OPINION OF THE COURT

GREEN, J.

Plaintiffs are business enterprises that at one time were certified as eligible to receive benefits pursuant to the New York State Empire Zones Act (Empire Zones Act) (General Municipal Law § 955 et seq.). In April 2009, as part of the 2009-2010 budget legislation, the Governor signed into law amendments to the Empire Zones Act that altered certain eligibility criteria for business enterprises and directed defendant Commissioner of the New York State Department of Economic Development (DED Commissioner) to conduct a review of all business enterprises receiving benefits (see id. § 959 [a] [v] [5], [6]; [w]). As the result of that review, the DED Commissioner revoked the certification of each plaintiff, effective January 1, 2008. We agree with defendants that the Legislature intended that the pertinent 2009 amendments to the Empire Zones Act would apply retroactively to January 1, 2008. We agree with plaintiffs and Supreme Court, however, that such retroactive application unconstitutionally deprived plaintiffs of their property interests without due process.

I

In 1986 the Legislature enacted the Empire Zones Act "to stimulate private investment, private business development and job creation" in economically impoverished areas (General Municipal Law § 956). Toward that end, the State offered certain incentives to encourage the development of new businesses and the expansion of existing businesses in such economically impoverished areas, designated as empire zones (see id.; § 957 [d]). Those incentives include various tax credits for investment and job creation (see e.g. Tax Law § 606 [j], [j-1], [k], [l]; § 1456 [d], [o], [p]), which are available to business enterprises that the DED Commissioner has certified as eligible to receive such benefits (see General Municipal Law § 959 [a]). Prior to the 2009 amendments, the DED Commissioner was authorized to revoke the certification of participating business enterprises on various grounds, and the effective date of such decertification was "the date determined to be the earliest event constituting grounds for revoking certification" (General Municipal Law § 959 [a] [former (iv) (5) (A)], now § 959 [a] [v] [7] [A]).

In an effort to ensure that those business enterprises benefitting from the Empire Zones Program were meeting the investment and employment goals of the program, the Legislature amended General Municipal Law § 959 (a) in April 2009 to revise the eligibility criteria for businesses receiving empire zones' benefits. Pursuant to section 959 (a) (v) (5) of the amended statute, the DED Commissioner is authorized to revoke the certification of a business enterprise upon a finding, inter alia, that

That provision was intended to curb a practice colloquially known as "shirt-changing," which creates the illusion that a business enterprise is creating jobs and making investments when it does not in fact provide tangible economic benefits to the empire zone where the business is operating. The amended statute also added a cost-benefit criterion and permitted the DED Commissioner to revoke a certification upon finding that: "the business enterprise has failed to provide economic returns to the state in the form of total remuneration to its employees (i.e. wages and benefits) and investments in its facility greater in value to the tax benefits the business enterprise used and had refunded to it" (General Municipal Law § 959 [a] [v] [6]).

The same legislation added a new subdivision (w) to section 959, which directed the DED Commissioner to conduct a review during 2009 of all certified business enterprises to determine whether they should be decertified pursuant to the "shirt-changing" provision or the cost-benefit criterion. If decertification was not warranted, the DED Commissioner was to issue an empire zone retention certificate. On the other hand, if the DED Commissioner determined that the business enterprise should be decertified pursuant to the "shirt-changing" provision or the cost-benefit criterion, i.e., subparagraph (5) or (6) of section 959 (a) (v), the certification of the business enterprise would be revoked.

At the same time that it amended article 18-B of the General Municipal Law, the Legislature also amended several Tax Law provisions applicable to carryovers of empire zones' tax credits (see L 2009, ch 57, part S-1, §§ 11-22). Each of the pertinent Tax Law amendments provided in essence that "[a]ny carry over of a credit from prior taxable years will not be allowed if an empire zone retention certificate is not issued pursuant to [General Municipal Law § 959 (w)] to the empire zone enterprise which is the basis of the credit" (Tax Law § 210 [19] [e-1], as added by L 2009, ch 57, part S-1, § 11).

