Montgomery v. Devoid, No. S0027-03 CnC (Norton, J., Feb. 16, 2005)

[The text of this Vermont trial court opinion is unofficial. It has been reformatted from the
original. The accuracy of the text and the accompanying data included in the Vermont trial court
opinion database is not guaranteed.]


STATE OF VERMONT                                                        SUPERIOR COURT
Chittenden County, ss.:                                             Docket No. S0027-03 CnC



THOMAS MONTGOMERY

v.

CARL L. DEVOID, JR., CARL L. DEVOID, SR.,
WAYNE M. DEVOID, LEONARD DEVOID,
ELIZABETH M. WITHAM, and THE LEONARD
R. DEVOID REVOCABLE TRUST



                                            ENTRY
       This matter concerns liability stemming from an alleged theft of about $80,000
from the Montgomery residence in Underhill, Vermont. The plaintiff, Thomas
Montgomery, claims that Carl L. Devoid, Jr., stole this money from his residence and
distributed it to the other co-defendants. Montgomery sues all defendants for conversion
and fraud, and he now seeks summary judgment on the conversion claim. Several
defendants have filed cross-motions for summary judgment.
       Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. V.R.C.P. 56(c)(3).
Here, the facts are partially disputed,1 so the court views the facts in a light most favor


          1
             Although Carl Jr. and Wayne Devoid dispute Montgomery’s statement of undisputed
 facts, they do so after exercising their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and
      declining to answer questions by deposition in discovery. For reasons the court will explain
below, the court will not permit Carl Jr. and Wayne to submit additional evidence regarding
substantive matters about which they declined to testify in discovery. Accordingly, the court
                                       does not consider their factual disputes in its findings.
able to the non-moving parties in making the following findings for the purposes of this
summary judgment order.
       On May 20, 2002, Montgomery’s home was broken into and the perpetrator stole
$80,000 cash. On July 18, 2002, as part of his investigation of the theft, Detective
Sergeant Thomas Nelson spoke with Wayne Devoid. Wayne stated that his brother, Carl
Jr., was responsible for burglaries in the area over the past few months. He gave
information that “appear[ed]” to relate to three burglaries, two of which occurred in
Underhill. Wayne stated that Carl Jr. once came to his house and “showed him a shirt full
of items and money he stole.” This money included $77,000 cash, which they counted
together. Wayne stated that Carl Jr. had told him that he stole the cash from two fire-
proof safe boxes.
        Wayne also explained what Carl Jr. had done with the money. He stated that Carl
Jr. had paid off a $10,000 loan on their father Carl Devoid Sr.’s van. Wayne also stated
that Carl Jr. had used the money to furnish his apartment with expensive items, such as a
big screen television and had bought two vehicles, including a green Saturn car. Wayne
stated that Carl Jr. had given him $14,000 cash, but Wayne had given the money back.
       Det. Nelson followed up on Wayne’s statements. First, he determined that the
Montgomery’s residence had been broken into, and the theft involved $80,000 from two
small safes.
       Det. Nelson also determined that Carl Jr. was the registered owner of a green 2000
Saturn sedan, which he acquired with a $7,000 cash payment at about 2 p.m. on May 20,
2002. Det. Nelson ascertained this information from the seller and from records from the
Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles. DMV records also showed that Carl Jr. was the
registered owner of a 1998 Jeep Cherokee, the title of which was transferred from Wayne
to Carl Jr. Trooper Gary Scott of the Vermont State Police-Williston spoke with the prior
owner of the Jeep, and she stated that on May 21, 2002, two men paid her $8,500 cash for
the Jeep.
       Det. Nelson also stated in his affidavit that Carl Sr. is the registered owner of a
1999 Ford Van, which he purchased from G. Stone Motors and financed through the Ford
Motor Credit Company. Det. Nelson learned from speaking with the credit company that
on July 3, 2002, the credit company received a payment of $10,931, which satisfied the
lien on Carl Sr.’s van.


