STATE OF VERMONT
                   SUPERIOR COURT — ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION


                                                   {
       In re Twin Pines Housing Trust &            {      Docket No. 95-7-11 Vtec
       Dismas of Vermont Conditional Use           {
                                                   {

                           Decision on Motion for Summary Judgment
       On appeal is a decision by the Town of Hartford Planning Commission (“the
Commission”) granting conditional use approval to Dismas of Vermont (“Dismas”) and Twin
Pines Housing Trust for the conversion of an existing 3,800-square-foot building at 1673 Maple
Street in Hartford Village, Vermont from use as a multi-family dwelling to use in part as an
office and in part as a lodging house. Appellants include Lani and Kathleen Janisse, Praise
Chapel, Inc., and Potters House School & Daycare (collectively, “Appellants”), and both the
Town of Hartford and Nancy A.G. Vogele appear as interested persons.
       Currently pending before the Court is a motion from Dismas seeking summary
judgment on the first five Questions from Appellants’ Statement of Questions. Appellants have
filed a response to the motion, but none of the other parties have chosen to respond. In this
matter Dismas is represented by Daniel C. Hershenson, Esq., Appellants are represented by
Stephen P. Girdwood, Esq., the Town of Hartford is represented by William F. Ellis, and the
remaining parties appear pro se.

                                     Factual Background
       For the sole purpose of putting the pending motion into context, the Court recites the
following facts, which it understands to be undisputed unless otherwise noted:
1.     Dismas is a non-profit organization that provides transitional housing to formerly
incarcerated Vermonters.
2.     Dismas has entered into a contract with Twin Pines Housing Trust to purchase a 3,800-
square-foot 1900s Victorian home at 1673 Maple Street in Hartford Village, Vermont.
3.     The building at 1673 Maple Street currently consists of three separate apartments and is
located on approximately 0.258 acres in the Village Residential-Commercial, or VR-C, zoning
district in the Town of Hartford.




                                              1
4.     In the spring of 2011, Dismas and Twin Pines Housing Trust sought conditional use
approval and site development plan approval from the Commission to authorize the conversion
of an existing 3,800-square-foot building at 1673 Maple Street in Hartford Village, Vermont from
use as a multi-family dwelling to use in part as an office and in part as a lodging house.
5.     In its application, Dismas proposes to complete physical renovations to the building at
1673 Maple Street to change it from a multi-unit configuration to a single-family dwelling.
Dismas also proposes to house 9–12 residents, including 2 college students or volunteers, in the
building while also maintaining 2 trained adult staff on-site during the day. Dismas will offer
priority placement to former prisoners returning to the Town of Hartford, but will not offer
housing to sex offenders.
6.     Residents will be expected to prepare breakfasts and lunches daily, to cook meals on
weekends, to help with weekly chores assigned to them, and to help volunteers who cook
dinner for them on week nights. Dismas’ program model is that “Dismas Is Family” and
“[r]esidents live in [a] community where every voice is heard,” work or go to school, participate
in communal evening meals, and attend weekly housing meetings where there is consensus
decision-making.     (Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, Ex. B, 5, filed Feb. 15, 2012.)
According to Dismas, “[d]innertime is the centerpiece of the Dismas day when residents,
college students and community volunteers join together as ‘family’ around a large communal
dining table.” 

7.     Residents who are former prisoners will be asked to commit to a minimum 3-month
stay, although Dismas anticipates many will choose to stay for 6 to 8 months, and others for 12.
Residents who are college students will generally stay for an academic year although some will
only stay for the summer months.
8.     On June 9, 2011, the Commission heard evidence on the conditional use application and,
on June 13, 2012, issued a decision granting conditional use approval to Dismas and Twin Pines
Housing Trust. In its decision, the Commission determined that the proposed uses include a
“lodging house” use, a type of conditional use within the VR-C zoning district under the Town
of Hartford Chapter 260 Zoning Regulations (“the Regulations”). Appellants subsequently
appealed that determination in the above-captioned docket, No. 95-7-11 Vtec. Dismas then filed
the pending motion for summary judgment.