The legislation further provided that the pertinent amendments to General Municipal Law § 959 would "take effect immediately" (L 2009, ch 57, part S-1, § 44) but specified that the Tax Law amendments applicable to carryover tax credits were to "apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2008" (id. § 44 [a]). The Governor signed the legislation on April 7, 2009, and on April 15, 2009 the Department of Taxation and Finance issued a memorandum advising businesses that they must obtain an empire zone retention certificate and attach that certificate to their tax returns in order to receive credits for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2008 (NY St Dept of Taxation & Fin Mem No. TSB-M-09[5]C). The DED Commissioner contemporaneously promulgated a regulation providing that "[t]he effective date of decertification [pursuant to the pertinent statutory amendments] shall be January 1, 2008" (5 NYCRR 11.9 [c] [2]).

II

Upon the reviews conducted by the DED Commissioner, the certifications of plaintiffs Pioneer Fulton Shopping Center, LLC and Pioneer Management Group, LLC were revoked based upon the "shirt-changing" provision, those of plaintiffs James Square Associates LP (James Square) and Waterfront Associates, LLC were revoked based upon the cost-benefit criterion, and the certification of plaintiff Mohawk Glen Associates, LLC was revoked based upon both the "shirt-changing" provision and the cost-benefit criterion. The DED Commissioner notified each plaintiff that the effective date of the revocations was January 1, 2008. With the exception of James Square, all of the plaintiffs took administrative appeals to the empire zones designation board (EZDB) from the determinations revoking their certifications (see General Municipal Law § 960 [a]). The EZDB upheld each of the determinations, including the one revoking the certification of James Square despite the absence of an administrative appeal.

III

Plaintiffs commenced the instant action during the pendency of the administrative appeals. Plaintiffs do not contend that they meet the revised eligibility criteria set forth in the amended statute or that their certification of eligibility to receive empire zones' benefits was improperly revoked. Rather, plaintiffs challenge the effective date of those revocations and the retroactive application of the revised criteria to January 1, 2008. Plaintiffs thus sought, inter alia, a judgment declaring that the amendments to the statute set forth in subparagraphs (5) and (6) of General Municipal Law § 959 (a) (v) may be applied prospectively only, and not retroactively to January 1, 2008.

Plaintiffs moved and defendants cross-moved for summary judgment. In support of their motion, plaintiffs submitted a portion of the 2009-2010 budget bill proposed by the Governor that expressly provided that the decertification of a business enterprise pursuant to the review conducted by the DED Commissioner under General Municipal Law § 959 (w) would be effective for the taxable year beginning January 1, 2008. Plaintiffs contended that, inasmuch as the Legislature declined to enact that portion of the proposed bill, it intended that decertification would be prospective. Plaintiffs also submitted affidavits from their officers or members asserting that they had closed their books on 2008 prior to receiving notice in mid-2009 that their certifications had been revoked, and that they were thereafter assessed additional taxes that they had not anticipated.

In support of their cross motion, defendants submitted an affidavit from the Director of the Empire Zones Program who asserted that, both before and after the 2009 amendments, General Municipal Law § 959 (a) provided that the effective date of decertification was the "`date determined to be the earliest event constituting grounds for revoking certification,'" and that the pertinent amendments to the Tax Law in the 2009-2010 budget bill applied to tax years beginning in 2008. The Director further asserted that, at the time the certifications were revoked, the most current date available was contained in plaintiffs' 2007 business annual reports, and thus the earliest date that the DED Commissioner had grounds for revoking plaintiffs' eligibility was January 1, 2008. Defendants also submitted an excerpt from the Governor's "2009-10 Enacted Budget Financial Plan," which projected that the legislation amending the eligibility criteria for business enterprises receiving empire zones' benefits would provide the State with savings of $90 million in 2009 to 2010.

IV

The court granted plaintiffs' motion and denied defendants' cross motion. Based upon the language of the amended statute, the legislative history, and the rule of statutory construction that statutes are generally presumed to apply prospectively (see McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 51 [c]), the court concluded that "[t]he Legislature could not have intended that . . . the amendments would apply retroactively . . . [and that] the only logical date when §§ 959 (a) (v) (5) and 959 (a) (v) (6) should have taken effect[ ] was immediately upon the signing of the amendments into law," i.e., April 7, 2009. The court therefore granted the relief sought by plaintiffs, declaring that the amendments at issue apply prospectively only and that the decertification of plaintiffs, to the extent that it was applied by defendants retroactively to January 1, 2008, was null and void.

