STATE OF VERMONT

                              ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                                                        }
In re: Village Associates Act 250 Land Use Permit       }     Docket No. 6-1-08 Vtec
        (Appeal of Village Associates, LLC)             }
                                                        }

                                   Decision and Order

       Appellant Village Associates, LLC appealed from a decision of the District 4

Environmental Commission, granting Appellant’s Act 250 permit for an affordable

housing development, but requiring an off-site mitigation fee under 10 V.S.A.

§§ 6086(a)(9)(B)(iv) and 6093. Appellant is represented by Heather R. Hammond, Esq.;

and the Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets is represented by Assistant Attorney

General Diane E. Zamos, Esq. The Land Use Panel of the Natural Resources Board has

informational status through John H. Hasen, Esq. but did not file memoranda or

otherwise participate in the merits of this appeal.

       The project proceeded during the pendency of this litigation, as the only issue

was whether or not an off-site mitigation fee would be required to be paid.            An

evidentiary hearing was held in this matter before Merideth Wright, Environmental

Judge. A site visit was taken by Judge Wright alone, by agreement of the parties,

including, at the request of the parties, driving to or past a number of area agricultural

operations mentioned in evidence. The parties were given the opportunity to submit

written memoranda and requests for findings. Upon consideration of the evidence as

illustrated by the site visit, and of the written memoranda and requests for findings

filed by the parties, the Court finds and concludes as follows.




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       Appellant-Applicant proposed1 a multi-unit affordable housing development, to

be known as Brookside Village, on the 25.8-acre parcel of property that is the subject of

this appeal. The project was granted an Act 250 permit; the only issue in this appeal is

whether the project site contains primary agricultural soils as defined in Act 250, 10

V.S.A. § 6001(15), which in turn governs whether the project must pay an off-site

mitigation fee.2 See 10 V.S.A. §§ 6086(a)(9)(B)(iv), 6093.

       The roughly triangular property is located in the towns of Colchester and

Winooski. It is bordered on its westerly side by the Winooski River and on its northerly

side by Morehouse Brook. The long southeasterly side of the property has access to the

surrounding street network via its frontage on a cul-de-sac turnaround at the end of

West Street, a residential street in Winooski. A hammerhead turnaround ends near the

property at the end of Hickok Street, another residential street one block north of West

Street, but the project plans do not propose any access from the project property onto

Hickok Street. West Street has access to Malletts Bay Avenue, the primary through

street in the area, via Pine Street. Pine Street is relatively steep at its intersection with

Malletts Bay Avenue.

       In addition to the West Street access, the northeasterly corner of the property has

two segments of frontage on Malletts Bay Avenue, from two existing residential lots

that became part of the project property as a whole.          The property has a total of

approximately 300 feet of frontage onto Malletts Bay Avenue. The proposed project

roadway to serve more than forty dwelling units will have access directly onto Malletts

Bay Avenue via the longer, more easterly segment of that frontage; the project has a

secondary access onto the West Street turnaround.


1
   The project and project property has since been transferred to Housing Vermont,
which has not entered an appearance.
2  The parties have also agreed as to the amount of that fee, if this decision concludes
that it must be paid.
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       The parties do not dispute that 12.88 acres of the property contain soils that are

classified on the Natural Resources Conservation Service soil maps as farmland of

“statewide importance.”3     The parties do not dispute that 2.03 acres of such soils are

located so that they are unusable, and therefore do not constitute primary agricultural

soils. The parties agree that that 10.85 acres of the 12.88 acres of quality soils, on a

plateau above the floodplain of the Winooski River, will be affected by the project. That

is, Applicant does not dispute the quality of the soils on the project property, their

physical and chemical characteristics, or their soil map classifications.           Rather,

Applicant disputes whether other factors, in particular the property's existing forest

cover, surrounding land uses, and access issues, have already reduced its agricultural

potential so    that   no   mitigation fee   should   be   required   under    10   V.S.A.

§§ 6086(a)(9)(B)(iv) and 6093.

       The 10.85 acres of the project property now contains a healthy eastern woodland,

including some stands of mature trees as well as regenerating eastern woodland of

predominantly hardwood species. The mature trees have value if harvested for timber;

the dollar value of that timber was not established in evidence. The regenerating forest

and the stumps and slash from the mature trees would have value if harvested for

wood chips to supply the nearby McNeil electric generating plant; the dollar value of

the wood chips was not established in evidence. There is no technical or physical

impediment to the removal of trees from the 10.85-acre portion of the project property.

       The 10.85 acres of the project property was farmed in the past, but is too small to

house a livestock operation such as a dairy farm. Daily or near-daily access to the

property for milk trucks, manure spreaders, or large tractors via West Street through

the adjacent residential neighborhood would be incompatible with the residential use of


3 To some extent, the soil map classifications themselves account for whether the soils
are too rocky, too steep, or have too shallow a depth to bedrock, to be good agricultural
soils.
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that neighborhood. The 10.85 acres of the project property could be used to grow hay,

or to grow vegetables and fruits, all of which require far less frequent access to the site

for large machinery.

