OPINION OF THE COURT

FRIEDMAN, J.P.

Plaintiff Arnold Melman, M.D., was hired as chairman of defendant Montefiore Medical Center's urology department in 1988, when he was 47 years old. In 2007, when he was 66, he commenced this action against Montefiore, asserting causes of action for age discrimination and retaliation in violation of the New York City Human Rights Law (Administrative Code of City of NY § 8-107 [1] [a]; [7]).1 Although plaintiff remains in his position as chairman of the urology department, he alleges that Montefiore has discriminated against him on the basis of his age, and has retaliated against him for protesting this discrimination, by compensating him at a rate unreasonably low for a physician of his professional attainments, limiting his control over his department, and otherwise treating him with perceived disrespect. He now appeals from Supreme Court's order granting Montefiore's post-discovery motion for summary judgment (Melman v Montefiore Med. Ctr., 36 Misc.3d 1216[A], 2010 NY Slip Op 52453[U] [2010]). For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.

In his opening brief, plaintiff states that his claims "should be analyzed under the framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)." The McDonnell Douglas framework has been adopted for use in discrimination actions brought under the respective Human Rights Laws of the State and City of New York (see Forrest v Jewish Guild for the Blind, 3 N.Y.3d 295, 305 [2004], citing Ferrante v American Lung Assn., 90 N.Y.2d 623, 629-630 [1997]). The New York City Human Rights Law (NYCHRL) was amended by the Local Civil Rights Restoration Act of 2005 (LCRRA) (Local Law No. 85 [2005] of City of NY) to clarify, among other things, that it should be construed, regardless of the construction given to comparable federal and state statutes, "broadly in favor of discrimination plaintiffs, to the extent that such a construction is reasonably possible" (Albunio v City of New York, 16 N.Y.3d 472, 477-478 [2011]). However, neither the LCRRA nor the City Council report thereon (Rep of Governmental Affairs Div, Comm on Gen Welfare, 2005 NY City Legis Ann, at 536-539) sets forth a new framework for consideration of the sufficiency of proof of claims under the NYCHRL or indicates that the McDonnell Douglas framework is to be discarded.

In a recent decision that affirmed summary judgment dismissing a complaint, this Court held that an action brought under the NYCHRL must, on a motion for summary judgment, be analyzed both under the McDonnell Douglas framework and the somewhat different "mixed-motive" framework recognized in certain federal cases (see Bennett v Health Mgt. Sys., Inc., 92 A.D.3d 29, 45 [2011] [summary judgment dismissing a claim under the NYCHRL should be granted only if "no jury could find defendant liable under any of the evidentiary routes — McDonnell Douglas, mixed motive, `direct' evidence, or some combination thereof"]). Under Bennett, it is proper to grant summary judgment dismissing a claim under the NYCHRL only if the defendant demonstrates that it is entitled to summary judgment under both of these frameworks. Although plaintiff himself has not suggested that we analyze this case under a mixed-motive framework, in adherence to the holding of Bennett and to the aforementioned intent of the LCRRA that the NYCHRL be construed "broadly in favor of discrimination plaintiffs, to the extent that such a construction is reasonably possible" (Albunio, 16 NY3d at 477-478), we will subject this action both to a McDonnell Douglas analysis and to a mixed-motive analysis. As described below, we believe that Montefiore — like the defendant in Bennett — is entitled to summary judgment under either analytic framework.

We turn first to an analysis of plaintiff's discrimination claim under the McDonnell Douglas framework, as the parties have presented the case to us. Under the McDonnell Douglas framework as applied in New York, a plaintiff alleging employment discrimination in violation of the NYCHRL

"Moreover, the burden of persuasion of the ultimate issue of discrimination always remains with the plaintiff[]" (Stephenson v Hotel Empls. & Rest. Empls. Union Local 100 of AFL-CIO, 6 N.Y.3d 265, 271 [2006]).

In his brief, plaintiff summarizes his complaint against Montefiore as follows: "Melman was paid far less than his position and accomplishments warranted, while younger physicians were treated more favorably." In this regard, plaintiff (whose total compensation for 2008 was close to half a million dollars) complains that Montefiore denied his requests for raises, gave him inadequate raises, and awarded him insufficient bonuses. Plaintiff points out that Dr. Spencer Foreman, Montefiore's former president and CEO, admitted at his deposition that he told plaintiff in 2006 that "his compensation at Montefiore was below the level of others in comparable positions elsewhere." In support of the contention that "younger physicians were treated more favorably," plaintiff identifies one of his subordinates in the urology department (referred to hereinafter as RG), a physician 25 years younger than himself, who (at the very end of the period documented in the record) received total annual compensation exceeding plaintiff's.2 Plaintiff testified that, on one occasion, Montefiore acceded to RG's demand for an increase in compensation around the same time that the hospital denied plaintiff's request for a raise. Plaintiff further contends that a pattern of discrimination against older physicians can be discerned from a number of instances in which Montefiore "forced out" older departmental chairmen and replaced them with significantly younger physicians. Bearing in mind that, as previously noted, the LCRRA directs us to construe the NYCHRL "broadly in favor of discrimination plaintiffs, to the extent that such a construction is reasonably possible" (Albunio, 16 NY3d at 477-478; see Administrative Code § 8-130), we assume that these circumstances surrounding the challenged adverse actions "giv[e] rise to an inference of discrimination" (Forrest, 3 NY3d at 305) so as to enable plaintiff to carry his "de minimis burden of showing a prima facie case of age discrimination" (Exxon Shipping Co. v New York State Div. of Human Rights, 303 A.D.2d 241, 241 [2003], lv denied 100 N.Y.2d 505 [2003], citing Schwaller v Squire Sanders & Dempsey, 249 A.D.2d 195, 196 [1998]).

Assuming, as we do, that plaintiff has established "the minimal prima facie case" (Broome v Keener, 236 A.D.2d 498, 499 [1997]), the burden shifts to Montefiore to come forward with admissible evidence that it had "legitimate, independent, and nondiscriminatory reasons" (Forrest, 3 NY3d at 305) for taking the actions adverse to plaintiff for which he sues. As the dissent and plaintiff concede, Montefiore has sustained this burden.