                                                 2
9.     On June 15, 2011, the Commission granted site development plan approval to Dismas
and Twin Pines Housing Trust.          Appellants subsequently appealed that determination in
Docket No. 96-7-11 Vtec. That appeal is not the subject of the pending motion.

                                             Discussion
       Appellants have appealed the Commission’s June 13, 2011 decision granting conditional
use approval to Dismas and Twin Pines Housing Trust for the conversion of an existing 3,800-
square-foot building at 1673 Maple Street in Hartford Village, Vermont from use as a multi-
family dwelling to use in part as an office and in part as a lodging house. Dismas has filed a
motion seeking summary judgment on the first five Questions from Appellants’ Statement of
Questions, and Appellants oppose that motion.
       We will grant summary judgment to a moving party (here, Dismas) if that party shows
that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a); V.R.E.C.P. 5(a)(2). If the moving party is seeking judgment
regarding an issue for which the party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party
must provide, in its statement of undisputed material facts, “specific citations to particular parts
of material in the record” that would be admissible in evidence. V.R.C.P. 56(c)(1), (2); see also
Travelers Ins. Cos. v. Demarle, Inc. USA, 

, ¶ 3, 

(stating the general
proposition that the party moving for summary judgment has the burden of proof). If the
moving party is seeking judgment regarding an issue for which the party will not bear the
burden of proof at trial, it need only show that the opposing party has not or cannot cite to
admissible evidence supporting material facts necessary for the non-moving party to prevail on
that issue at trial.   V.R.C.P. 56(c)(1)(b), (2); see also Reporter’s Notes—2012 Amendment,
V.R.C.P. 56. In ruling on a summary judgment motion, the Court is directed to “accept as true
the [factual] allegations made in opposition to the motion for summary judgment,” as long as
they are supported by reference to admissible evidence, and to give the non-moving party
(here, Appellants) the benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences. Robertson v. Mylan
Labs., Inc., 

, ¶ 15, 

; see V.R.C.P. 56(c).
       Questions 1, 3, 4, and 5 in Appellants’ Statement of Questions address specific
requirements in the Regulations needed for conditional use approval of the conversion of use
proposed by Dismas and Twin Pines Housing Trust. No party disputes that these requirements
must be met in order for the applicants to receive conditional use approval. Question 2 asks


                                                   3
whether the applicants’ proposed project requires a variance.        Because this is a de novo
proceeding on the application for conditional use approval, Dismas, as one of the applicants,
will bear the burden of proof at trial to show that its application conforms with the
requirements in the Regulations raised by Appellants in Questions 1–5. Thus, in order for the
Court to grant summary judgment to Dismas on any of these Questions, Dismas must have
provided the Court with sufficient undisputed facts to support the conclusion that its
application conforms with the requirements raised in the Questions. We address Dismas’
motion with this requirement in mind.

    I.      Questions 1 and 3
         Appellants’ Question 1 asks whether the proposed project meets the definition of either
“lodging house” or another type of conditional use allowed within the VR-C zoning district
pursuant to the Regulations. Question 3 asks whether a “residential facility exclusively for
furloughed inmates from the Vermont Department of Corrections” meets the definition of
“lodging house” in Regulations § 260-59. (Revised Statement of Questions on Appeal 1, filed
Oct. 3, 2011.)
         Dismas argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Questions 1 and 3 because the
undisputed facts in the record unquestionably show that the non-office use which Dismas
proposes for the building at 1673 Maple Street fits within the plain language of the definition of
“lodging house,” a type of conditional use within the VR-C zoning district. Dismas also argues
that nothing in the definition of “lodging house” excludes occupancy of a building by former
prisoners and, further, that the Town of Hartford is not authorized, under the enabling
legislation for zoning regulations found within 24 V.S.A., Chapter 117, to adopt such exclusion
or to regulate the building’s use based on its ownership. Appellants respond that Dismas’
proposed use is more like that of a halfway house than a customary lodging house and that, in
determining whether the proposed use fits within the definition of lodging house, the
Commission and this Court must consider the purpose of the proposed use and the relationship
between Dismas and the Department of Corrections.
         Appellants do not dispute that the building at 1673 Maple Street lies within the VR-C
zoning district, a district in which lodging houses are allowed as a conditional use.         See
Regulations § 260-20. Nor do they dispute Dismas’ factual allegations regarding the proposed
occupancy of the building or how the residents will function day-to-day. Rather, Appellants