                                            3
       On July 26, 2002, police executed a search warrant of Carl Jr.’s residence, where
they recovered coins from a separate home burglary, multiple motor vehicle titles, and
new electronic items. In total, police learned from their search that Carl Jr. had purchased
four vehicles since May 21. The police also recovered Carl Jr.’s property from Carl Sr.,
who had removed it from Carl Jr.’s residence shortly before the police executed their
search warrant at Carl Jr.’s request. The police interviewed Carl Sr., who told them that
he had paid off the loan for his van with a loan from his brother, Leonard Devoid, and
Leonard’s wife, Elizabeth Witham.
       Following up on Carl Sr.’s statement, Det. Nelson interviewed Leonard and
Witham in September. They stated that they had given Carl Sr. a $10,000 loan from cash
they had in their house. They also stated that they had saved this cash for a vacation to
Hawaii that they were not going to take. When Det. Nelson executed a search warrant of
the bank accounts of Leonard and Witham, he found that they had each written a check to
Carl Sr. for $5,000 and had each made cash deposits of the same amount, all within a
week of May 20.
        At her deposition, Witham testified that she and Leonard had lied to Det. Nelson.
She explained that Carl Sr. had told them that he had earned $20,000 cash for siding and
roof work, but he did not want to claim this money on his taxes. Witham stated that Carl
Sr. told them he could avoid claiming the money if he could give it to them and they
would write him two separate checks for $5,000. He would then use this money to pay
off his truck loan. Witham stated that Leonard and her agreed to take the cash and write
Carl Sr. the checks. Witham and Leonard did not benefit from the transaction; they
merely converted cash into two checks. She also stated that they had lied to Det. Nelson
about both the source of the cash and the vacation savings because they feared that Carl
Sr. would go to jail.
       Witham also testified that before Det. Nelson’s interview but after they had
written the checks and deposited the cash, Carl Sr. had told Leonard where the money
came from. Leonard relayed this information to Witham. After Det. Nelson’s interview,
Witham contacted Carl Sr. and told him that they were angry about Carl Sr. potentially
getting them into trouble.
      Leonard passed away and was not deposed. Many of the assets belonging to
Leonard and Witham, including Leonard’s property at 288 Ponds Road in Hinesburg,



                                             4
Vermont, were placed in the Leonard R. Devoid Revocable Trust, with Leonard as the
trustee. This trust is a co-defendant in this matter.
        Carl Sr., Carl Jr., and Wayne refused to answer most of the substantive questions
that Montgomery’s counsel asked at their depositions. Carl Sr. and Wayne specifically
cited the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination; Carl Jr., pro se, simply
stated “Next question” in response to most of counsel’s questions.
        The court first turns to the conversion claims against Witham, Leonard, and the
trust. To establish a claim for conversion, Montgomery must show that these defendants
appropriated his property to their own use and beneficial enjoyment, exercised dominion
over it in exclusion and defiance of Montgomery’s right, or withheld possession from
Montgomery under a claim of title inconsistent with Montgomery’s title. P.F. Jurgs &
Co. v. O’Brien, 

, 299 (1993). Montgomery need not show that the defendants
held his money in bad faith or with specific intent to convert it, but defendants’ good
faith belief in the rightful ownership of Montgomery’s money may be relevant to the
question of whether they intended to exercise dominion over it. 

       The Restatement (Second) of Torts provides factors courts should consider in
determining whether an individual’s interference with another’s chattel is serious enough
to warrant liability for conversion. These factors include (1) the extent and duration of the
actor’s exercise of dominion or control, (2) the actor’s intent to assert a right inconsistent
with the owner’s right of control, (3) the actor’s good faith, (4) the extent and duration of
the resulting interference with the owner’s right, (5) the harm done to the chattel, and (6)
the inconvenience and expense caused to the owner. Restatement (Second) of Torts §
222A (1965).
        Here, considering relevant factors above, the court denies Montgomery’s summary
judgment motion with regard to Witham, Leonard, and the trust, grants Witham’s cross-
motion for summary judgment on the conversion claim, and grants Leonard’s cross-
motion for summary judgment on the conversion claim. Even considering the facts in a
light most favorable to Montgomery, the facts are insufficient to demonstrate that the
dominion or control by Witham and Leonard rise to the level of conversion. Essentially,
their transaction with Carl Sr. was a sham transaction, and they played the role of straw
persons. In this position, they did not exercise any control at all, but merely took the
money in one form and immediately sent it back in another. To the extent there was any