       A working equine facility with an indoor riding ring is located on Malletts Bay

Avenue in Colchester less than a mile north of the project property. A working dairy

farm is located on Malletts Bay Avenue in Colchester approximately a mile-and-a-third

north of the project property. The dairy farm works land on both sides of the road. A

large successful diversified fruit and vegetable farming operation, including a retail

farm store, is located in Colchester approximately 2½ miles north of the project

property. A community garden, located less than half a mile to the south in downtown

Winooski, is not a commercial agricultural operation.

       Over the last four years, a small diversified vegetable farming operation in

Shelburne has succeeded in two successive locations, farming on three to four-and-a-

half acres, with the assistance of greenhouses and polyethylene tunnels or cold frames

to extend the growing season. The farmer had previously run a similar small operation

in Massachusetts that also included soft fruits such as blueberries and raspberries. The

Shelburne farming operation is successful through a combination of retail sales at

farmers’ markets, specialty sales to restaurants, and sales of CSA (Community

Supported Agriculture) shares, in which each member pays a share price in advance of

the growing season and is entitled to a share of the produce each week during the

growing season. Location close to a market created by the population of a relatively

urban area contributes to the success of such a small agricultural operation, whether

due to access to farmers’ markets, or due to buyers’ access to an on-site or nearby farm

stand, pick-your-own operation, or CSA operation.

       Similarly, vegetable farming is successful in Burlington’s Intervale, across the

Winooski River from the project property, even though the Intervale agricultural land is

in the floodplain and precluded from having on-site structures.           It is run as a
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cooperative in which the participants share in the necessary agricultural machinery,

greenhouse space, and other resources.

       A small diversified specialty vegetable and soft fruit farming operation can

therefore succeed in the Chittenden County metropolitan area, and could succeed on

the 10.85-acre portion of the project property if that portion of the property were cleared

of trees. If cleared, the 10.85-acre portion of the project property could also contribute

to nearby agricultural operations if planted in hay or used for pasture.



       As defined in 10 V.S.A. § 6001(15), the term "primary agricultural soils" means:

       soil map units with the best combination of physical and chemical
       characteristics that have a potential for growing food, feed, and forage
       crops, have sufficient moisture and drainage, plant nutrients or
       responsiveness to fertilizers, few limitations for cultivation or limitations
       which may easily be overcome, and an average slope that does not exceed
       15 percent. Present uses may be cropland, pasture, regenerating forests,
       forestland, or other agricultural or silvicultural uses. However, the soils
       must be of a size and location, relative to adjoining land uses, so that those
       soils will be capable, following removal of any identified limitations, of
       supporting or contributing to an economic or commercial agricultural
       operation. Unless contradicted by the qualifications stated in this
       subdivision, primary agricultural soils shall include important farmland
       soils map units with a rating of prime, statewide, or local importance as
       defined by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (N.R.C.S.) of the
       United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.).
       If a project is proposed for primary agricultural soils, 10 V.S.A. § 6086(a)(9)(B)

(criterion 9(B)) requires the applicant to demonstrate either that the project “will not

result in any reduction in the agricultural potential of the primary agricultural soils,” or

that the project will comply with subsections (i) through (iv) of criterion 9(B). In the

present case, the parties have entered into a mitigation agreement in compliance with

subsections (i) through (iv), and with 10 V.S.A. § 6093, to take effect if the other

prerequisites are met.


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       Thus, in the present case the Court must first determine whether the 10.85 acres

of potentially primary agricultural soils have “few limitations for cultivation or

limitations which may easily be overcome.” 10 V.S.A. § 6001(15) (first sentence). If so,

the Court must next determine whether the 10.85 acres of potentially primary

agricultural soils are “of a size and location, relative to adjoining land uses, so that those

soils will be capable, following removal of any identified limitations, of supporting or

contributing to an economic or commercial agricultural operation.” 

If so, the project contains primary agricultural soils, and the remaining question is

whether the applicant has demonstrated that the project “will not result in any

reduction in the agricultural potential of the primary agricultural soils,” under the first

prong of 10 V.S.A. § 6086(a)(9)(B).



Ease of Overcoming Limitations to Cultivation

       Applicant argues that the existing forest cover of the 10.85 acres of potential

primary agricultural soils is a limitation for cultivation which cannot easily be

overcome. However, under the present statute, the presence of mature or regenerating

forest does not constitute the type of limitation for cultivation that would preclude soils

from meeting the definition of “primary agricultural soils.” Rather, the definition in 10

V.S.A. § 6001(15) was amended in 2006 to expressly include soils on which the present

uses are “regenerating forests, forestland, or other . . . silvicultural uses,” as well as to

include soils at present in use for cropland, pasture, or other agricultural uses.

       In interpreting statutes, the Court’s primary goal is to give effect to the intent of

the legislature, looking first to the plain language of the statute to determine that intent.

State v. Stell, 

, ¶ 12, 

. By its plain language, the definition of

“primary agricultural soils” now includes soils (with the requisite physical and

chemical characteristics as shown by the soils maps or by other soils testing) that are at

present forested. It specifically includes soils covered by the type of regenerating forest
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on the project site, as well as soils covered by mature forest, or by trees grown as a crop.

