STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT                                               ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
Vermont Unit                                                    Docket No. 86-6-14 Vtec


Mahan Conditional Use Application                         DECISION ON MOTION



                          Decision on Motion for Summary Judgment
       This matter concerns property at 118 South Main Street in the Town of Northfield,
Vermont (the Property). Landowner Martha Mahan (Applicant) seeks conditional use approval
to convert a pre-existing, nonconforming commercial structure (the Structure) located on the
Property in the Residential A Zoning District into offices for real estate management. On May
22, 2014 the Town of Northfield Zoning Board of Adjustment (ZBA) denied the permit.
Applicant appealed the ZBA’s denial to this Court and filed a Statement of Questions containing
three questions. Applicant’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to her Question 1 is now before
the Court. Also before the Court is a Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment as to Question 1
filed by neighboring landowners’ William P. Mayo, Mayo Properties, LLP, Michael C. Curtis, and
Darlene R. Goodrich (the Neighbors). Additionally, the Town of Northfield (Town) filed a
memorandum in opposition to Applicant’s motion for summary judgment and in support of the
Neighbors’ motion for summary judgment.
       Ms. Mahan is represented by Christopher Roy, Esq. Neighbors are represented by L.
Brooke Dingledine, Esq. The Town is represented by David W. Rugh, Esq.
                                        Factual Background
       For the sole purpose of putting the pending motion into context the Court recites the
following facts which are undisputed:
1.     Martha Mahan and Glen Howard co-own property at 118 South Main Street, Northfield
       (the Property).
2.     The Property is located in the Residential A Zoning District.



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3.    Darlene Goodrich and Michael Curtis own and operate the Margaret Holland Inn at 128
      South Main Street, adjacent to the Property. William Mayo, of Mayo Properties LLP,
      operates a three-unit residential structure adjacent to the Property.
4.    There are two structures located on the Property: a four-unit residential structure and a
      commercial structure (the Structure).
5.    Under the Town of Northfield Zoning Bylaws (Bylaws) commercial use of the structure is
      no longer permitted unless it is a legal pre-existing nonconforming use that has not
      been abandoned.
6.    The Structure served as the main office for Ms. Mahan’s wood and millwork business,
      R.H. Associates and Company (R.H. Associates), until July 2011 when the company’s
      main office was relocated to 81 Freight Yard Way.
7.    On October 1, 2013, Ms. Mahan and Mr. Howard filed two zoning applications through
      applicant John Lambert: one application sought to convert the Structure into three
      apartments, the other sought to convert it into two apartments and an office. The
      application for approval of conversion to three apartments was subsequently
      withdrawn.
8.    The ZBA considered the application for two apartments and an office in a hearing on
      October 24, 2013. At the hearing Ms. Mahan and Mr. Howland testified that the
      Structure was vacant and had been since R.H. Associates relocated its main office in July
      2011. (Minutes of Hearing No. 26541, Oct. 24, 2013). Attorney Dingledine argued on
      behalf of Mr. Mayo that the Structure’s existing commercial use has lost its grandfather
      status. (Id.).
9.    At the close of the hearing, the ZBA voted to deny the application to convert the
      Structure into two apartments and an office. ZBA Chairman William Smith stated as the
      basis for denial that the Structure’s nonconforming use had been abandoned for more
      than 12 months. (Id.).
10.   The minutes of the October 24 hearing, which reflect the denial of the application and
      the factual bases for that denial, were approved at the ZBA’s December 5, 2013
      meeting.