Turning first to the issue of RG's compensation, it is undisputed that this physician's demands for increased compensation were granted because he was threatening to leave Montefiore if he were not given a raise. Indeed, plaintiff testified that he personally, out of a desire "to protect my faculty that I had hired," conveyed RG's salary demand to Foreman, warning that RG was "going to leave if we don't give him more money."3 The record shows that there was reason to believe that RG was not making an idle threat. Susan Green-Lorenzen, who was Montefiore's clinical vice-president with operational responsibility for the urology department during the relevant period, states in her affidavit that RG is "the only surgeon in our employ who possesses the unique skill set to perform robotic prostate surgery and train future surgeons on robotic urology surgery."4 Green-Lorenzen further notes that, when RG's base salary was increased to $400,000 in 2006, "other robotic surgeons in the local area were compensated at a rate exceeding $500,000." Montefiore was "well within its rights in considering the marketplace value of [RG's] skills when determining his salary" (Kent v Papert Cos., 309 A.D.2d 234, 244 [2003]).

Moreover, plaintiff's total compensation exceeded RG's in each year from 2004 through 2007. The record shows that (1) it was not until 2007 that RG's total compensation rose to within $100,000 of plaintiff's and (2) it was only at the end of 2008, the last year documented in the record, that RG's total compensation first exceeded plaintiff's.5 Aside from RG at the very end of the period for which we have evidence, plaintiff does not identify any subordinate of his (of any age) whose compensation exceeded his own. In fact, the record shows that plaintiff was paid more than each of his subordinates other than RG during the entire period from 2004 through 2008. During those five years, plaintiff's total annual compensation exceeded that of his highest-paid subordinate other than RG by an average of approximately $190,000.6

Montefiore also set forth, through Green-Lorenzen's affidavit, the charges, collections, Relative Value Units (RVUs) (a metric used by Medicare) and operating room (OR) cases generated for the hospital by plaintiff's and RG's respective practices from 2004 through 2008. Montefiore uses these indicators in determining a physician's compensation. In each category, plaintiff's numbers declined or stayed the same through this period, while RG's increased. For example, plaintiff's RVUs decreased by 34% during this five-year period but RG's RVUs increased by 34%; plaintiff's OR cases stayed essentially the same throughout the period but RG's OR cases increased by 40%. By 2008, RG's figure for each indicator was substantially higher than plaintiff's.7

Plaintiff also complains that, as Foreman told him in 2006, he was paid less than physicians in comparable positions at other institutions.8 In this regard, he highlights his own achievements as a clinician, researcher and administrator, asserting that his compensation was unreasonably low for a physician with such an exemplary record. However, even if we assume the accuracy of plaintiff's description of his achievements — and ignore the failings set forth in Montefiore's submissions — he does not discuss how his achievements compare with the achievements of chairmen of other departments at Montefiore or with the achievements of chairmen of comparable departments at other institutions. For example, plaintiff makes much of his personal, nonexpert estimation that the urology department generated $228 million in revenue for Montefiore during his chairmanship from 1988 through 2008. Assuming that this estimate is accurate, it does not tell us whether the department was meeting expectations, over-performing, or under-performing. In this regard, Robert B. Conaty, Montefiore's executive vice-president for operations, states in his affidavit:

As noted in the above remark, Montefiore was entitled, in setting plaintiff's compensation, to consider the deficiencies of his performance as a departmental chairman, as well as his achievements. A number of the perceived deficiencies in plaintiff's performance that were considered in setting his compensation are set forth in a December 2005 internal memorandum directed to Conaty by Lynn Stansel, Esq., Montefiore's counsel for compliance. This memorandum, which was prepared long before plaintiff first complained of age discrimination, details, among other problems in the urology department, the following: (1) a complaint was filed with the State Division of Human Rights based on plaintiff's refusal to perform an elective operation on an HIV-positive patient; (2) Montefiore settled, for consideration of more than a half million dollars, a lawsuit by two former urology department physicians who alleged that plaintiff engaged in improper billing and then terminated them when they complained; (3) Montefiore had to repay $400,620 to HIP due to double-billing attributed to plaintiff's failure to oversee billing for a matter he had negotiated; (4) professional misconduct complaints against plaintiff were filed with the State Office of Professional Medical Conduct (OPMC), including one based on his alleged failure to diagnose cancer that was settled for several hundred thousand dollars and another alleging that he made inappropriate comments about a patient's penile deformity; and (5) deficiencies in plaintiff's medical record keeping resulted in Montefiore's making a substantial repayment to Medicare, OPMC's issuance of warnings to plaintiff in 2003 and 2005 directing him to amend his practices to comply with New York State law, and Montefiore's placing plaintiff on medical review for a number of years. The December 2005 memorandum estimates that Montefiore paid out, on behalf of the urology department or plaintiff himself, a total of $1.5 million in reimbursements, penalties and liabilities arising from the matters described therein.

In addition, Montefiore documents that, from 2004 to 2006, the urology department's residency program — of which plaintiff was director — was placed on probation by the Residency Review Committee (RRC) of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The RRC had earlier warned that deficiencies in the program required correction. Even when the program was taken off probation in 2006, the RRC noted that certain previously cited deficiencies had not been corrected.

Plaintiff attributes one problem with the urology residency program cited by the RRC — a deficiency of operative experience for residents — to Montefiore's failure to allow him to expand the department and, in particular, its refusal to permit him to hire a specialist in female urology. However, Montefiore explains, without contradiction, that the hospital did not wish to duplicate the expertise in female urology it already had in its department of obstetrics and gynecology; that it was plaintiff's responsibility to make arrangements with other institutions and with the Montefiore OB/GYN department to afford Montefiore urology residents the requisite case experience; and that plaintiff was given authority to hire additional faculty but was not diligent in filling those positions.

As of the end of 2008, the urology department continued to have significant problems, as reflected in a memorandum by Conaty summarizing the performance review held for plaintiff on December 18, 2008. The memorandum acknowledges plaintiff's successes during the year, such as the recruitment of two specialists in pediatric urology. However, the memorandum notes that problems with recruitment remained: "[T]here are several critical positions which remain unfilled and recruitment efforts seemed to have stalled; recruitment efforts should have focused on building oncology and endoscopy services ... [but plaintiff's] interest is in hiring a uro-gynecologist."9 Other problems noted by the memorandum include complaints from residents ("poor teaching, lack of mentoring and feedback, as well as ... limited breadth of operating experience and faculty involvement"); complaints from faculty ("The general sense is that [plaintiff] is absent from the Department ... his physical presence in the Department is limited to 1-1 ½ days per week"); and complaints about the quality of the department's consultative service. The memorandum concludes by noting that plaintiff was being awarded a bonus of $100,000 "based on his and the Department's performance during 2008." Plaintiff's bonus for the previous year had been $125,000.