                                                4
dispute whether the facts regarding the proposed use show that it fits in the definition of a
lodging house.
       Our determination of whether the proposed non-office use fits in the definition of
lodging house turns on the definition of “lodging house” that the Town of Hartford has
adopted in its Regulations. The Regulations define “lodging house” as follows:
       A single-family dwelling in which six or more unrelated adults live as
       permanent, seasonal, or occasional residents. The occupants may live as a single
       housekeeping unit, or the dwelling may be primarily occupied by one person
       with sleeping rooms rented to additional people (includes boarding house,
       rooming house, dormitory, and private recreational lodge).
Regulations § 260-59. When interpreting municipal ordinances such as this one, we apply the
same principles of construction as we apply to legislative statutes. In re Appeal of Trahan, 

, ¶ 19, 

. That is, we “construe words according to their plain and ordinary
meaning.” 

paramount goal in interpreting an ordinance is to give effect to the
intent of the relevant legislative body, we accept the plain meaning of the words unless doing so
would make a provision ineffective or create irrational results. Cf. Town of Killington v. State,

, 189 (2001). We will also look outside the language of the ordinance to help us
ascertain the legislative intent if the language is ambiguous and, therefore, prevents us from
identifying a plain and ordinary meaning. Cf. 

260-59 defines a lodging house, in part, as a single-family dwelling that
houses “six or more unrelated adults.” There is no restriction on who these adults can be in this
or subsequent portions of the definition. The undisputed facts here are that the building at 1673
Maple Street will be converted from its current multi-unit configuration to a single-family
dwelling and will house 9–12 residents, some of whom will be college students or volunteers
and most of whom will be former prisoners. As long as occupancy of the building is confined
to “adults,” Dismas’ proposed non-office use fits within the plain and ordinary meaning of the
words in this portion of the Regulations’ definition of lodging house.
       The remainder of the Regulations’ definition of lodging house requires that the adults
occupying the building “live as permanent, seasonal, or occasional residents,” and that they
either “live as a single housekeeping unit” or rent “sleeping rooms” in a building that is
“primarily occupied by one person.” Regulations § 260-59. The definition’s inclusion of both
occasional and permanent occupancy, and its reference to “boarding house, rooming house,
dormitory, and private recreational lodge,” indicates that lodging houses in the Town of

                                                5
Hartford include single-family dwellings that provide a wide range of occupancy durations. 

undisputed facts are that future residents of the building at 1673 Maple Street who are
former prisoners will stay for three months or more and any college student residents will stay
for the summer months or longer. Thus, the span in the durations of occupancy Dismas
proposes for residents of the building at 1673 Maple Street is within the spectrum of durations
of occupancy constituting a lodging house under the Regulations.
       Additionally, the undisputed facts indicate that future residents of the building at 1673
Maple Street will function day-to-day as a “housekeeping unit,” one of the ways a proposed use
can meet the final provision in the Regulations’ definition of lodging house. Dismas’ program
model is that “Dismas is family,” and residents will be required to help with assigned chores,
prepare breakfasts and lunches daily, cook dinner on weekends, help volunteers who cook
dinner for them on week nights, participate in communal evening meals, and attend weekly
housing meetings. (Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, Ex. B, 5, filed Feb. 15, 2012.)
Dismas states that dinners are considered the “centerpiece of the Dismas day.” 

