his complaint with prejudice on the ground that his action was forever barred" by the Maryland Action. Carter, 710 F.3d at 183. The Fourth Circuit agreed with Relator, concluding that "once a case is no longer pending the first-to-file bar does not stop a relator from filing a related case." Id. Thus, dismissal under the first-to-file bar should be without prejudice so as to permit a possible refiling.

Thirteen months after the Fourth Circuit rejected the perpetual-bar theory in Carter, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit reached the opposite conclusion. In United States ex rel. Shea v. Cellco Partnership, the D.C. Court of Appeals held that "the first-to-file bar applies even if the initial action is no longer pending." Shea v. Cellco Partnership, 748 F.3d 338, 344 (D.C.Cir.2014), vacated by ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2376, 192 L.Ed.2d 162 (2015). To the Shea court, "pending" meant that a first-filed action forever barred all subsequent related cases, even after the first-filed case was dismissed. Because of this interpretation, the Shea court affirmed the district court's dismissal with prejudice under the first-to-file bar. Id. The Shea holding created a 3-1 circuit split on the issue of whether a first-filed suit continues to bar all new suits in perpetuity, even after the first-filed suit is dismissed. Id.

The Supreme Court's holding in Kellogg is best viewed as a response to this circuit split and the arguments actually litigated before the Fourth Circuit in Carter III. The Supreme Court said it "agree[d] with the Fourth Circuit that the dismissal with prejudice of respondent's one live claim was error." Id. at 1979. The Supreme Court did not, however, comment on or displace the Fourth Circuit's conclusion that "we look at the facts as they existed when the claim was brought to determine whether an action is barred by the first-to-file bar." Carter, 710 F.3d at 183. When viewed in the proper context, it is clear that Kellogg did not alter the law of this case or the law in the Fourth Circuit. Thus, the dismissal of the earlier Actions does not automatically advance Carter's case to first-filer status.

The one other district court known to have considered this issue after Kellogg supports this interpretation of the Supreme Court's holding. The Supreme Court granted certiorari in the Shea case discussed above and remanded for proceedings consistent with Kellogg. United States ex rel. Shea v. Cellco P'Ship, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2376, 192 L.Ed.2d 162 (2015). On remand, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia considered the effect of Kellogg and concluded that "[a]lthough several aspects of the first-to-file bar have recently been clarified by the Supreme Court and our Court of Appeals, its essence remains well-defined: Plaintiffs, other than the Government, may not file FCA actions while a related action is pending." United States ex rel. Shea v. Verizon Comm'ns, Inc., No. 09-1050, ___ F.Supp.3d ___, ___-___, slip op. at 25-26, 2015 WL 7769624, at *9 (D.D.C. Oct. 6, 2015). Thus, the temporal focus of the first-to-file bar remains the time a later suit is filed. Because of this, the Shea court dismissed the relator's action without prejudice, even though the first-filed suit was no longer pending. Id. at ___, at 29. This Court agrees with the outcome in Shea and follows the same course here.

In light of the foregoing, this Court must apply Fourth Circuit precedent and the law of this case to the current motion to dismiss.4 Under that law, the Court considers whether Relator's case was barred at the time he filed suit. It is uncontested that the Maryland and Texas Actions were pending at that time. Nothing in the Supreme Court's decision leads the Court to find that the subsequent dismissal of a first-filed suit automatically advances Carter III to first-filer status without any action by Carter. Therefore, the Court rejects Carter's argument for jurisdiction on this ground.

B. Motion to Amend

In a variation of the same argument, Carter asserts that his case would "certainly elevate" to first-filer status if he amended his complaint. (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 5.) Accordingly, Carter seeks to amend his complaint under two theories. First, he claims an "absolute right to amend his complaint for the first time as a matter of course" under Rule 15(a)(1)(B)'s 21-day amendment window. (Pl.'s Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Amend at 6.) Second, in the alternative, Relator requests leave of court to file an amended complaint under Rule 15(a)(2). (Id. at 7.)

Defendants counter that 15(a)(1)(B) does not grant leave to amend because that right "expired 21 days after KBR filed its original motion to dismiss in October 2011." (Defs.' Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 32.) Furthermore, Defendants argue that the Court should not grant leave to amend under 15(a)(2) because any amendment would be futile, and Carter's delay in seeking leave to amend would prejudice Defendants and the Court. (Id. at 34.) As discussed below, amendment is not proper under 15(a)(1)(B) or 15(a)(2).

i. Amendment as a Matter of Right

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1)(B), a plaintiff may amend his complaint once as a matter of course within "21 days after service of a responsive pleading or 21 days after service of a motion under Rule 12(b), (e), or (f), whichever is earlier." Neither side could produce a case indicating determinatively whether a Plaintiff retains this right to amend in response to a second 12(b) motion made years after the filing of the initial complaint. For the following reasons, the Court finds that 15(a)(1) does not permit such an amendment as a matter of right.

