Cochran v. Rowe, No. 339-6-14 Wncv (Teachout, J., August 11, 2015)

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                                                      STATE OF VERMONT

SUPERIOR COURT                                                                                         CIVIL DIVISION
Washington Unit                                                                                        Docket No. 339-6-14 Wncv

TRAVIS COCHRAN
    Plaintiff

           v.

TERRY ROWE, in his capacity as Director of
the Commissioner’s Registry Review Unit
      Defendant

                                                            DECISION
                                                     State’s Motion to Dismiss

        Plaintiff Travis Cochran was placed on Vermont’s Child Protection Registry following
the substantiation of an incident of abuse that occurred when he was fourteen years old.
Seventeen years later, in 2013, with no subsequent incidents or allegations of abuse, he sought
expungement from the Registry pro se. Expungement is available to those who are believed to
no longer present an abuse risk. Mr. Cochran alleges that when he appeared for expungement
review, the reviewer spontaneously invited him to also challenge his 17-year-old substantiation
with no prior notice that the substantiation might then be at issue. Without any fair chance for
reflection, he assented and was immediately thrust into the position of both denying that the 17-
year old events had occurred as they had been alleged and trying to establish that, regardless of
the substantiation, he should be removed from the registry because he presents no abuse risk
now. The reviewer denied the challenge to the substantiation and, in significant part, denied
expungement because Mr. Cochran continued to deny the abuse incident. The reviewer’s single
written decision is dated November 18, 2013.

        Mr. Cochran, now represented by counsel, filed this Rule 75 action in June 2014. He
objects that substantiation review and expungement are supposed to be separate processes and
combining them—especially without fair notice—created a paradoxical situation that was highly
likely to make the denial of expungement a foregone conclusion. He asks the court to vacate the
substantiation review and expungement decision so he can have a fair shot at either or both
processes and filed a summary judgment motion to that effect.

       The State responded to Mr. Cochran’s summary judgment motion with a motion to
dismiss on subject matter jurisdiction grounds and a motion to stay consideration of summary
judgment pending resolution of the motion to dismiss. The court granted the motion to stay.

           The available administrative and appellate processes

       There are two avenues for administrative relief following the substantiation of a report of
abuse. First, one may seek review of the substantiation itself. 33 V.S.A. § 4916a(c)–(e). Such a
petitioner is entitled to a “review conference” before “a neutral and independent arbiter who has
no prior involvement in the original investigation of the allegation.” 

(f). The
burden of proof is on the Department. 

Obviously to avoid unfair surprise, the
legislature has required the Department to provide notice to such a petitioner as follows:

       At least 10 days prior to the administrative review conference, the Department
       shall provide to the person requesting review a copy of the redacted investigation
       file, notice of time and place of the conference, and conference procedures,
       including information that may be submitted and mechanisms for providing
       testimony.

The goal of the process contemplated by statute is to produce “the most accurate
decision regarding the allegation.” 

       Expungement is an entirely separate process with a completely different purpose. 33
V.S.A. § 4916c. At an expungement review, the petitioner has “the burden of proving that a
reasonable person would believe that he or she no longer presents a risk to the safety or well-
being of children.” 

By definition, expungement review is a forward-looking
process that presumes that the underlying events that led to placement on the registry occurred.
Review is before the Commissioner or a designee. 

event, an aggrieved petitioner may seek review before the Human Services
Board. 33 V.S.A. § 4916b (substantiation review appeal); § 4916c(e) (expungement appeal). On
substantiation review appeal, the Board holds a fair hearing pursuant to 3 V.S.A. § 3091. 33
V.S.A. § 4916b(a). Review is de novo. In re R.H., 

, ¶ 17, 

. A petitioner
who remains aggrieved by the Board’s decision may appeal directly to the Supreme Court. 3
V.S.A. § 3091(f).

       An expungement appeal proceeds as follows:

       The person shall be prohibited from challenging his or her substantiation at such
       hearing, and the sole issue before the Board shall be whether the Commissioner
       abused his or her discretion in denial of the petition for expungement. The
       hearing shall be on the record below, and determinations of credibility of
       witnesses made by the Commissioner shall be given deference by the Board.

33 V.S.A. § 4916c(e). There is no statutory right to review, which means that further review is
available only to the extent that it may be available in the Superior Court pursuant to Rule 75.

       The State’s position

       The State’s position is understandable. Both substantiation review and expungement
were decided against Mr. Cochran in one written decision. Mr. Cochran did not seek
administrative review of either decision. Had he sought review of the substantiation decision, he
could have sought further review in the Supreme Court. No appellate review in the Superior
Court is contemplated by statute. Had he sought administrative review of the expungement

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decision, he could have sought Rule 75 (certiorari) review in the Superior Court. So, reasons the
State, there can never be any subject matter jurisdiction in this court with regard to
substantiation, and in this case there is no subject matter jurisdiction over expungement because
Mr. Cochran never sought administrative review by the Human Services Board of the initial
denial of expungement.

       Analysis

        The court is persuaded that the statutory processes for substantiation review and
expungement are intrinsically antagonistic with each other and were made separate by the
legislature for that reason. The burden of proof falls to the State on substantiation and to the
petitioner on expungement. The types of administrative review from the resulting decisions are
completely different. Appellate review of the substantiation decision is available in the Supreme
Court. Appellate review of the expungement decision is not available at all—only Rule 75
review in the Superior Court is. Substantively, the allegation in this case is that Mr. Cochran,
who had only sought expungement, was seduced into dooming any chance he might have had at
expungement by agreeing, without fair notice, to challenge the 17-year-old substantiation in one
combined proceeding before the same decision-maker. The reviewer’s decision is crystal clear
that Mr. Cochran’s denial of the events underlying the substantiation was used in large part as
the reason to reject expungement. As far as the allegations go, this appears to have become the
prejudicial self-fulfilling prophesy that the separation of these processes was intended to avoid.