Thus,
Dismas’ proposed non-office use fits within the plain and ordinary meaning of the words “live
as a single housekeeping unit.”
       In sum, the undisputed material facts put forth by Dismas show that its proposed non-
office use fits within the definition of “lodging house” in Regulations § 260-59. We need not
look outside of the plain and ordinary meaning of the words in this definition to identify the
intent of the Town of Hartford’s legislative body when it created and enacted the ordinance
provision: that intent is clear because the definition is unambiguous, and construing it as we
have does not create an ineffective or irrational result.
       Appellants’ main argument opposing summary judgment on this issue is that Dismas’
proposed use is more like that of a halfway house than a lodging house. However, Appellants
do not point to anywhere in the Regulations where a “halfway house” use exists. Additionally,
Appellants do not point to any type of use listed in the Regulations that calls into question our
acceptance of the plain and ordinary meaning of the words in the definition of lodging house.
       Instead, at the crux of Appellants’ argument appears to be two assertions regarding
what the Court should consider when determining whether Dismas’ proposed use fits within
the definition of lodging house—the purpose of Dismas’ proposed use and the relationship
between Dismas and the Department of Corrections. Looking first to purpose, while we do not


                                                  6
determine here that a detailed purpose component can never be incorporated into the definition
of a property use, it is clear that the definition of “lodging house” adopted by the Town of
Hartford does not restrict the specific purposes a lodging house can serve.             Indeed, the
definition’s inclusion of examples of the forms lodging houses can take—“boarding house,
rooming house, dormitory, and private recreational lodge”—implies that the Town of Hartford
foresees lodging houses serving a number of purposes in the community. Regulations § 260-59.
       Regarding the relationship between Dismas and the Department of Corrections, Dismas
is correct in its assertion that the regulation of land use based solely on the identity of the owner
of the property is not within the authority granted to a municipality under 24 V.S.A., Chapter
117. Vt. Baptist Convention v. Burlington Zoning Bd. 

, 30–31 (1992) (“A distinction
based upon the identity of the owner rather than the public health, safety, morals, or general
welfare would be invalid.”). While this does not mean that a municipality cannot describe a
type of use as public or private in the label or definition of that use, land uses cannot be
distinguished from each other based solely on the identity of the landowner. See In re Appeal
of Sardi, 

, 624 (2000) (mem.) (refusing to interpret a zoning ordinance in a manner
that would distinguish between two types of land use—“private club” and “lodge”—based
solely on the ownership of a property at issue in the matter rather than on the use of the
property). Here, it is clear that the term “lodging house,” and the definition of which that the
Town of Hartford has adopted, is not restricted to addressing only privately operated lodgings.
Additionally, entertaining Appellants’ assertion that the relationship between Dismas and the
Department of Corrections could be determinative of what type of land use Dismas is
proposing appears analogous to the consideration that the Vermont Supreme Court in Appeal
of Sardi refused to make when classifying a proposed use. See 

find unavailing the cases that Appellants reference to support their argument
that Dismas’ proposed non-office use is that of a halfway house rather than a lodging house.
One of the cases that Appellants cite concerns the definition of “correctional facility” found in
the legislation that governs the operation of the Department of Corrections (Title 28 of the
Vermont Statutes Annotated), not the enabling legislation relevant to a municipality’s
regulation of land use (Title 24, Chapter 117 of the Vermont Statutes Annotated). See Nichols v.
Hoffmann, 

, ¶¶ 6–7, 

. This case is not relevant to our interpretation of
“lodging house” as defined in the Regulations. The other three cases Appellants focus their


                                                 7
discussion on do not involve courts construing the same or similar language as that which the
Town of Hartford, pursuant to 24 V.S.A., Chapter 117, has chosen to adopt in its definition of
lodging house.       Rather, one of the cases does not reach the issue of what the municipal
regulations in question require, see Saginaw Hous. Comm’n v. Bannum, Inc., 

(6th
Cir. 2009), and the other two cases involve the interpretation of language that is both different
from that at issue here1 and is within ordinances adopted by municipalities outside of Vermont,
specifically municipalities in Maine and New York. See N. Me. Gen. Hosp. v. Ricker, 