The order and judgment was entered June 22, 2010, and the Legislature responded swiftly by enacting legislation on August 11, 2010 addressing the effective date of decertifications made pursuant to the 2009 amendments. That legislation provides in pertinent part:

The Legislature also added the following language to General Municipal Law § 959 (a) (v):

Based upon the 2010 legislation, defendants moved for leave to renew. The court granted defendants' motion, and upon renewal, concluded that the 2010 legislation, as applied to plaintiffs, results in an unconstitutional taking of plaintiffs' property. The court therefore declared a second time that the 2009 amendments at issue may be applied prospectively only, and further declared that the decertifications of plaintiffs, to the extent that they were made retroactive to January 1, 2008, were unconstitutional, and thus null and void.

V

Contrary to the contention of plaintiffs and the conclusion of the court, we agree with defendants that the record establishes the intention of the Legislature that the revocation of plaintiffs' certifications pursuant to the 2009 amendments would be effective for the taxable year commencing January 1, 2008. In reaching that conclusion, we are mindful that, in interpreting a statute, our role is to effectuate the intent of the Legislature, and that the clearest indicator of the legislative intent is the language of the statute (see Patrolmen's Benevolent Assn. of City of N.Y. v City of New York, 41 N.Y.2d 205, 208 [1976]). Here, the Legislature provided that the amendments at issue were to "take effect immediately." When a statute is to take effect and whether that statute applies retroactively, however, are distinct issues. As the Court of Appeals noted in Majewski v Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist. (91 N.Y.2d 577, 583 [1998]), "[w]hile the fact that a statute is to take effect immediately evinces a sense of urgency, the meaning of the phrase is equivocal in an analysis of retroactivity" (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, both parties rely on the phrase to support their respective positions on retroactivity and, "[u]nder the circumstances, the proviso that the subject provisions were to `take effect immediately' contributes little to our understanding of whether retroactive application was intended on the issue presented" (id. at 583-584).

When the court ruled on the original motion and cross motion, the Legislature had not expressly stated when the revocation of a business enterprise's certification was to be effective. The court's decision, however, seemingly prompted the Legislature "to clarify and confirm" its intent in no uncertain terms that the decertification of empire zones' businesses that occurred during 2009 were "deemed to be in effect for the taxable year commencing on or after January 1, 2008 and before January 1, 2009" (L 2010, ch 57, part R, § 1). While "[t]he Legislature has no power to declare, retroactively, that an existing statute shall receive a given construction when such construction is contrary to that which the statute would ordinarily have received" (Matter of Roosevelt Raceway v Monaghan, 9 N.Y.2d 293, 304 [1961], appeal dismissed 368 U.S. 12 [1961]; see Matter of Bright Homes v Weaver, 7 A.D.2d 352, 358 [1959], affd 6 N.Y.2d 973 [1959]), here the Legislature's retroactive construction is entirely consistent with the 2009 amendments. The legislative history of the amendments at issue suggests that they were intended, at least in part, to generate revenue during 2009 to 2010, revenue that would not be generated if those amendments were to be applied prospectively. In addition, each of the amendments to the Tax Law affecting empire zones' carryover tax credits refers to the retention certificate issued to business enterprises that satisfied the new eligibility criteria set forth in General Municipal Law § 959 (a) (v) (5) and (6), and those amendments to the Tax Law were expressly effective retroactive to January 1, 2008 (see L 2009, ch 57, part S-1, §§ 11-22, 44 [a]).

Further, "[o]ne crucial legislative function is to clarify the meaning and purpose of the Legislature's enactments; it is the essence of the judicial function to honor legislative intent" (Phillips v City of New York, 66 A.D.3d 170, 188 [2009]). As noted, the Legislature acted swiftly to clarify the effective date of the 2009 amendments in response to the court's initial decision and, "when the Legislature does tell us what it meant by a previous act, its subsequent statement of earlier intent is entitled to very great weight" (Matter of Chatlos v McGoldrick, 302 N.Y. 380, 388 [1951]; see RKO-Keith-Orpheum Theatres, Inc. v City of New York, 308 N.Y. 493, 501-502 [1955]).