Relator claims that "every court which has dealt with this issue has upheld the right to amend as a matter of course in response to a motion to dismiss." (Pl.'s Reply at 7.) Carter's cited cases, however, all involved timely amendments made in response to a first defensive action. None of the cases in Carter's memoranda are informative of the question of when the 21-day amendment period begins in cases involving multiple motions to dismiss.5 Thus, the Court looked elsewhere to resolve this issue and found guidance in the text of the rule, district court opinions addressing analogous amendment issues, and the policies underlying the 21-day amendment period. All of these sources indicate that amendment is not proper under 15(a)(1)(B).

The text of the rule states that a party may amend a pleading requiring a response, like a complaint, "21 days after service of a responsive pleading or 21 days after service of a motion under 12(b), ... whichever is earlier." Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(1). From the committee notes, it is clear that this rule does not grant a cumulative right to amend after both a responsive pleading and a 12(b) motion. The commentary states, "[t]he 21-day periods to amend once as a matter of course after service of a responsive pleading or after service of a designated motion are not cumulative. If a responsive pleading is served after one of the designated motions is served, for example, there is no new 21-day period." Fed.R.Civ.P. 15 advisory committee's 2009 note. Thus, the text of the rule and the advisory committee notes strongly suggest that a party does not get multiple 21-day periods to amend.

Additionally, several courts have considered how to apply Rule 15(a)(1) when multiple defendants file separate motions to dismiss. Those courts concluded that "the twenty-one day period to amend as a matter of course begins on the date of the earliest defensive action." See, e.g., Williams v. Black Entm't Television, Inc., No. 13-cv-1459, 2014 WL 585419, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2014) (quoting Schneider v. Cnty. of Sacramento, No. 2:12-cv-2457, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97295, at *2 (E.D.Cal. July 10, 2013)); see also Kieffer v. Tundra Storage LLC, No. 14-3192 ADM/LIB, 2015 WL 5009012, at *3 (D.Minn. Aug. 21, 2015) ("The 21-day period to amend therefore began to run on April 13 and did not reset when subsequent pleadings and motions were filed."); Trujilo v. City of Newton, No. 12-2380-JAR-DJW, 2013 WL 535747, at *1 (D.Kan. Feb. 12, 2013) ("The advisory committee notes make clear that the `whichever is earlier' language in Rule 15(a)(1) is not intended to be cumulative.").

The policies underlying Rule 15(a)(1) also support the conclusion that the 21-day period to amend as a matter of right began when Defendants filed their first motion to dismiss. In 2009, Rule 15(a) was changed to limit the time to amend as a matter of course after a 12(b) motion to 21 days. Under the former rule, the right to amend terminated upon the filing of a responsive pleading. See Domino Sugar Corp. v. Sugar Wkrs. Local Union 392, 10 F.3d 1064, 1068 n. 1 (4th Cir.1993) ("[U]nder Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a), a complaint may be amended without leave of the court when the defendant has not filed a responsive pleading."). A 12(b) motion attacking the complaint, however, was not considered a "responsive pleading." Id. Thus, a plaintiff could sometimes retain the right to amend even after a case was dismissed. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 15 advisory committee's 2009 note ("The right to amend survived beyond decision of the motion unless the decision expressly cut off the right to amend."). To address the concern from such late amendments, the 21-day window was created to "force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion." Id. Thus, the current 21-day amendment window advances the goal of "expedit[ing] determination of issues that otherwise might be raised seriatim." Fed. R.Civ.P. 15 advisory committee's 2009 note. That goal is antinomical with Relator's request to amend nearly four years after he responded to Defendants' first motion to dismiss.

In light of the foregoing, the time period for amending the complaint as a matter of course under 15(a)(1) began when Defendants filed their first motion to dismiss on October 21, 2011. [Dkt. 10.] The current motion to dismiss, filed nearly four years later on August 17, 2015, did not create a cumulative 21-day period for amendment. Therefore, the Court determines that Plaintiff has not timely amended his complaint under 15(a)(1)(B). Thus, the Court will consider the motion to amend as a request for leave to amend under Rule 15(a)(2).

ii. Amendment Under Rule 15(a)(2)

Under Rule 15(a)(2), a court "should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires." Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). "[L]eave to amend a pleading should be denied only when the amendment would be prejudicial to the opposing party, there has been bad faith on the part of the moving party, or the amendment would be futile." Johnson v. Oroweat Foods Co., 785 F.2d 503, 510 (4th Cir.1986) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962)).