Another December 18, 2008 memorandum by Conaty notes that Montefiore had learned that plaintiff had forwarded to an outside consultant an internal Montefiore report on his record keeping, along with supporting patient records. The memorandum notes that plaintiff breached Montefiore's confidentiality policies by taking this action, which he did "without permission [from] or even notification to medical center administration." The memorandum concludes with the following admonition to plaintiff: "As a senior leader, you are expected to have a basic understanding of medical center policies, and to seek counsel prior to undertaking potentially problematic actions if you are unclear about any aspect of those policies."

Given Montefiore's production of evidence of legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for setting plaintiff's compensation at the levels it chose, and ultimately to set RG's compensation at a higher level than his, the burden shifted back to plaintiff to raise a triable issue as to whether these reasons were pretextual by producing evidence tending to show "both that the stated reasons were false and that discrimination was the real reason" (Forrest, 3 NY3d at 305). Plaintiff fails to raise any issue on either score.

Plaintiff does not identify any evidence suggesting the falsity of Montefiore's proffered reasons for the challenged compensation decisions. In summary, those reasons were: (1) the need to raise the compensation of RG to retain the services of the only physician at Montefiore who performed robotic prostate surgery; (2) the documented problems with the urology department under plaintiff's chairmanship; and (3) the stagnation or decline of the monetary value of plaintiff's practice to the hospital (as measured by each of the four aforementioned indicators — charges, collections, RVUs, and OR cases) during the five years ending in 2008.10

While plaintiff questions Montefiore's business judgment in addressing the foregoing matters — suggesting, for example, that the departmental problems cited by Montefiore were "stale," not plaintiff's fault, and, in any event, outweighed by plaintiff's alleged achievements as chairman — an age discrimination plaintiff "must do more than challenge the employer's decision as contrary to `sound business or economic policy,' since such an argument does not give rise to the inference that the [adverse action] was due to age discrimination" (Bailey v New York Westchester Sq. Med. Ctr., 38 A.D.3d 119, 124 [2007], quoting Ioele v Alden Press, 145 A.D.2d 29, 37 [1989]; see also Alvarado v Hotel Salisbury, Inc., 38 A.D.3d 398 [2007] [same]).11 In determining whether the reason for an adverse action was pretextual, "[i]t is not for the Court to decide whether the[] complaints [against plaintiff] were truthful or fair, as long as they were made in good faith" (Saenger v Montefiore Med. Ctr., 706 F.Supp.2d 494, 508 [SD NY 2010]; see also Forrest, 3 NY3d at 312 [on summary judgment motion in discrimination case, it was not "material whether defendants' contemporaneous assessment of plaintiff's recordkeeping skills was justified"]). "The mere fact that [plaintiff] may disagree with [his] employer's actions or think that [his] behavior was justified does not raise an inference of pretext" (id. [internal quotation marks omitted]). "[A] challenge... to the correctness of an employer's decision does not, without more, give rise to the inference that the [adverse action] was due to age discrimination" (Kelderhouse v St. Cabrini Home, 259 A.D.2d 938, 939 [1999], citing Ioele, 145 AD2d at 36-37; see also Ospina v Susquehanna Anesthesia Affiliates, P.C., 23 A.D.3d 797, 799 [2005], lv denied 6 N.Y.3d 705 [2006] [same]). Nor can plaintiff establish pretext "by rationalizing [his] errors or by blaming others" (Saenger, 706 F Supp 2d at 509 [internal quotation marks omitted]).

In sum, the court in an employment discrimination case "should not sit as a super-personnel department that reexamines an entity's business decisions" (Baldwin v Cablevision Sys. Corp., 65 A.D.3d 961, 966 [2009], lv denied 14 N.Y.3d 701 [2010] [internal quotation marks omitted]). As the Court of Appeals has stated: "[I]t matters not whether the [employer's] stated reason for [the challenged action] was a good reason, a bad reason, or a petty one. What matters is that the [employer's] stated reason for [the action] was nondiscriminatory" (Forrest, 3 NY3d at 308 n 5).

Nor has plaintiff adduced evidence tending to show that age discrimination was the real reason for Montefiore's determination to pay him less than he believed he deserved. Again, for present purposes, we assume that plaintiff met the minimal requirements of a prima facie case by pointing to the fact that the compensation of his younger subordinate RG ultimately exceeded his own and to a number of instances in which Foreman admitted that Montefiore forced out older departmental chairmen and replaced them with younger physicians. Even granting plaintiff this much, however, it does not follow that, in view of Montefiore's evidence of its legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the challenged actions, plaintiff has come forward with sufficient evidence to go to trial on his claim of age discrimination.

This Court has observed that, in employment discrimination jurisprudence, "the term `"prima facie case"' is used ... to denote the establishment by plaintiff of facts sufficient to create a `legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption,' rather than the more traditional meaning of describing plaintiff's burden of setting forth sufficient evidence to go before the trier of fact" (Sogg v American Airlines, 193 A.D.2d 153, 156 n 2 [1993], lv denied 83 N.Y.2d 754 [1994], citing Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254 n 7 [1981]). Thus, that an employee has made out a prima facie case under the McDonnell Douglas framework does not necessarily mean that he or she will succeed in defeating a summary judgment motion supported by admissible evidence of legitimate reasons for the employer's challenged action (see Stephenson, 6 NY3d at 271 [although "there was enough evidence ... to establish a prima facie case" of age discrimination, "(a)fter the nondiscriminatory reasons were given and the burden shifted to them, plaintiffs did not prove that the reasons given were pretextual"]; Forrest, 3 NY3d at 307 ["plaintiff ... cannot avoid summary judgment for defendants because, even assuming that she has made a prima facie showing ..., she has failed to rebut defendant's proof that the purported termination did not arise under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination"]; Mete v New York State Off. of Mental Retardation & Dev. Disabilities, 21 A.D.3d 288, 290 [2005] [affirming summary judgment dismissing discrimination claims although plaintiffs established a prima facie case]; Roberts v Philip Morris Mgt. Corp., 288 A.D.2d 166, 166 [2001] [same]; Schwaller, 249 AD2d at 196-197 [same]; Broome v Keener, 236 AD2d at 498 [same]; see also Abdu-Brisson v Delta Air Lines, Inc., 239 F.3d 456, 470 [2d Cir 2001], cert denied 534 U.S. 993 [2001] ["Although Plaintiffs met their de minimis burden of establishing a prima facie case of age discrimination, they have failed to produce sufficient evidence to support a rational finding that the non-discriminatory business reasons proffered by the defendant for the challenged employment actions were false"]; Saenger, 706 F Supp 2d at 507-508 [granting employer summary judgment although age discrimination plaintiff made out a prima facie case]).