This language was specifically added when 10 V.S.A. § 6001(15) was amended in 2006.

2005, No. 183 (Adj. Sess.), § 6. The clear statutory intent is now4 to include, as potential

primary agricultural soils, those soils that are forested at the time an application is

submitted.

       Applicant also argues that the cost of removing the trees on the site to convert it

to agricultural use should be considered to be a limitation for cultivation which cannot

be easily overcome. Applicant argues essentially that the cost of removing the trees on

the site would not warrant their removal for the purpose of converting the property to

an agricultural use, given the economic return of an agricultural operation, even though

trees would also have to be removed for the proposed project.

       Beyond the plain meaning of the statute as including soils with existing forest

cover, the overall structure of the statutory treatment of primary agricultural soils

shows that the cost of overcoming a limitation for cultivation was not intended to be

considered in determining whether such a limitation may “easily” be overcome. See

Wright v. Bradley, 

, ¶ 7, 

(citing In re Estate of Cote, 

,

¶ 10, 

) (explaining that statutes should be interpreted as a whole in order to

give effect to every part); In re Miller, 

, ¶ 14 (citing State v Brennan, 

, 280 (2001)) (explaining that statutes should be interpreted to avoid surplusage).

       Rather, the structure of § 6001(15) shows that the required analysis of the “ease”

of overcoming a limitation must be intended to address the practical or technical

difficulty of overcoming the limitation, such as whether waterlogged soils may be

drained, or whether the existence of a gully prevents logging equipment from reaching

the site, rather than the economics of removing it for agriculture as compared with


4Decisions of the former Environmental Board decided prior to the 2006 amendment
are therefore inapposite.


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removing it for development. The economic feasibility of an agricultural operation on

the project site is instead addressed two sentences later in the same definition of

primary agricultural soils, where the statute requires an analysis of an agricultural

operation’s economic feasibility “following removal of any identified limitations.” 10

V.S.A. § 6001(15) (third sentence) (emphasis added).

       If economic feasibility were to be considered in analyzing the “ease” of

overcoming limitations, the remainder of § 6001(15) would instead become surplusage

in most instances, which is a result the Court must avoid in interpreting statutes. In re

Miller, 

, ¶ 14. That is, it would rarely, if ever, be as or more economically

advantageous to clear heavily forested land for agriculture as compared with the

immediate economic return of clearing it for development. Such an analysis would

automatically exempt most forested agricultural soils from Criterion 9(B) analysis,

contrary to the statutory intent. Rather, it harmonizes both the first and the third

sentences of § 6001(15), together with Criterion 9(B), to first determine the practical or

technical ease of overcoming the limitations on agriculture posed by the forest cover,

and then to determine the economic potential for an agricultural operation following

removal of any identified limitations. See Wright v. Bradley, 

, ¶ 7 (citing In

re Estate of Cote, 

, ¶ 10).

       Accordingly, the limitation posed by the forest cover for the use of the 10.85-acre

portion of the project property for agriculture is a limitation that may easily be

overcome.



Capability of Supporting or Contributing to an Economic or Commercial Agricultural
Operation
       Given the high quality for agriculture of the soils on the flat 10.85-acre portion of

the project property, and their location close to a metropolitan area and also close to

several commercial agricultural operations, the 10.85-acre portion of the project

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property would be capable, following removal of the trees, of supporting a small

diversified vegetable and soft fruit economic agricultural operation, or of contributing

to the nearby commercial vegetable and soft fruit agricultural operation, or of

contributing hay to the nearby economic or commercial equine or dairy agricultural

operation. If the required agricultural machinery could not be kept in a structure on the

property, it could be brought to the property as necessary for soil amendment,5

planting, and harvesting, via either the Malletts Bay Avenue entrance or the West Street

entrance to the property. Because agricultural machinery could enter the property from

Malletts Bay Avenue and, even if it were to enter the property via West Street, would

not have to do so frequently, the agricultural use of the property to raise vegetables,

fruits, or hay, would not be incompatible with the adjacent residential neighborhood.

The 10.85 acres of the project at issue in the present appeal therefore constitute primary

agricultural soils.



Reduction of Agricultural Potential of Soils
       The parties do not disagree that the project will result in the reduction of the

agricultural potential of the 10.85 acres of those soils, under the first prong of 10 V.S.A.

§ 6086(a)(9)(B). Therefore the off-site mitigation payment is required to be paid.




5
  As the property would not support or be suitable for a livestock or dairy operation,
the incompatibility of frequent manure management traffic or daily milk truck traffic
with the adjacent residential neighborhood does not preclude the agricultural use of the
property.
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       Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED

that the project will result in the reduction of the agricultural potential of 10.85 acres of

primary agricultural soils, for which the already-agreed amount of off-site mitigation

fee is required to be paid.



       Done at Berlin, Vermont, this 30th day of April, 2009.




                              _________________________________________________
                                    Merideth Wright
                                    Environmental Judge




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