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11.    The ZBA did not issue a separate written decision on the application to convert the
       Structure to two apartments and an office.
12.    Ms. Mahan did not appeal the ZBA’s October 24, 2013 decision.
13.    On March 5, 2014 Ms. Mahan filed an application with the ZBA for conditional use
       approval to convert the Structure to offices for real estate management.
14.    The ZBA considered the application in a hearing on May 22, 2014. Members of the ZBA
       stated that based on the October 24, 2013 hearing, they understood that commercial
       use of the Structure had been abandoned. (Minutes of Hearing No. 140522-1, May 24,
       2014). Attorney Roy argued on Applicant’s behalf that although R.H. Associates had
       relocated its main office, some machinery, equipment, and materials remained at the
       Structure; that R.H. Associates continued to make occasional, though infrequent, use of
       the Structure to access those items; and that a period of 12 continuous months had not
       lapsed without any such use. (Id.). Attorney Dingledine argued on behalf of the
       Neighbors that the ZBA had already taken testimony and ruled on the abandonment of
       commercial use of the Structure and that “running a woodworking machine once every
       couple months does not necessarily constitute business use.” (Id.).
15.    At the close of the hearing the ZBA voted to deny the permit, stating as the basis for
       denial that the Structure’s nonconforming use had been abandoned for more than 12
       months. (Id.).
16.    Ms. Mahan appealed the ZBA’s denial, filing a notice of appeal on June 18, 2014 and a
       three question Statement of Questions on July 8, 2014.
17.    On October 10, 2014 both parties filed motions for partial summary judgment in their
       favor as to Question 1 of Ms. Mahan’s Statement of Questions. Each party filed a
       subsequent memorandum in opposition to the other’s motion and the Town filed a
       separate response and memorandum in opposition to Applicant’s motion.
                                          Discussion
       The parties both move for summary judgment on Applicant’s Question 1, which raises
two issues: first, whether the ZBA conclusively determined at the October 24, 2013 hearing that




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the nonconforming commercial use of the Structure had been abandoned, and second,
whether such a finding is final and binding.
        A municipal panel’s decision is final and binding unless an interested person appeals
that decision to this Court. 24 V.S.A. § 4472(d) (“Upon the failure of an interested person . . . to
appeal to the Environmental Division under section 4471 of this title, all interested persons
affected shall be bound by . . . the decisions of the [municipal] panel . . . and shall not thereafter
contest, either directly or indirectly, the . . . decision of the panel in any proceeding . . . .”).
        The Neighbors argue that Ms. Mahan’s testimony at the October 24 hearing is binding in
the pending appeal. Ms. Mahan argues that at the October 24, 2013 hearing the ZBA failed to
conclusively determine whether the nonconforming use was or was not abandoned, and that
furthermore, the ZBA’s decision on the October 2013 application does not, as a matter of law,
preclude litigation of the question in the application now pending. We address each motion in
turn.
I.      Summary Judgment Standard
        Pursuant to Rule 56(a) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure (V.R.C.P.), a party seeking
summary judgment must show that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a). When considering cross-
motions for summary judgment, the court considers each motion individually and gives the
opposing party the benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences. City of Burlington v.
Fairpoint Commc’ns, Inc., 

, ¶ 5, 

. The court also accepts as true all factual
allegations made in opposition to a motion for summary judgment, so long as they are
supported by “specific citations to particular parts of materials in the record.”                V.R.C.P.
56(c)(1)(A). Furthermore, we must give the benefit of all reasonable doubt to the non-moving
party. The Court may also grant summary judgment on grounds other than those raised by the
parties. V.R.C.P. 56(f)(2). The Court may only do so, however, after giving notice and a
reasonable time to respond.
II.     Applicant’s Motion for Summary Judgment
        In her motion for summary judgment, Ms. Mahan argues that she is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law because the ZBA neither conclusively determined whether the


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Structure’s nonconforming use had been abandoned nor issued a final decision on the October
1, 2013 application. For this reason, she contends that the successive application doctrine1
does not preclude consideration of whether the Structure’s grandfathered status has been lost
as it pertains to the March 5 application because the ZBA’s decision on the October 1
application was not final.
        The successive application doctrine generally prevents a municipal panel from
entertaining “a second application concerning the same property after a previous application
has been denied, unless a substantial change of conditions ha[s] occurred or other
considerations materially affecting the merits’ of the request have intervened between the first
and second application.” In re Carrier, 

, 158 (1990) (quoting Silsby v. Allen’s
Blueberry Freezer, Inc., 

, 1295 (Me. 1985)). Even without substantial changes, a
second application is not necessarily precluded if it is based on new information that was
unavailable at the time of the first application. In re Woodstock Comm. Trust and Housing
Vermont PRD, 