Our dissenting colleague, in support of his contention that Montefiore is not entitled to summary judgment, places great emphasis on the circumstance that a number of older departmental chairmen (none of whom testified or submitted an affidavit in this proceeding) left Montefiore involuntarily and were replaced by substantially younger physicians.12 We have assumed that the departure and replacement of these physicians can support plaintiff's prima facie case. Nonetheless, this bare collateral circumstance, without a developed factual record illuminating why the other physicians were asked or encouraged to leave, cannot defeat a summary judgment motion based on uncontroverted evidence of legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the employment decisions concerning plaintiff that are directly at issue in this action. While it was Montefiore's burden to come forward with evidence supporting the legitimate reasons it proffered for its adverse actions against plaintiff himself, we decline to impose on Montefiore the additional burden of justifying its conduct in collateral matters involving nonparty former employees when plaintiff has established only that those employees may have been able to satisfy the minimal requirements of a prima facie case in lawsuits of their own. If plaintiff believed that he could establish a pattern of actual age discrimination against other physicians, it was up to him to develop an evidentiary record from which a trier of fact could infer that such discrimination had actually been perpetrated. This he has not done.

As the dissenter himself acknowledged in his opinion in Bennett, the initial "de minimis prima facie showing" required of a plaintiff under McDonnell Douglas should not be conflated with the "frequently ... onerous" showing required to defeat a well supported summary judgment motion (92 AD3d at 38). To reiterate, regarding the departures of the other chairmen, plaintiff has made, at most, a de minimis prima facie showing (i.e., that the other chairmen were in the protected class, were asked to leave, and were replaced by younger physicians). He has not come forward with evidence that discrimination actually occurred in the case of any of these former chairmen, and, to reiterate, in the only two of these cases in which Montefiore was sued, it was exonerated upon summary judgment.13 It is the dissent's view that plaintiff, merely by demonstrating that a handful of other employees could have made a "de minimis prima facie showing" for themselves, somehow satisfies his own "onerous" burden of rebutting Montefiore's "proffered nondiscriminatory reasons" (id.) for its challenged actions in his particular case. This approach appears quite radical to us.

Aside from his failure to flesh out the facts underlying the departures of the other older departmental chairmen, plaintiff has not offered any statistical data or analysis that could support a finding of a pattern of age discrimination.14 In particular, the record contains no information about terminations of younger physicians, so there is no basis to infer that older physicians were terminated at a higher rate than younger physicians. In the absence of fuller statistical data and expert analysis thereof, plaintiff's cherry-picking of a handful of cases in which older physicians were asked to leave — and, again, the two former chairmen who sued Montefiore for discrimination had their claims dismissed upon Montefiore's motions for summary judgment — does not raise a triable issue as to the existence of a pattern of age discrimination (see Saenger, 706 F Supp 2d at 515-516).15

Plaintiff also relies on a total of three remarks by Foreman (to whom plaintiff attributes Montefiore's adverse actions against him) that are said to manifest bias against older physicians. This reliance is unavailing. Two of the remarks were simply positive references to "young" professionals that, in the absence of other evidence of ageist bias, do not imply any sinister aspersion on older workers.16 Stray remarks such as these, even if made by a decision maker, do not, without more, constitute evidence of discrimination (see Mete, 21 AD3d at 294, citing Danzer v Norden Sys., Inc., 151 F.3d 50, 56 [2d Cir 1998]). The third remark, even further afield from the subject matter of this action, was simply Foreman's comment, in a newspaper article profiling him just before his retirement, on his own weakened physical condition as he battled a malignant brain tumor. Being a patient, Foreman said, is "not a preferred state," to which he added: "I'm 72 years old and things happen to old men. Nobody knows that better than a doctor." We see no evidence of ageist bias in this rueful observation on what is, after all, an inescapable fact of life. In sum, the tiny number of stray, marginally age-related remarks that plaintiff cites, none of which concerned an employment decision, do not — even when viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff — form a quantum of proof sufficient to support a finding that the legitimate reasons Montefiore proffered for its challenged actions were pretextual, either in whole or in part.

We have considered the remaining matters of which plaintiff complains and find that they do not raise a triable issue of pretext. To take one example, that Foreman steered Montefiore's chairman of the board (a personal friend) toward RG, rather than plaintiff, for surgery does not, by itself or in combination with the other evidence in the record, constitute even circumstantial evidence of age-based discrimination. In this regard, we note that it is undisputed that RG has certain skills and training that plaintiff lacks. To the extent plaintiff emphasizes that he subjectively felt "humiliated," "degraded" and "isolated" by the perceived slights of Foreman and other Montefiore executives, we find applicable the Court of Appeals' admonition that "mere personality conflicts must not be mistaken for unlawful discrimination, lest the antidiscrimination laws become a general civility code" (Forrest, 3 NY3d at 309 [internal quotation marks omitted]).17

The foregoing establishes that Montefiore is entitled to summary judgment when plaintiff's discrimination claim is analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas framework. As previously noted, however, this Court held in Bennett that summary judgment dismissing a claim under the NYCHRL should not be granted unless the claim also fails when analyzed under the somewhat more lenient mixed-motive framework. Again, although plaintiff has not requested that we subject his claim to a mixed-motive analysis, we conclude that use of that framework does not lead to a different result in this particular case.