Defendants argue that leave to amend is not proper because an amendment would be futile and prejudicial. Specifically, Defendants argue that any amendment would not remove the first-to-file bar and that the statute of limitation and repose would render any amendment untimely. Relator rebuts that an amendment would not be futile because amending his complaint would allow him to avoid the first-to-file bar and the doctrine of relation back would make his amended complaint timely. For the following reasons, the Court finds that amendment would not cure the first-to-file bar. Therefore, the Court would continue to lack jurisdiction over Relator's amended complaint, making amendment futile. Because this is a sufficient ground to decide this issue, the Court does not consider Defendants' alternative futility and prejudice arguments.

A court should only deny an amendment due to futility "when the proposed amendment is clearly insufficient or frivolous on its face." Id. The standard for futility is the same as for a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). See United States ex rel. Wilson v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 525 F.3d 370, 376 (4th Cir.2008) (affirming denial of motion to amend because "proposed amended complaint does not properly state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) and lacks sufficient particularity under Rule 9(b)"). For example, courts have found amendment to be futile when the amended claims would be time-barred and would not relate back to the original filing, see Barnes v. Prince George's Cnty., 214 F.R.D. 379, 380-82 (D.Md.2003), and when an immunity would bar the amended complaint, see Perkins v. United States, 55 F.3d 910, 917 (4th Cir.1995); Woods v. Bennett, No. 2:12-03592, 2013 WL 4779018, at *4 (S.D.W.Va. Sept. 5, 2013).

Amending the complaint would not cure the first-to-file bar and therefore is futile. As the earlier discussion made clear, the law in this case and the Fourth Circuit requires this Court to "look at the facts as they existed when the claim was brought to determine whether an action is barred by the first-to-file bar." Carter, 710 F.3d at 183. Accordingly, "if an action is later filed that is based on the facts underlying the pending case, the court must dismiss the later case for lack of jurisdiction." Id. at 181. Furthermore, as discussed above, the Supreme Court affirmed the Fourth Circuit's ruling with respect to the first-to-file bar. See Kellogg, 135 S.Ct. at 1979. Therefore, the Supreme Court did not alter the law of the case governing the temporal focus of the first-to-file analysis.

Relator, however, cites two district court cases from this circuit that applied the first-to-file analysis at the time a relator filed an amended complaint. See United States ex rel. Kurnik v. PharMerica Corp., No. 3:11-cv-1464, 2015 WL 1524402 (D.S.C. Apr. 2, 2015); United States ex rel. Palmieri v. Alpharma, Inc., 928 F.Supp.2d 840 (D.Md.2013). One of those cases, Kurnik, was decided after the Fourth Circuit decided Carter III. Kurnik distinguished Carter III by noting that no amended complaint was before the Fourth Circuit. Kurnik, 2015 WL 1524402, at *6.

It is true that the Fourth Circuit did not have to consider how an amended complaint affects the first-to-file analysis. None-the-less, the plain text of the first-to-file statute convinces the Court that "the filing of an amended complaint does not create an exception to the time-of-filing rule." United States ex rel. Moore v. Pennrose Props., LLC, No. 3:11-cv-121, 2015 WL 1358034, at *13 (S.D.Ohio Mar. 24, 2015). At least three recent district courts to consider the issue agree. See United States ex rel. Shea v. Verizon Comm'ns, Inc., No. 09-1050, ___ F.Supp.3d ___, ___, ___, slip op. at 25-26, 2015 WL 7769624, at *11 (D.D.C. Oct. 6, 2015) ("The only way to cure this particular defect is for the Court to dismiss Plaintiff's action-not merely his Complaint-so that he may file a new action now that Verizon I is no longer pending."); Moore, 2015 WL 1358034, at *13; United States ex rel. Branch Consultants v. Allstate Ins. Co., 782 F.Supp.2d 248, 259-64 (E.D.La. 2011) (finding that amending a complaint could not cure first-to-file bar). The jurisdictional nature of the first-to-file bar and policy concerns also support that conclusion. Thus, the Fourth Circuit's statement remains controlling; "we look at the facts as they existed when the claim was brought to determine whether an action is barred by the first-to-file bar." Carter, 710 F.3d at 183.