VI

While we thus agree with defendants on the issue of legislative intent, we further conclude that the retroactive application intended by the Legislature violates plaintiffs' due process rights. Here, "[i]nasmuch as the transactions were complete and reimbursement was owed prior to the . . . effective date of the . . . [s]tatute, which `altered the substantive law governing [plaintiffs'] conduct' . . ., application of that statute to [plaintiffs'] claims would render it `retroactive' in the true sense of that term" (Matter of County of St. Lawrence v Daines, 81 A.D.3d 212, 216 [2011], lv denied 17 N.Y.3d 703 [2011]). The 2009 amendments at issue are not, strictly speaking, retroactive tax laws, i.e., they do not retroactively impose a new tax or increase an existing tax. The amendments, however, alter plaintiffs' eligibility for tax credits, and the cases addressing the retroactive application of tax statutes are therefore instructive. In Matter of Replan Dev. v Department of Hous. Preserv. & Dev. of City of N.Y. (70 N.Y.2d 451, 456 [1987], appeal dismissed 485 U.S. 950 [1988]), the Court of Appeals explained that determining whether the retroactive application of a tax law offends constitutional limitations requires a balancing of the equities:

Those factors militate in plaintiffs' favor. The time period at issue, measured from the enactment of the 2009 amendments, is approximately 16 months. Whether that period is excessive, in our view, cannot be resolved in the abstract, but only in light of the other factors, i.e., notice and reliance. "The constitutionality of [the retroactive decertification] turns primarily on whether [plaintiffs] could have reasonably foreseen the enactment and, if [they] could have anticipated [decertification], whether [plaintiffs] would have altered [their] behavior" (Wittenberg v City of New York, 135 A.D.2d 132, 137 [1988], affd 73 N.Y.2d 753 [1988]). There is no indication in the record that plaintiffs had any warning that the criteria for certification of empire zones' businesses were going to change, prospectively or retroactively, prior to April 2009. Further, and most significantly, it is undisputed that plaintiffs maintained their eligibility for empire zones' tax credits throughout the tax year beginning January 1, 2008 pursuant to the criteria then in effect. As the court observed, here plaintiffs did not merely rely on the continuing benefit of a tax statute (cf. Matter of Varrington Corp. v City of N.Y. Dept. of Fin., 85 N.Y.2d 28, 32-33 [1995]), but they were induced to conduct their businesses in a particular way in specified disadvantaged areas in reliance upon the availability of empire zones' tax credits. Under the circumstances, those tax credits "have induced action in reliance thereon [and thus] . . . may not be invalidated by subsequent legislation" (People v Brooklyn Garden Apts., 283 N.Y. 373, 380 [1940]).

Finally, we conclude that defendants have failed to explain what legitimate public purpose is served by retroactive application of the 2009 amendments. This is not a situation in which "evasive measures taken after introduction of a bill but before enactment might frustrate the purpose of the legislation" (Matter of Neuner v Weyant, 63 A.D.2d 290, 302 [1978], appeal dismissed 48 N.Y.2d 975 [1979]; see Replan Dev., 70 NY2d at 456). Plaintiffs were powerless to alter the conduct of their businesses for the tax year that ended before the 2009 amendments were introduced, and defendants offer no justification for retroactive application of the 2009 amendments apart from the additional revenue that the State would realize by retroactively eliminating tax credits for certain participants in the Empire Zones Program. That justification by defendants, balanced against the inequity to plaintiffs, is insufficient. We are compelled to conclude that "the apparent absence of a persuasive reason for retroactivity, with its potentially harsh effects, offends constitutional limits, especially when the tax [credit eliminated] is one which might exert significant influence on. . . business transactions" (Holly S. Clarendon Trust v State Tax Commn., 43 N.Y.2d 933, 935 [1978], cert denied 439 U.S. 831 [1978]). The court therefore properly declared that the amendments at issue apply prospectively only, and that the revocations of plaintiffs' certifications, to the extent they were made retroactive to January 1, 2008, are null and void.

VII

Accordingly, the order and judgment should be affirmed.

It is hereby ordered that the order and judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed without costs.