Recognizing the mandate of the LCRRA to construe the NYCHRL as liberally as reasonably possible in favor of plaintiffs (see Albunio, 16 NY3d at 477-478) to the end that "discrimination should not play a role in [employment] decisions" (Rep of Governmental Affairs Div, Comm on Gen Welfare, Prop. Int. No. 22-A, Aug. 17, 2005, reprinted in 2005 NY City Legis Ann, at 537), we agree with the dissent that the plaintiff should prevail in an action under the NYCHRL if he or she proves that unlawful discrimination was one of the motivating factors, even if it was not the sole motivating factor, for an adverse employment decision (see Williams v New York City Hous. Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 78 n 27 [2009], lv denied 13 N.Y.3d 702 [2009] ["In the `mixed motive' context, ... the question on summary judgment is whether there exist triable issues of fact that discrimination was one of the motivating factors for the defendant's conduct"]; Weiss v JPMorgan Chase & Co., 2010 WL 114248, 2010 US Dist LEXIS 2505 [SD NY 2010]; cf. 42 USC § 2000e-2 [m] ["an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice"]). If a plaintiff can prevail on a "mixed motive" theory, it follows that he or she need not prove that the reason proffered by the employer for the challenged action was actually false or entirely irrelevant. Rather, under this analysis, the employer's production of evidence of a legitimate reason for the challenged action shifts to the plaintiff the lesser burden of raising an issue as to whether the action was "motivated at least in part by ... discrimination" (Estate of Hamilton v City of New York, 627 F.3d 50, 56 [2d Cir 2010] [internal quotation marks omitted]) or, stated otherwise, was "more likely than not based in whole or in part on discrimination" (Aulicino v New York City Dept. of Homeless Servs., 580 F.3d 73, 80 [2d Cir 2009] [internal quotation marks omitted]).

Notwithstanding that, under the NYCHRL, a plaintiff may prevail on a mixed-motive theory, and that, under such a theory, he or she need not raise an issue as to the falsity or irrelevance of the reason the employer proffers for the challenged action, Montefiore is still entitled, on this record, to summary judgment dismissing the instant plaintiff's discrimination claim. We believe that our previous discussion of the record suffices to establish that plaintiff has failed to come forward with any evidence — either direct or circumstantial — from which it could rationally be inferred that age discrimination was a motivating factor, even in part, for Montefiore's treatment of him. That is to say, the combined evidence on which plaintiff relies does not amount even to circumstantial evidence that age discrimination played any role in Montefiore's adverse decisions concerning his employment. Thus, the dissent's able arguments for a "mixed motive" analysis and for the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence do not, in our view, affect the outcome of this appeal.

Again, meeting the minimal requirements of a prima facie case — as we assume plaintiff has done — does not equate to creating a triable issue of fact in the face of admissible evidence that the employer had legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for the challenged decisions. Making out a prima facie case signals nothing more than the shift of the burden of production of evidence to the employer. Once the employer meets that burden by providing a legitimate reason for its action, the prima facie case does not necessarily entitle the employee to go to trial (see Forrest, 3 NY3d at 308 n 6 ["plaintiff's prima facie case, combined with no evidence that the stated justification is false other than plaintiff's unsupported assertion that this is so, may not" suffice to support a finding of unlawful discrimination]). This principle applies as much to "mixed motive" cases as to cases in which discrimination is alleged to have been the sole motive for the adverse action (see Holcomb v Iona Coll., 521 F.3d 130, 138 [2d Cir 2008] [noting, in a mixed-motive racial discrimination case, that "plaintiff may no longer rely on the presumption raised by the prima facie case" once the employer articulates a legitimate reason for its action]; Campo v Slater, 128 Fed Appx 173, 174-175 [2d Cir 2005] [while noting that plaintiff could defeat summary judgment by offering evidence that the "employment decision was more likely than not based in whole or in part on discrimination" and that plaintiff "made the minimal showing necessary to establish a prima facie case," the court affirmed summary judgment for defendant "because there is insufficient evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that gender bias motivated" defendant's actions] [internal quotation marks omitted]).

Finally, plaintiff's claim for retaliation was also correctly dismissed. Plaintiff first suggested the possibility that Montefiore was discriminating against him in a letter to Foreman dated January 4, 2007, and filed the complaint in this action the following October.18 In response to Montefiore's motion setting forth the reasons for its decisions, plaintiff failed to come forward with evidence that the hospital took any action against him after January 4, 2007, that constituted retaliation for his objecting to Montefiore's alleged discrimination within the meaning of Administrative Code § 8-107 (7) (defining retaliation as action "reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in protected activity"). The actions by Montefiore that plaintiff seeks to cast as "retaliation" are chiefly the hospital's continuing the policies (e.g., paying him too little money and refusing to allow him to hire a uro-gynecologist) that had prompted him to complain in the first place. However, an employer's continuation of a course of conduct that had begun before the employee complained does not constitute retaliation because, in that situation, there is no causal connection between the employee's protected activity and the employer's challenged conduct (see Clark County School Dist. v Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 272 [2001]). Nor can Montefiore be deemed to have retaliated against plaintiff simply by denying that it was discriminating against him and confronting him with the professional lapses that were considered in setting his compensation. Plainly, an employer is entitled to defend itself against an employee's charges, even if the employee finds it searingly painful to hear himself criticized. Also without merit as a matter of law is the claim that Montefiore retaliated by reducing plaintiff's annual bonus by $25,000 (to $100,000) in December 2008. A year before, in December 2007 — only two months after plaintiff filed the complaint in this action — Montefiore awarded him a bonus of $125,000, an increase of $25,000 over the 2006 bonus (awarded before plaintiff first complained of discrimination).

The dissent does not mention the foregoing allegations in its discussion of the retaliation claim, but brings up two other matters alleged by plaintiff, neither of which can support a retaliation claim. First, the dissent states that plaintiff complains that Montefiore's current president, Dr. Steven Safyer (who succeeded Foreman in January 2008), "refused to talk with or deal with him."19 We do not see how such an amorphous allegation can be deemed to set forth a viable claim for retaliation, even under the liberal standard set by the LCRRA. Moreover, at his March 2009 deposition, Safyer testified (without contradiction in the record) that he had held 12 meetings with departmental chairs since becoming president, and plaintiff "has not come to one" — thereby establishing that plaintiff chose not to avail himself of numerous opportunities to meet with Safyer. The complaint about Safyer appears especially meritless given plaintiff's failure to allege either (1) what he wanted to discuss with Safyer (other than his perennial request to be allowed to hire a female urologist, which the hospital had been refusing — on perfectly reasonable grounds — for years), (2) how often he met with Foreman (the previous president) before raising his discrimination complaint, or (3) the amount of contact with the president of a major medical center that a chairman of a comparatively small department within the institution may reasonably expect to have. In the latter regard, plaintiff estimated at his deposition that Montefiore has 2,000 physicians. According to Conaty's affidavit, the urology department has only 10 physicians.20