                                              5
control on their part, it was fleeting. See 

cmt. b (“There may possibly . . . be a
receipt of the chattel which is so temporary, trivial, or unimportant as not to amount to a
conversion . . . .”). No evidence suggests they intended to exercise control over the
$10,000 or had any bad faith in partaking in the transaction. Accordingly, they are not
liable for conversion.
        Montgomery argues that Witham, Leonard, and the trust are liable under a theory
of civil conspiracy because they later declined to inform Det. Nelson about the actual
source of the money. Civil conspiracy, however, requires that the parties to the
conspiracy be aware of harm or wrongful conduct “at [the] beginning of combination or
agreement.” 16 Am. Jur. 2d Conspiracy § 51 (1998). To the extent that Witham or
Leonard took any action intentionally to perpetuate the conversion of Montgomery’s
money, it was after the conversion had taken place. The court does not recognize a type
of retroactive conspiracy, whereby Witham and Leonard could be liable merely because
they were not forthright with the police after they concluded their fleeting and inadvertant
involvement with the assets in question.
       Turning to Carl Sr. next, Montgomery has submitted sufficient evidence to
demonstrate that Carl Sr. was responsible for conversion to some degree. When deposed,
Withram stated that after the transaction with Carl Sr., Carl Sr. told Leonard the source of
the money and Leonard relayed this information to her. Although she did not specifically
state what Carl Sr. had said, there is a reasonable inference, given the context of the
statement, that Carl Sr. had told Leonard that the money was from Carl Jr.’s theft.
Therefore, Carl Sr. knew that neither he nor Carl Jr. were the rightful owners of the
$10,000 that Carl Sr. retained.
        Withram’s testimony about Carl Sr.’s statement is nonhearsay because both Carl
Sr.’s statement and Leonard’s statement to Witham about Carl Sr.’s statements are
admissions of party opponents. V.R.E. 801(d)(2)(A). The fact that Leonard is deceased
has no bearing on the nature of his statement as an admission. See Savarese v. Agriss,

, 1200–01 (3d Cir. 1989). Therefore, Montgomery’s evidence with respect
to Carl Sr.’s involvement in conversion is admissible.
        Montgomery and Carl Sr. contest the extent of Carl Sr.’s liability. Montgomery
argues that Carl Sr. stands as a joint tortfeasor and is therefore jointly and severally liable
for all damages (i.e., $80,000). Carl Sr. argues that he can be liable only for the amount



                                               6
of money he received from Carl Jr. (i.e., $10,000). The court agrees with Carl Sr.
Although several cases contain statements that appear to support joint and several
liability for a co-defendant who receives property that another co-defendant converts,
these cases address assets that were not divisible or, at least, not divided when they were
transferred from one defendant to another. See, e.g., P.F. Jurgs & Co. v. O’Brien, 

, 300 (1993) (holding partner and partnership liable in addition to other partner who
actually converted assets because partner and partnership exercised dominion over all
assets that other partner converted); Murray v. J & B Int’l Trucks, 

, 466–67
(1986) (holding dealership jointly and severally liable with credit union that first
repossessed plaintiff’s single vehicle because dealership negotiated with plaintiff to re-
sell vehicle and remained involved in transaction). Where a co-defendant exercises
dominion over only a portion of property that another co-defendant converts, it makes far
less sense to hold the co-defendant jointly and severally liable, unless the co-defendant
assisted the other co-defendant in committing the tort. For instance, in Dansro v.
Scribner, 

(1936), the Court held that a co-defendant was not jointly liable as
a matter of law where the evidence merely showed that the co-defendant was involved
with some of the converted chattels after the other defendants had converted them from
the plaintiff. 

The Court noted, however, that the co-defendant’s connection
with the converted chattels “may show that he was guilty of a subsequent conversion.” 

Sr.’s beneficial use of and exercise of dominion over the $10,000 that
Carl Jr. gave him demonstrates that he is liable for a subsequent conversion of that
portion of the money that Carl Jr. converted. It does not demonstrate that he aided or
assisted Carl Jr. in converting the other $70,000 from Montgomery. Montgomery has not
provided any evidence demonstrating that Carl Sr. otherwise aided Carl Jr. in converting
money from Montgomery or that Carl Sr. benefitted from or exercised dominion over
other cash that Carl Jr. converted. Therefore, Carl Sr. is not jointly and severally liable
for all of Montgomery’s damages but is liable only for $10,000 in damages.
       Moving on to the claim against Wayne, Wayne has not filed any response to
Montgomery’s summary judgment motion and he declined to answer any substantive
questions by invoking the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The
undisputed facts demonstrate his complicity in the conversion of $80,000. Det. Nelson’s
affidavit relays a number of Wayne’s statements that he assisted Carl Jr. in counting the
money converted from Montgomery. These statements are admissible as nonhearsay