        Mr. Cochran does not seek appellate review of either administrative decision. If he had,
the court would agree with the State that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction. “‘Subject matter
jurisdiction’ refers to the power of a court to hear and determine a general class or category of
cases.” Lamell Lumber Corp. v. Newstress Int’l, Inc., 

, ¶ 6, 

. The
statutory scheme does not envision appellate review in the Superior Court.

        Mr. Cochran seeks Rule 75 review. The administrative processes were quasi-judicial in
nature. Mr. Cochran’s request is thus properly viewed as seeking relief in the nature of
certiorari. The State argues that the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction for certiorari review in
this case because Mr. Cochran had the opportunity for more administrative review and missed it
and the available appellate review of the substantiation decision does not lead to this court.
Typically, certiorari review is not available where other legal remedies exist.

      The State’s view of the court’s subject matter jurisdiction over certiorari is too narrow,
however. As the Vermont Supreme Court has explained:

               Certiorari is a writ issued by a superior to an inferior court of record, or to
       some other tribunal or officer exercising a judicial function, directing the
       certification of the record and proceedings in order that the record may be revised
       and corrected in matters of law. It is an extraordinary remedy and one of limited
       scope and function. It issues only in those cases in which compelling public
       necessity or other unusual circumstances make ordinary modes of proceeding
       inadequate, and the review thus occasioned is limited to keeping the inferior
       tribunal within the limits of its jurisdiction and insuring that that jurisdiction is

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       exercised with regularity. The availability of the writ is also limited in that the
       writ will issue only when there is no other adequate remedy at law, and no other
       means of review is available.

               Review by certiorari, then, is not the same as review by appeal, and it may
       not be used as a substitute for an appeal to correct mere errors in the exercise of a
       lawful jurisdiction.

       . . . . There is considerable case law in this and other jurisdictions to the effect that
       the actions of inferior officers, boards, and tribunals may be reviewed by writ of
       certiorari. That rule, however, is subject to two limitations. The first is that the
       action taken must be judicial or quasi-judicial in nature: in no case will the writ
       extend to ministerial, legislative, or executive acts. The second limitation is that
       the action taken must not be subject to review by other means.
                                               . . .

       . . . . It is important to note that it is the inadequacy, not the mere absence, of all
       other legal remedies that determines the propriety of certiorari. Only in rare cases
       of unusual hardship, where there is danger of the failure of justice without the
       writ, may certiorari issue to supplement the method of review expressly provided
       by statute. There may be some cases, then, where the writ will issue to review the
       actions [of a lower tribunal despite the availability of an appellate process].

Rhodes v. Town of Woodstock, 

, 324–26 (1974) (citations omitted). Regularity, as in
the expression “regular process,” refers to a “process that issues lawfully according to prescribed
practice.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1222 (7th ed. 1999).

        The allegation in this case is that the process undertaken was irregular in that it
undermined the statutory scheme and the petitioner’s rights. The State represents that as a result
of legislative changes in 2007, its ordinary practice is to offer a substantiation review to persons
seeking expungement and to combine the processes before a single decision-maker as it did in
this case. However, the common practice does not become regular simply because it is
commonplace. If it is the case that the State commonly deals with petitioners such as Mr.
Cochran in the same irregular manner, the point merely emphasizes the breadth of the hardship
and failure of justice that the practice causes and the public necessity for certiorari review.

       The court does not lack subject matter jurisdiction over this case.

        The State also argues that petitioner should not be able to pursue Rule 75 review because
he failed to exhaust administrative remedies by not filing an appeal of the initial combined
hearing determination to the Human Services Board. However following the reviewer’s
decision, petitioner, through his attorney, made a written request for an independent
substantiation hearing that did not have the claimed procedural defects of the combined hearing.
By letter dated May 5, 2014, Defendant denied this request. The petition for Rule 75 review in
this case was filed June 4, 2015. Thus petitioner pursued a remedy at the administrative level for
the claimed flawed process, and filed this case within a reasonable time after the denial.

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        In light of the reasons set forth above that support the court’s exercise of jurisdiction for
Rule 75 certiorari review, and given the seriousness of the claimed procedural defects and the
fact that petitioner attempted to address them at the administrative level without success,
dismissal for failure to exhaust administrative remedies is not warranted.

        For the reasons set forth above, the Motion to Dismiss is denied.

Procedural Issues

     On October 29, 2014, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. Then on
December 24, 2014, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Amend the Complaint.

        On March 16, 2015, the court granted Defendant’s request for a stay in filing a response
to Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment pending the outcome of the Motion to Dismiss.

       At this point, the Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment preceded the request to
amend the complaint. Therefore, the court denies the Motion for Summary Judgment as moot,
based on the subsequent effort to change the complaint.

        The Motion to Amend is granted as the case is in an initial phase in which the issues have
recently become clarified, and there appears to be no prejudice to the Defendant. A request for
Rule 75 review does not require an Answer. V.R.C.P. 75.

      The court establishes a new date below as a deadline for filing motions for summary
judgment.


                                              ORDER

        For the foregoing reasons,

   1.   The State’s Motion to Dismiss is denied.

   2. The Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is dismissed as moot.

   3. The Motion to Amend is granted.

   4. The deadline for filing summary motions is September 11, 2015.


        Dated at Montpelier, Vermont this ____ day of August 2015.


                                                       _____________________________
                                                       Mary Miles Teachout
                                                       Superior Judge

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