(Me. 1990); Libolt v. Town of Irondequoit Zoning Bd. of Appeals, 

(N.Y.
App. Div. 2009). Relying on these three cases in our interpretation of a specific property use as
labeled and defined by the Town of Hartford would require us to assume that Vermont
municipalities have little autonomy from one another or from other states’ municipalities in
terms of how each labels and defines specific property uses. We will not make that assumption.
           To summarize, we find unconvincing Appellants’ argument that Dismas’ use is more
like that of a halfway house than a lodging house. Because the undisputed material facts put
forth by Dismas show that its proposed non-office use fits within the definition of “lodging
house” in Regulations § 260-59, a type of conditional use within the VR-C zoning district, we
GRANT summary judgment to Dismas on Questions 1 and 3, answering the Questions in the
affirmative.

    II.       Question 2
    Appellants’ Question 2 asks whether the proposed project requires a variance. While it is
not readily apparent to the Court from what requirement in the Regulations Appellants assert
that Dismas must seek a variance before receiving a zoning permit, Dismas’ motion for
summary judgment does not provide undisputed facts or why it is entitled to judgment on
Question 2. For this reason, we DENY summary judgment to Dismas on Question 2.

    III.      Questions 4 and 5
           Appellants’ Questions 4 and 5 ask whether the proposed project meets the criterion for
conditional use approval found in Regulations § 260-16.A(2). This criterion requires that an


1 For instance, one of the cases Appellants cite concerns whether a proposed use fits within the definition
of a “single-family residence” in the municipality, a land use that explicitly excludes boarding and
rooming houses as defined by the municipal ordinance. See Libolt v. Town of Irondequoit Zoning Bd. of
Appeals, 

(N.Y. App. Div. 2009). Here, the question is whether Dismas’ use is a type of
“lodging house,” the definition of which explicitly includes both boarding and rooming houses.

                                                    8
applicant show that a proposed conditional use “not result in an undue adverse effect . . . such
that an impact cannot be reasonably mitigated” on “[t]he character of the area, as defined by the
objectives of the zoning district within which the project is located and specifically stated
policies and standards of the municipal plan.” Regulations § 260-16.A. In Questions 4 and 5,
Appellants ask whether the proposed project will adversely impact certain qualities of the
character of the area in which it is to be located.
        In Dismas’ Statement of Undisputed Facts, Dismas provides Appellants’ responses to
interrogatories wherein Appellants describe their basis for asserting that the proposed project
will adversely impact the character of the area. We understand Dismas to be asserting that
Appellants’ answers do not include information relevant to the Court’s resolution of whether
the proposed project complies with the criterion for conditional use approval found in
Regulations § 260-16.A(2). However, because Dismas will bear the burden of proof at trial to
show that its application conforms with this criterion, we would need more from Dismas to
grant it summary judgment on Questions 4 and 5.           We would need Dismas to provide
undisputed facts that affirmatively show that its proposed project will not adversely impact the
qualities of the character of the area raised by Appellants in Questions 4 and 5. Because Dismas
has not made this showing in its motion and associated Statement of Undisputed Facts, we
must DENY Dismas summary judgment on Questions 4 and 5.

                                             Conclusion
        For the reasons detailed above, we conclude that the non-office use proposed by Dismas
and Twin Pines Housing Trust for the building at 1673 Maple Street in Hartford Village,
Vermont meets the definition of “lodging house” in Regulations § 260-59. Consequently, we
GRANT summary judgment to Dismas on Questions 1 and 3, answering the Questions in the
affirmative. Dismas has not shown, however, that it is entitled to summary judgment on
Questions 2, 4, and 5, and we therefore DENY Dismas summary judgment on these Questions.
        The deadline for the submission of pre-trial motions in this matter has now passed, and
a pre-trial telephonic status conference is scheduled for 2:00 pm on May 24, 2012. A two-day
merits hearing is scheduled for June 13 and 14, 2012 at the Windsor County Courthouse in
Woodstock, Vermont. Question 2 and Questions 4 through 9 remain for consideration during
the trial.




                                                      9
Done at Berlin, Vermont this 26th day of April, 2012.




                                              Thomas G. Walsh,
                                              Environmental Judge




                                       10