                                             7
admissions. V.R.E. 801(d)(2)(A). This evidence provides enough of a basis for the court
to hold Wayne jointly and severally liable for $80,000 in damages under Montgomery’s
conversion claim.
        Finally, turning to Carl Jr., Carl Jr. also declined to answer any substantive
questions at his deposition.2 He responded to Montgomery’s summary judgment motion,
however, by contradicting many of Montgomery’s factual allegations (albeit with little
evidentiary support for his contradictions) and by submitting an affidavit by Wayne that
contradicted much of Det. Nelson’s affidavit. The court will disregard Carl Jr.’s factual
assertions, however. A party may not invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
incrimination and then later attempt to introduce evidence on the same matters about
which the party refused to testify. See, e.g., Amerifirst Savings Bank of Xenia v. Krug,

, 85–87 (Ohio Ct. App. 1999); Newsom v. State, 

, 279–80
(Tex. Ct. App. 1996); Annotation, Dismissing Action or Striking Testimony Where Party
to Civil Action Asserts Privilege Against Self-incrimination As to Pertinent Question, 

, § 3 (1965) (collecting cases). Allowing such behavior turns the Fifth
Amendment privilege against self-incrimination from a shield into a sword in civil
litigation. Although the court draws no negative inferences from Carl Jr.’s refusal to
testify, the court will not consider testimonial evidence that he or his brother submitted
regarding the same matters following their Fifth Amendment refusals to participate in
discovery.3
       Therefore, considering the facts absent Carl Jr.’s allegations to the contrary, the
court holds Carl Jr. liable for conversion. Det. Nelson’s affidavit provides sufficient

       2
          Carl Jr. was without counsel during the deposition, and merely responded to each
question by stating, “Next question.” He never explicitly cited the Fifth Amendment privilege
against self-incrimination as grounds for his refusal to answer any substantive questions, but the
court, along with Montgomery, assumes that the Fifth Amendment was the basis for his refusal
to participate in discovery. The court will therefore not entertain motions to compel or to impose
sanctions as if Carl Jr.’s behavior was a flat refusal to cooperate with discovery under Rule
37(a)(2) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure.
       3
          The court acknowledges that Carl Jr.’s lack of representation likely resulted in his
failure to understand the consequences of his invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege
against self-incrimination. Accordingly, should Carl Jr. wish to revisit his decision not to




                                                 8
details of Wayne’s statements, wherein Wayne informed the detective of details of his
brother’s burglaries. These statements are admissible as nonhearsay admissions under
Rule 801(d)(2)(A) of the Vermont Rules of Evidence. They included details, such as the
amount of money taken from two safes, that bear an uncanny resemblance to the theft of
Montgomery’s cash. Wayne’s statements were also corroborated by police findings. In
particular, the electronic items and two automobiles that Carl Jr. acquired after May 20,
2002, are consistent with Wayne’s statements.4 Thus, there is a reasonable inference from
these facts that Carl Jr. is responsible for the conversion of $80,000 from Montgomery.




                                             ORDER
        For the foregoing reasons, Montgomery’s summary judgment motion is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; Withram’s cross-motion for summary judgment
is GRANTED; Leonard’s cross-motion for summary judgment is GRANTED; Carl Sr.’s
cross-motion for summary judgment is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; and Carl
Jr.’s cross-motion for summary judgment is DENIED, consistent with this entry.


       Dated at Burlington, Vermont, February 16, 2005.


participate in discovery, the court will entertain a motion to reconsider this ruling and to allow
the parties to continue with discovery in the interests of fairness.
       4
          Some of the evidence in Det. Nelson’s affidavit regarding Carl Jr.’s acquisition of these
items is inadmissible hearsay and cannot, by itself, support summary judgment. V.R.C.P. 56(e);
Alpstetten Ass’n v. Kelly, 

, 515–16 (1979). It is likely, however, that Montgomery
would be able to produce this evidence in an admissible form, as through direct testimony from
the declarants. And in any event, the court merely relies on this evidence to bolster admissible
evidence that demonstrates Carl Jr.’s liability for conversion. Thus, even if the court sets aside
the hearsay elements of Det. Nelson’s affidavit, there is still no genuine issue of fact and
summary judgment is appropriate.


                                                 9
     _____/s/___________________
      Richard Walsh Norton Judge




10