The plain text of the first-to-file statute indicates that an amendment will not cure the first-to-file bar. That statute reads as follows: "When a person brings an action under this subsection, no person other than the Government may intervene or bring a related action based on the facts underlying the pending action." 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(5). Thus, the statute plainly bars a person from "bring[ing] a related action." Id. A plaintiff does not "bring an action" by amending a complaint, "[o]ne brings an action by commencing suit." United States ex rel. Chovanec v. Apria Healthcare Grp., Inc., 606 F.3d 361, 362 (7th Cir.2010). The Fourth Circuit, in this very case, stated that "[f]ollowing the plain language of the first-to-file bar, Relator's action will be barred by [earlier cases] if either case was pending when Relator filed suit." Carter, 710 F.3d at 183 (emphasis added). Furthermore, in the post-Kellogg case of Shea, the district court noted that "the language of § 3730(b)(5) itself ... requires the Court to look to the moment when Plaintiff filed his initial Complaint." Shea, No. 09-1050, ___ F.Supp.3d at ___, slip op. at 27 (emphasis added). "[W]hen the statute's language is plain, the sole function of the courts — at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd — is to enforce it according to its terms." Crespo v. Holder, 631 F.3d 130, 133 (4th Cir.2011) (quoting Lamie v. United States Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 534, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004)). Thus, the first-to-file statute is sufficiently plain to provide an independent basis to conclude that "[n]o matter how many times Plaintiff amends his Complaint, it will still be true that he `br[ought] a related action based on the facts underlying the [then] pending action.'" Shea, No. 09-1050, ___ F.Supp.3d at ___, slip op. at 29 (reaching this holding despite nonjurisdictional treatment of first-to-file bar in D.C. Circuit). Additional reasons also persuade this Court of the soundness of applying the first-to-file bar at the time the initial complaint was filed.

In this Circuit, the first-to-file bar is jurisdictional. See Carter, 710 F.3d at 182 ("Section 3730(b)(5) is jurisdictional and if an action is later filed that is based on the facts underlying the pending case, the court must dismiss the later case for lack of jurisdiction.")6 It is consistent with a jurisdictional limitation to apply the first-to-file bar at the time the initial complaint is filed, rather than when the complaint is amended. See Carter, 710 F.3d at 183 ("[W]e look at the facts as they existed when the claim was brought to determine whether an action is barred by the first-to-file bar."); Grynberg v. Koch Gateway Pipeline Co., 390 F.3d 1276 (10th Cir.2004) ("[W]hether § 3730(b)(5) barred [the relator's] qui tam action by looking at the facts as they existed at the time that action was brought."); Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Ca. State Bd. of Equalization, 858 F.2d 1376, 1381 (9th Cir.1988) ("In determining federal court jurisdiction, we look to the original, rather than to the amended, complaint. Subject matter jurisdiction must exist as of the time the action is commenced.").

Relator contends, however, that a court may assess jurisdiction at the time a complaint is amended because an amendment is a "subsequent event of jurisdictional significance." (See Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 7 (quoting Palmieri, 928 F.Supp.2d at 850).) At first blush, the Supreme Court decision of Rockwell International Corp. v. United States appears to support Relator's argument. In that opinion, the Supreme Court stated that "when a plaintiff files a complaint in federal court and then voluntarily amends the complaint, courts look to the amended complaint to determine jurisdiction." 549 U.S. 457, 473-74, 127 S.Ct. 1397, 167 L.Ed.2d 190 (2007). At least two district courts have looked to this language when concluding that a relator may avoid the first-to-file bar by amending. See Kurnik, 2015 WL 1524402, at *5; Palmieri, 928 F.Supp.2d at 851. Upon close inspection, however, Rockwell does not persuade this Court to assess the first-to-file bar at the time of an amended complaint.

In Rockwell the Supreme Court considered the application of another jurisdictional limitation in the FCA, the public disclosure bar. Under that bar, federal courts have no jurisdiction over qui tam suits "based upon the public disclosure of allegations or transactions `unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the person bringing the action is an original source of the information.'" Rockwell, 549 U.S. at 460, 127 S.Ct. 1397 (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A)). The relator in Rockwell amended his complaint during the case. The relator then asked the Court to consider only his initial complaint to determine whether he was an original source. Id. at 473, 127 S.Ct. 1397. The Supreme Court instead determined that it would consider "(at a minimum) the allegations in the original complaint as amended." Id. This statement, however, did not interfere with the "rule that subject-matter jurisdiction `depends on the state of the things at the time of the action brought.'" Id. (quoting Mullan v. Torrance, 22 U.S. 537, 539, 9 Wheat. 537, 6 L.Ed. 154 (1824)).