The dissent also cites plaintiff's allegation that he has not been asked to serve on search committees for new departmental chairs (and unspecified "other committees") since he first raised the issue of discrimination in January 2007. However, Montefiore explains that the dean of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, not Montefiore's administration, selects the members of chair search committees. Further, plaintiff points to no evidence of either (1) the frequency of his service on search committees before January 2007 or (2) the frequency with which other departmental chairs serve on search committees. Accordingly, no inference of retaliation arises.21

At most, plaintiff has alleged that his charge of discrimination and subsequent lawsuit caused his personal relationship with Montefiore administrators to deteriorate. As a matter of common sense, this sort of breakdown in personal relations is inevitable once a serious lawsuit has been commenced. In any event, we find, as a matter of law, that plaintiff fails to allege any conduct by Montefiore causally connected to his charge of discrimination that rises to the level of actionable retaliation within the meaning of Administrative Code § 8-107 (7), namely, conduct "reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in protected activity" (emphasis added).22

We recognize that the NYCHRL represents a determination by the City Council that invidious discrimination is a serious problem whose victims deserve a suitable legal remedy. Still, even after the passage of the LCRRA, not every plaintiff asserting a discrimination claim will be entitled to reach a jury, as Bennett illustrates. In this case, we find that, in response to Montefiore's uncontroverted evidence of its nondiscriminatory reasons for setting plaintiff's compensation at the levels it chose, plaintiff failed to come forward with evidence from which a jury reasonably could find that the challenged actions were motivated, either in whole or in part, by his age. Neither has plaintiff raised a triable issue as to whether Montefiore retaliated against him for asserting a claim for age discrimination. This being the case, we see no justification for allowing this meritless lawsuit to continue to divert Montefiore's limited resources, and the time and attention of its staff, from the hospital's true mission of advancing medicine, protecting public health, and healing the sick.

Accordingly, the order of the Supreme Court, Bronx County (Mark Friedlander, J.), entered May 28, 2010, which granted defendant's motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, should be affirmed, without costs.

ACOSTA, J. (dissenting).

If this case had come before us on appeal from a jury determination in defendant's favor, I would have no hesitation in concluding that the verdict was supported by sufficient evidence. But on a motion for summary judgment all reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. In the context of an action brought pursuant to the New York City Human Rights Law, Administrative Code of the City of New York § 8-101 et seq. (City HRL), the court is required to recognize that discrimination is not only prohibited from being the entire reason for adverse action, but also prohibited from being any part of the reason for adverse action (see Administrative Code of City of NY § 8-107). Here, the motion court resolved factual issues in favor of the moving party. These issues include whether defendant engaged in retaliation against plaintiff for his protesting its alleged age discrimination against him. I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority's decision to affirm the grant of summary judgment.

Evidentiary Framework

The core difference between the majority and myself in this case does not concern the validity of the framework that this Court established in Bennett v Health Mgt. Sys., Inc. (92 A.D.3d 29 [2011], lv denied 18 N.Y.3d 811 [2012]). Rather, our disagreement concerns how much of an inference we are willing to draw in favor of the plaintiff in what I admit is a close case.

As this Court made clear in Bennett,

The Local Civil Rights Restoration Act of 2005 (Local Law No. 85 [2005] of City of NY) contemplated that the courts would elaborate an evidentiary framework that would best achieve the uniquely broad remedial purposes of the City HRL. Thus, this Court instructed:

Age Discrimination

I agree with the majority that defendant met its burden of putting forward evidence of one or more nondiscriminatory motives for its actions. I am concerned, however, that the majority has performed quintessential jury functions by resolving whether plaintiff ultimately succeeded in proving discrimination through the McDonnell Douglas route as modified by Bennett or the mixed-motive route.

By enacting the City HRL, the New York City Council made it illegal to discriminate against an employee "in compensation or in terms, conditions or privileges of employment" (Administrative Code § 8-107 [1] [a]). Notwithstanding the majority's undue emphasis on the compensation aspect of plaintiff's age discrimination claim, the City HRL, by its own terms, was enacted to protect more than just dollars and cents.2 Indeed, in his complaint, plaintiff also alleges that he "has been humiliated, demeaned, and degraded." He alleges that Dr. Spencer Foreman, former president and chief executive officer of Montefiore, inter alia, "[e]xaggerat[ed] and distort[ed] events involving [plaintiff], with respect to certain administrative issues in an effort to create and support arguments that Montefiore could then use to strike out at [plaintiff]," and that Foreman "[f]ailed to provide [plaintiff] with the same benefits made available to Montefiore's department heads."

If, as plaintiff also alleges, his claimed failures of performance were "stale" by the time of the adverse actions in question, he is not simply questioning defendant's "business judgment." On the contrary, an argument of this nature raises an important question as to defendant's credibility: Would the institution or hospital be taking current action against an employee because of "old business"? A jury, after weighing all the evidence, might or might not conclude that defendant was doing exactly that. Thus, resolving the question is not the function of a court on a motion for summary judgment.

In that vein, "[a]n employer's invocation of the business judgment rule does not insulate its decisions from all scrutiny in a discrimination case" (Weiss v JPMorgan Chase & Co., 332 Fed Appx 659, 663 [2d Cir 2009]). After all, "facts may exist from which a reasonable jury could conclude that the employer's `business decision' was so lacking in merit as to call into question its genuineness" (Dister v Continental Group, Inc., 859 F.2d 1108, 1116 [2d Cir 1988]). Thus, contrary to the majority, I would not allow defendant to shield its potentially discriminatory actions from judicial scrutiny by merely uttering the words "business judgment."