, ¶ 7, 

.
        Despite the general rule limiting successive applications, Ms. Mahan contends that the
successive application doctrine does not preclude consideration of the March 5 application
because there was no formal decision denying the October 1 application, because she was not
afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue, and because barring her second
application would be unfair. In its memorandum in response to Ms. Mahan’s motion, the Town
argues that not only did the ZBA render a final judgment on the October 1 application, but that
the issue of whether the Structure’s nonconforming use was abandoned was conclusively
determined at the October 24 hearing.
        As a primary matter, Ms. Mahan alleges that the ZBA failed to issue a final decision on
the October 1 application. In its response to Ms. Mahan’s motion, the Town argues that the
ZBA issued a written decision on the application in the minutes of the hearing, which were
approved at the December 5, 2013 ZBA meeting. Pursuant to Bylaw § 2.10(A), the minutes may
serve as the final record of decision in the matter, “provided the factual bases and conclusions

1
 Ms. Mahan asserts “issue preclusion” or the “doctrine of collateral estoppel” as the basis for granting her permit.
We use the term “successive application doctrine” in the context of zoning applications. See In re Armitage, 

, ¶4, 

.

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relating to the review standards are provided in conformance with this subsection.” See 24
V.S.A. § 4464(b)(1) (“Decisions shall be issued in writing and shall include a statement of the
factual bases on which the appropriate municipal panel has made its conclusions and a
statement of the conclusions. The minutes of the meeting may suffice, provided the factual
bases and conclusions relating to the review standards are provided in conformance with this
subsection.”).
        It is undisputed that the ZBA held a hearing on October 24, during which it voted to
deny the application to convert the Structure to two apartments and one office, and that the
minutes of the meeting were affirmed by the ZBA on December 5. As represented in the
minutes, the ZBA concluded, based on statements from both Ms. Mahan and Attorney
Dingledine, that the Structure’s nonconforming use could not be re-established under Bylaw
§ 4.06(B)(1) because it had been discontinued for a period of 12 months. The ZBA therefore
clearly satisfied the requirements under Bylaw § 2.10(A) and their decision on the October 1
application is final.
        As to Ms. Mahan’s assertion that she was not afforded a full and fair opportunity to
litigate the issue of whether the Structure’s nonconforming use had been abandoned, she
relinquished any opportunity to contest the matter by failing to appeal the ZBA’s decision under
24 V.S.A. § 4471. If by “vacant” Ms. Mahan intended to infer that R.H.’s main office had been
relocated, and not that all use of the Structure had been abandoned, the opportunity to clarify
her meaning lapsed 31 days after the date of the ZBA’s decision. 24 V.S.A. § 4472(d). Ms.
Mahan’s failure to appeal the ZBA’s decision on the October 1 application under 24 V.S.A.
§ 4471 binds her to both the decision and the provisions therein. She is therefore precluded
from contesting the decision or provisions therein, including the ZBA’s conclusion that the
Structure’s nonconforming use had been abandoned. For this reason, we DENY Ms. Mahan’s
motion for summary judgment.
III.    The Neighbor’s Motion for Summary Judgment
        The Neighbors move for summary judgment on Applicant’s Question 1. Question 1 asks
whether the ZBA conclusively determined at the October 24, 2013 hearing that the
nonconforming commercial use of the Structure had been abandoned, and if so, whether such