Two recent district court opinions have convincingly concluded that Rockwell does not make an amended complaint the relevant point of focus for the first-to-file bar. See Moore, 2015 WL 1358034, at *15; Branch, 782 F.Supp.2d at 261-62. As those opinions make clear, Rockwell demonstrates that a plaintiff may "amend himself or herself out of jurisdiction by withdrawing allegations that appeared in the original complaint," but did not state that a court may acquire jurisdiction through amendment. See Moore, 2015 WL 1358034, at *15; Branch, 782 F.Supp.2d at 261. In other words, "Rockwell does not suggest that a plaintiff can establish jurisdiction by amendment when jurisdiction did not previously exist." Branch, 782 F.Supp.2d at 261-62. Furthermore, in Rockwell jurisdiction depended upon the actual substance of the complaint's allegations. In the first-to-file context, however, the timing of the filing carries the weight of jurisdictional relevance. See Moore, 2015 WL 1358034, at *15 (making this distinction). Thus, the Court agrees with Branch and Moore that the Supreme Court's statements in Rockwell are inapplicable to the first-to-file context; the relevant point of jurisdictional focus for first-to-file remains the time the initial complaint is filed.

Lastly, the Court finds that allowing a relator to avoid the first-to-file bar by amending would interfere with the efficient operation of qui tam suits. As noted in Branch, allowing a relator to avoid § 3730(b)(5) by amending could prevent the timely resolution of meritorious claims. Branch, 782 F.Supp.2d at 263. This could occur where a relator files a skeletal complaint to secure a place in the "jurisdictional queue ... only to then file an amended complaint after actually becoming an original source, and thereby trump any meritorious, related actions that were filed in the meantime." Id. Contrary to this undesirable outcome, keeping the emphasis on the time the initial complaint was filed "has the advantage of simplicity." Id. at 264.

In summary, the Court agrees with Moore, Branch, and Shea that an amended complaint does not save a qui tam suit that was barred when the relator filed the initial complaint. Therefore, regardless of the substance of the amendments, Carter can only cure the first-to-file bar that attached at the time he filed the initial complaint by dismissing the case. In other words, any amendment would be futile and not proper under Rule 15(a)(2).

C. Statute of Limitations and Equitable Tolling Arguments

Under the belief that his case is not barred by § 3730(b)(5), Relator argues that equitable principles should "either toll the statute of limitations or provide for relation-back in order to allow Relator to proceed on the merits with respect to all of his claims." (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 9 (emphasis added).) This argument is rendered moot by the Court's denial of leave to amend and its conclusion that the first-to-file bar requires dismissal without prejudice.

D. Dismissal Without Prejudice

In Defendants' memoranda in support of this motion, they argued that the "only question remaining" for this Court to resolve on remand is whether this case "must be dismissed with prejudice because Benjamin Carter is barred from refiling by the False Claims Act's statutes of limitations and repose." (Defs.' Mem. in Supp. at 1.) In the 2011 opinion dismissing with prejudice, this Court stated that even Relator's timely allegations of $673.56 in claims made on June 15, 2005, "would be untimely were Carter to again file a new action." 2011 WL 6178878, at *12. Nearly four years have passed since the Court made that statement. With the passage of time, the FCA's 10-year statute of repose may have arisen to create an additional bar on Relator's refiling. See 31 U.S.C. § 3731(b); Kellogg, 135 S.Ct. at 1974 ("In no circumstances, however, may a suit be brought more than 10 years after the date of a violation." (citing § 3731(b))). Defendants ask us to consider the merits of these limitations and conclude that Relator's refiling will be time-barred. Thus, Defendants asks the Court to dismiss this case with prejudice due to the statutes of limitations and repose. In contrast, Relator argues that discussion of these issues "would be improper until Relator re-filed, since this Court is not in a position to provide advisory opinions on issues that are not squarely before it." (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp'n at 14.)

Despite Defendants' compelling briefing on the issue, the Court views its role within this remand as more limited than Defendants suggest. Having determined that jurisdiction is lacking, the Court will not now reach out to opine on whether refiling would be barred by the statutes of limitations or repose. See Keys v. Donahoe, No. 14 C 1297, 2014 WL 7332826, at *3 n. 5 (N.D.Ill. Dec. 19, 2014)("[D]efendants argue that Ms. Keys' case, even if refiled, would be subject to dismissal on the basis of judicial estoppel and sovereign immunity. We do not express any view on those arguments; however, Ms. Keys may wish to consider them in deciding whether she wishes to refile her complaint."); Schaefer v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 910 F.Supp. 1095, 1104 (D.Md.1996) (dismissing without prejudice and declining to "reach, discuss, and/or decide any of defendants' positions as to certain non-jurisdictional issues such as limitations"). Therefore, the Court dismisses this case without prejudice pursuant to the first-to-file bar.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, the Court will deny Relator's motion to amend and will dismiss this case without prejudice.

An appropriate order will follow.