While the Court of Appeals' construction of the City HRL in Forrest v Jewish Guild for the Blind (3 N.Y.3d 295 [2004]) was rejected by the City Council when it enacted the Restoration Act,3 the majority nonetheless quotes Forrest's statement that "it matters not whether the [employer's] stated reason for [the challenged action] was a good reason, a bad reason, or a petty one. What matters is that the [employer's] stated reason for [the action] was nondiscriminatory" (3 NY3d at 308 n 5). That proposition is dubious since the mere existence of "[a] legitimate reason for [a challenged action] ... is not always mutually exclusive of a discriminatory or retaliatory motive and thus does not preclude the possibility that a discriminatory or retaliatory motive played a role in [the challenged] decision" (Gossett v Tractor Supply Co., Inc., 320 S.W.3d 777, 782 [2010]). Indeed, in construing the City HRL, this Court has consistently required that a defendant employer offer a nondiscriminatory reason (and evidence to support its proffered explanation) that specifically addresses and disproves the plaintiff's allegations (see e.g. Carryl v MacKay Shields, LLC, 93 A.D.3d 589 [2012] ["Defendant ... explained that, though (plaintiff and his coworker) shared the same title and primary responsibilities, plaintiff and his Caucasian `peer' were not similarly situated"]; Bennett, 92 AD3d at 46). Here, defendant has failed to meet that burden.

As the majority acknowledges, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, shows that "seven older physicians left Montefiore involuntarily" (emphasis added). While this evidence is not in itself dispositive of the existence of age discrimination, it is certainly much more than a "collateral matter[]" that the majority does not wish to bother justifying. If an employer is treating employees less well because of their age, that same employer may well be paying older employees who refuse to leave less than they would be paid in the absence of age discrimination (see e.g. Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 159 A.D.2d 46, 49-50 [1990] [evidence indicating employer's discriminatory treatment of employees other than plaintiff relevant "since such evidence is highly probative of the employer's actual state of mind"]).

The majority maintains that

It is beyond cavil, however, that an employer need not engage in a consistent pattern of discrimination in order to discriminate against a particular individual on account of his or her protected status (see Brown v Henderson, 257 F.3d 246, 253 [2d Cir 2001] ["whether an employer discriminates against only a subset of a protected class, or discriminates inconsistently, Title VII nevertheless protects any individual so long as that individual is mistreated because of (his protected status)"] [citation omitted]; Hodges v Rensselaer Hartfor Graduate Ctr., Inc., 2008 WL 793594, *6, 2008 US Dist LEXIS 22228, *18 [D Conn 2008] ["The failure of a decision-maker to discriminate against other members of the protected class does not give rise to an inference that the decision-maker did not discriminate against Plaintiff"]; see also Holcomb v Iona Coll., 521 F.3d 130, 140 [2d Cir 2008] [the fact that the employer did not terminate another employee who was also in an interracial marriage "does not allay the suspicion that the firings were grounded in an illegitimate motive"]). Not all individuals manifest the particular traits that lead others to discriminate against them on the basis of their membership in a protected group (see e.g. Charles A. Lofgren, The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation, at 41 [Oxford University Press 1987] ["Plessy's (arrest) was surely arranged, because despite the allegation in the arresting officer's affidavit that Plessy was `a passenger of the colored race,' he ... was only one-eighth black and, as his counsel later asserted, `the mixture of colored blood (was) not discernible'"]). Similarly, not all employers have an unfettered ability to act on their biases.4 Thus, what matters in an employment discrimination suit is whether a particular individual has been the victim of illegal discrimination (cf. Brown, 257 F3d at 253-254 ["what matters in the end is not how the employer treated other employees, if any, of a different (protected status), but how the employer would have treated the plaintiff had she been of a different (protected status)"]). Defendant Montefiore "may not escape liability for discriminating against a given employee on the basis of [his or her protected status] simply because it can prove it treated other members of the employee's group favorably" (Graham v Long Is. R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 43 [2d Cir 2000]). Nor does it matter that some of the younger chairmen were paid less than plaintiff (cf. Brown, 257 F3d at 253; Pitre v Western Elec. Co., Inc., 843 F.2d 1262, 1272 [10th Cir 1988] ["an employer is not immunized from liability simply because some males received detriments before or contemporaneously with a Title VII plaintiff"]).

"[E]mployment discrimination is often accomplished by discreet manipulations and hidden under a veil of self-declared innocence. An employer who discriminates is unlikely to leave a `smoking gun,' such as a notation in an employee's personnel file, attesting to a discriminatory intent" (Rosen v Thornburgh, 928 F.2d 528, 533 [2d Cir 1991]). Thus, what is not explained is often as important as what is explained. Here, plaintiff identified and defendant conceded that there was a series of employees in their 60s and 70s who ended their employment at defendant's urging and were replaced by younger employees. For example, the 65-year-old chairman of orthopedics was, in the words of defendant, "encouraged" to leave, the director of infectious disease and the chairman of gastroenterology, both in their 60s, were "asked to leave," and the director of pediatric endocrinology, in his late 60s, was "pushed out."5 Despite admitting that a series of older employees left involuntarily and were replaced by younger employees, defendant did not show that all the firings were prompted by nondiscriminatory motives.6 Defendant, as the proponent of summary judgment, bears the burden of showing that, based on the evidence before the court and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor, no jury could find defendant liable under any of the evidentiary routes (DeNigris v New York City Health & Hosps. Corp., 2012 WL 955382, *7 n 5, 2012 US Dist LEXIS 39321, *21 n 5 [SD NY 2012], quoting Bennett, 92 AD3d at 41). Defendant's perfunctory and unsubstantiated claim that replacing older individuals with younger individuals somehow constitutes a "natural occurrence" is insufficient to defeat the inference that this Court must draw in favor of the plaintiff.7 Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the evidence could suggest that complaints about plaintiff's performance were not the only factors that motivated the complained-of behavior. Accordingly, it is relevant to the McDonnell Douglas analysis.

In a close case, this Court should not substitute its judgment for that of a jury (cf. Albunio v City of New York, 16 N.Y.3d 472 [2011] [upholding a jury verdict for a plaintiff in a case that is a "closer" call]; Vivenzio v City of Syracuse, 611 F.3d 98, 106 [2d Cir 2010] ["It is not the province of the court itself to decide what inferences should be drawn ...; if there is any evidence in the record from any source from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, summary judgment is improper"] [internal quotation marks omitted]; Carlton v Mystic Transp., Inc., 202 F.3d 129, 134 [2d Cir 2000], cert denied 530 U.S. 1261 [2000] ["Because this is a discrimination case where intent and state of mind are in dispute, summary judgment is ordinarily inappropriate"]). A jury might be less inclined to view plaintiff as a single "outlier with a problem" than as one of a number of older employees with negative experiences; the jury might also consider whether the "natural occurrence" rationale advanced by defendant was pretextual (see Bennett, 92 AD3d at 43 n 13 ["If one explanation offered by a defendant is able to be construed by a jury as false and therefore evidence of consciousness of guilt, that same jury would be permitted to weigh that evidence when assessing the veracity of the other explanations the defendant has offered"]). Of course, a jury could ultimately conclude that defendant's failure to offer any substantive reason for the other departures of the other older physicians was not sufficient to convince it, on any theory, that discrimination played any part in defendant's decisions affecting plaintiff. But that, again, is something the jury should be allowed to determine.