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a determination is final and binding under 24 V.S.A. § 4472. We will grant summary judgment if
justified by the Neighbors’ motion and the undisputed facts.
       In their motion for summary judgment, the Neighbors contend that Applicant testified
before the ZBA at the October 24, 2013 hearing that the Structure had not been used for
commercial purposes and remained vacant for 2 ½ years. Neighbors relied on this testimony to
argue at that hearing that her commercial use of the Structure was abandoned. Accordingly,
the Neighbors assert that under Bylaw § 4.06(B)(1) Applicant cannot reestablish a commercial
use in a district where commercial uses are neither permitted nor conditional uses. Section
4.06(B)(1) allows a nonconforming use to be continued indefinitely but “[s]hall not, under any
circumstances, be re-established if such use has been discontinued for a period of 12 months.”
       The Neighbors support this assertion with testimony and minutes from the October 24
hearing, in which Applicant undisputedly testifies as to the Structure’s vacancy for a period of at
least 12 months. The Neighbors fail, however, to assert that the ZBA conclusively determined
that the Structure’s nonconforming use had been abandoned or that the ZBA issued a final
decision on the October 1, 2013 application based on this finding. They do not offer the
minutes of the October 24 hearing, which serve as a final record of decision in the matter under
Bylaw § 2.10(A), and which indicate the basis of the ZBA’s denial of the October 1 application.
Applicant’s testimony at the October 24 hearing, with nothing more, is not sufficient to support
granting summary judgment in Neighbors’ favor.
       In its memorandum in response and opposition to Applicant’s motion for summary
judgment, the Town, however, asserts that at the October 24 hearing the ZBA conclusively
determined that pursuant to Bylaw § 4.06(B)(1), the Structure’s nonconforming use had been
abandoned and that the ZBA issued a decision serving as a final record in the matter. To
support these assertions, the Town offers the transcript from the October 24 hearing, the
minutes of that hearing as approved by the ZBA on December 5, 2013, and an affidavit from the
Town’s Zoning Administrator attesting to these events. It is clear from the minutes that the
ZBA conclusively determined that the relocation of R.H. Associates main office triggered a
period of non-use that lasted for at least 12 months and that Applicant was not, therefore,
entitled to reestablish commercial use of the Structure. Furthermore, it is clear from the Zoning


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Administrator’s affidavit that these minutes, which were approved at the ZBA’s December 5
meeting, serve as a final and binding record of the ZBA’s decision. It is undisputed that this
decision was never appealed. As a result, the question of whether Applicant in fact abandoned
the commercial use of her property is irrelevant. By failing to appeal the ZBA’s decision that it
had been abandoned, Applicant is bound by that decision. 24 V.S.A. § 4471.
       To the extent the Neighbors rely on Applicant’s testimony that the Structure has been
vacant since July 2011 to support their motion for summary judgment, they fail to address the
legal issues raised by Applicant’s Question 1 and are not entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law. A court may, however, grant a motion for summary judgment on legal or factual grounds
the moving party has failed to raise after giving notice and a reasonable time to respond.
V.R.C.P. 56(f)(2). As such, the Court believes that summary judgment for the Neighbors is
warranted as to Question 1, not for the reasons stated in their motion, but rather on the
grounds offered in the Town’s memorandum.
                                          Conclusion
       Both parties move for summary judgment on Applicant’s Question 1, which asks
whether the ZBA conclusively determined that the Structure’s nonconforming use had been
abandoned for a period greater than 12 months, as established under Bylaw § 4.06(B)(1), and
whether the ZBA had issued a final decision on Applicant’s October 1, 2013. Although Applicant
asserts that the ZBA’s decision on the October 1 application was not final and therefore not
binding on her subsequent application, the ZBA’s minutes on the October 24 hearing, approved
by the ZBA, serve as the final record of decision in the matter. As such, Applicant’s failure to
appeal the ZBA’s decision on the October 1 application binds her to both the decision and the
provisions therein and precludes her from contesting the decision or provisions therein,
including the ZBA’s conclusion that the Structure’s nonconforming use has been abandoned.
For this reason, we DENY Ms. Mahan’s motion for summary judgment as to Question 1.
       Although the Neighbor’s fail to address the legal issues raised in Question 1 and thereby
show that they are entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, we intend to GRANT summary
judgment, pursuant to V.R.C.P. 56(f)(2), in their favor on the alternate grounds argued by the
Town. Furthermore, because the ZBA’s decision on the October 1 application is binding, both


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as to the decision and the provisions therein, we intend to GRANT summary judgment,
pursuant to V.R.C.P. 56(f)(3), in the Neighbors favor as to the remaining Questions 2 and 3, both
of which are resolved by the finality of the ZBA’s conclusion that the Structure’s nonconforming
use has been abandoned.
       The parties have 30 days from the date of this decision in which to respond to the
Court’s intent to grant summary judgment in the Neighbor’s favor on Questions 1, 2, and 3.


       Electronically signed on February 19, 2015 at 03:26 PM pursuant to V.R.E.F. 7(d).




_________________________________________
Thomas G. Walsh, Judge
Superior Court, Environmental Division




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