The fact that other older employees were forced to leave is also relevant to the strength or weakness of the mixed-motive case. Even if defendant genuinely believed the negative things it said about plaintiff, a jury might conclude that one element of defendant's motivation was plaintiff's age.

It is also necessary to point out that the record reflects other evidence that would allow a jury to infer that the reasons proffered by defendant were not a complete explanation for its treatment of plaintiff. Robert B. Conaty, defendant's executive vice-president for operations, who reviewed annual compensation for department chairs, asserted that the "rank, longevity or professional accomplishments" of a department chair were not material to their compensation. Conaty averred that the chairman's reputation and success, his ability "to attract quality faculty and mentor them," along with his "ability to generate income for the Medical Center," were factors in determining compensation.

Melman's success as chairman of the urology department included the publication of hundreds of academic articles in prestigious medical journals, many of which were coauthored by the department's resident physicians, bolstering the residents' post-training professional pursuits; authoring 42 textbook chapters; expanding the department's laboratory and research space; and teaching thousands of students and resident physicians. Foreman, defendant's president and chief executive officer, acknowledged that plaintiff brought more than $200 million into what Conaty described as defendant's "very small" urology department. Whether these accomplishments belied what defendant described as the seriousness of plaintiff's shortcomings was a question of fact for the jury.8

Finally, it bears mentioning that the motion court improperly relied on the idea that the existence of "animus" is a necessary element of a discrimination claim (Melman v Montefiore Med. Ctr., 36 Misc.3d 1216[A], 2010 NY Slip Op 52453[U], *3). On the contrary, the law has long been clear that intentional discrimination simply involves intentionally treating one person less well than another because of protected class status; it does not require evidence of animus.9

Retaliation

In addition to his discrimination claim, plaintiff also brought a claim of retaliation. To establish a retaliation claim under the City HRL, a plaintiff must make out a prima facie case that: (1) he participated in a protected activity known to the defendant; (2) the defendant took an employment action that disadvantaged the plaintiff; and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected activity and the adverse employment action (see Farrugia v North Shore Univ. Hosp., 13 Misc.3d 740, 752 [2006]).

Plaintiff testified both that his compensation was affected and that he was isolated and marginalized. In respect to the latter, the motion court simply ignored evidence in the record. Plaintiff testified, for example, that defendant's new president refused to talk with or deal with him, and that, contrary to past practice, after plaintiff complained of discrimination, defendant no longer asked him to serve on search committees or other committees. Thus, contrary to the majority's contention, the actions that form the basis of plaintiff's retaliation complaint are not merely a "continu[ation of] the policies ... that had prompted him to complain in the first place."

With respect to a defendant's actions that allegedly isolate and marginalize the plaintiff, the City HRL is clear that

It would not be difficult for a jury to believe that a person would be less likely to complain of discrimination if he knew in advance that doing so would result in isolation or marginalization such as plaintiff described. For the chair of a department of a medical center, not being able to participate in committees is a significant element of the terms and conditions of employment. Moreover, the message sent to the chair's colleagues by the chair's enforced nonparticipation is profoundly negative and could easily be found to be the type of retaliatory behavior that could deter a person from engaging in protected activity (compare Albunio, 16 NY3d at 476 [being "shunned and excluded from meetings" by a supervisor constituted an adverse employment action] [emphasis added]). The same would be true if the effect of complaining about discrimination was that the employee had less access to the hospital president than he had before.10 This Court has found that such erosions of authority (e.g., exclusion from committees), when they follow the exercise of rights by a plaintiff with a good employment record are causally connected (see Albunio v City of New York, 67 A.D.3d 407, 408 [2009], affd 16 N.Y.3d 472 [2011]). I would find, similarly, in this case a causal connection between plaintiff's complaint that defendant discriminated against him and defendant's subsequent isolation or marginalization of him.

In short, plaintiff's allegations of isolation and marginalization are neither "amorphous" nor benign. And they should not be regarded as an inevitable or acceptable consequence of complaining of discrimination. Defendants are free to be unhappy about being sued, but one of the core purposes of anti-retaliation law is to prevent that unhappiness from infecting the way an employee is treated. An employee who has complained of discrimination must be afforded the same full participation in the business affairs of the defendant that is afforded to an equally situated employee who has not complained about discrimination. This is especially true under the City HRL, which proscribes retaliation "in any manner" (Administrative Code § 8-107 [7]). It is of no consequence that the harm suffered by the plaintiff may not have been significant, as the "`degree of harm suffered by the individual "goes to the issue of damages, not liability"'" (Farrugia, 13 Misc 3d at 752 n 4, quoting Craig Gurian, A Return to Eyes on the Prize: Litigating Under the Restored New York City Human Rights Law, 33 Fordham Urb LJ 255, 320 [2006], quoting 2 EEOC Compliance Manual § 8, at 8-13 [1998]). Plaintiff has presented evidence of isolation and marginalization that a jury should be allowed to assess. While his case may not be factually compelling, it is no less so than Albunio's case.11 In short, the majority here should not regard a "closer case" as an invitation to deny the plaintiff his day in court (see Albunio v City of New York, 16 N.Y.3d 472 [2011], supra).

Finally, it is incumbent upon the members of this panel to give "full effect" to this Court's and the Court of Appeals' precedents (see Ortega v City of New York, 95 A.D.3d 125, 129 n [2012], citing Matter of Midland Ins. Co., 71 A.D.3d 221 [2010]). By ruling as a matter of law for defendant in this case, I believe that the majority is unjustifiably raising the evidentiary requirements to bring a claim for retaliation under the City HRL higher that this Court and the Court of Appeals have found necessary.

Order, Supreme Court, Bronx County, entered May 28, 2010, affirmed, without costs.