MEMORANDUM OPINION

WHITMAN L. HOLT, Bankruptcy Judge.

The Bankruptcy Code contains many sections providing broad and flexible powers for courts to deploy to facilitate the rehabilitation of a given debtor based on the context of that debtor's case. Perhaps the most notable power (and probably the most incorrectly invoked) rests in Bankruptcy Code section 105(a)'s general enabling authority. There are myriad other broad grants of authority to be found, however, including in Bankruptcy Code section 363(b)(1).

In these related cases, a dispute arose requiring exploration of the relief available under section 363(b)(1)'s generalized authority for a debtor in possession to "use" estate assets "other than in the ordinary course of business" subject to court approval. At the final hearing regarding the debtors' motions to authorize the use of cash collateral, the court, among other relief, authorized over the objection of the debtors' primary secured creditor the "use" of estate assets to allow the partial payment of certain prepetition debt one debtor owed the other. The following provides the basis for the court's ruling.1

BACKGROUND & PROCEDURAL POSTURE

This decision involves the affairs of two related but nonconsolidated debtors in chapter 11 bankruptcy cases — Claar Cellars LLC and RC Farms LLC. Claar and RC are both owned by the Whitelatch family and are part of a commercial enterprise that operates approximately 130 acres of vineyards, producing wines from the White Bluffs region of Washington.2 Simplifying somewhat, the basic arrangement is that RC owns (or leases from a nondebtor trust affiliated with the Whitelatch family) and operates real estate on which several varietals of vinifera grapes are grown and harvested. Once RC picks the grapes, they are transferred to Claar. Claar then takes over the processing of grapes into finished wine and sells the resulting wine.

Pursuant to a grape purchase agreement executed in 1997 and since amended several times, Claar is obligated to repay RC for the grapes Claar receives. This economic arrangement has historically functioned in a fashion similar to a revolving demand note whereby a sum due RC is computed when Claar takes delivery of grapes and that sum is reduced as RC seeks repayment from Claar, which historically has roughly been on an "as needed" basis to enable RC to pay its separate expenses.

As of the January 9, 2020 petition dates for both debtors, RC asserts that it holds a secured claim of approximately $329,000 against Claar. After the petition dates, RC filed (then amended) a UCC-1 financing statement to protect its asserted security interest. RC contends this act is permitted under Bankruptcy Code sections 362(b)(3) and 546(b) in order to perfect or otherwise maintain lien rights arising under Washington state law.3

Before their bankruptcy filings, Claar and RC both owed secured debts to HomeStreet Bank. HomeStreet's prepetition collateral includes various personal property owned by both debtors as well as real property owned by RC and by the nondebtor Whitelatch trust. HomeStreet's collateral includes "cash collateral" (as defined in Bankruptcy Code section 363(a)) held by each debtor entity.

After the bankruptcy filings, both debtors moved the court to authorize the nonconsensual use of cash collateral pursuant to Bankruptcy Code section 363(c)(2)(B). The motions sought authority for the debtors to spend HomeStreet's cash collateral during the 2020 calendar year based on separate budgets containing monthly line-item expenditures (with permitted variances and roll-forward capacity as detailed in the interim and final orders). In general terms, HomeStreet's cash collateral would be used (i) by RC to produce a 2020 grape crop and to maintain its real property, (ii) by Claar to continue to preserve, market, and sell bulk and bottled wine inventory, and (iii) by both debtors to fund expenses arising from these bankruptcy cases.

One line item crossing the two budgets represented proposed payments from Claar to RC on account of "vintage grapes." Per the revised budgets presented to the court at the final cash collateral hearing, Claar proposes to make seven monthly payments to RC during 2020, resulting in an aggregate transfer of $163,235 on account of RC's asserted prepetition secured claim — which represents just under 50% of the total claimed amount. Claar proposes to address the remainder of RC's claim in the plan or claims-allowance process. RC's budget and testimony at the hearing established that RC would be unable to operate its business postpetition (i.e., unable to complete the 2020 grape crop and maintain its real estate) if RC did not receive the budgeted postpetition payments.

HomeStreet objected to the proposed use of cash collateral for two main reasons. HomeStreet first argued that the debtors were not adequately protecting HomeStreet's petition date interests in the two debtors' property as required by Bankruptcy Code section 363(e). The debtors disagreed on the basis that the aggregate value of the property collateralizing HomeStreet's loan substantially exceeded HomeStreet's approximately $2 million claim.4 The court ultimately did not need to resolve this question because RC proposed to grant an additional lien pursuant to Bankruptcy Code section 361(2) on otherwise unencumbered real estate owned by RC and recently appraised at $1.7 million (this property is generally called the "Taylor Flats" parcel). The court found that the value of the overall adequate protection package all petition date personal and real property, plus Taylor Flats — significantly exceeded the amount of HomeStreet's claim and hence the debtors satisfied their burden under Bankruptcy Code section 363(p)(1). Thus, HomeStreet's interests in Claar's property were adequately protected as a consequence of the RC estate's pledge of additional collateral for HomeStreet's benefit — Claar itself offered and provided no additional collateral.

HomeStreet's second main objection to the use of cash collateral focuses on Claar's proposed payments totaling $163,235 to RC. HomeStreet argues that these payments would improperly satisfy a prepetition debt outside the context of a confirmed bankruptcy plan. More foundationally, HomeStreet also questions the secured status of RC's asserted claim against Claar on various factual and legal grounds. Although HomeStreet concedes that RC likely has some sort of secured claim under RCW 60.13.038, HomeStreet challenges the amount of the claim and scope of the lien. Therefore, argues HomeStreet, the court cannot rely on the secured status of RC's claim to permit Claar's postpetition payments. To support this position, HomeStreet points to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7001(2), which mandates that disputes about "the validity, priority, or extent of a lien or other interest in property" be determined in an adversary proceeding.5

The court ultimately overruled HomeStreet's objections and granted the debtors' motions to use cash collateral on a final basis. Final cash collateral orders will soon be entered on both dockets.

DISCUSSION

Jurisdiction & Power

The court has subject matter jurisdiction regarding these bankruptcy cases and the debtors' motions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157(a) & 1334(b) and LCivR 83.5(a) (E.D. Wash.). The parties' dispute regarding the application of Bankruptcy Code section 363 is statutorily "core" and "the action at issue stems from the bankruptcy itself."6 Accordingly, the court may properly exercise the judicial power necessary to finally decide this dispute.

Bankruptcy Code Section 363(b)(1)

When working with the Bankruptcy Code, one must always start with the text.7 Here, the text of section 363(b) is straightforward: the relevant provision simply provides that "[t]he trustee, after notice and a hearing, may use, sell, or lease, other than in the ordinary course of business, property of the estate."8 This plain text is generalized and sweeping; so long as the bankruptcy court approves a proposed transaction under defined standards discussed below, nearly any "use," "sale," or "lease" of property is permitted.

Section 363(b)(1) is, of course, not limitless. Its neighboring subsections impose restrictions in certain specified contexts.9 Other sections similarly cabin or complicate its utility.10 Applicable nonbankruptcy law also confines what might otherwise be permitted based solely on section 363(b)(1)'s text.11 These assorted statutory provisions throttle the force of section 363(b)(1), but what remains is an exceptionally powerful engine. This is undoubtedly by design insofar as section 363(b)(1) lies at the heart of a series of broad administrative powers sweeping widely to protect and maximize the bankruptcy estate for stakeholders.12 And more notably, the provision codifies principles of long lineage in United States bankruptcy law — if an estate is to be maximized, then its representative must enjoy a flexible and broad mandate to use or sell the estate's assets to realize or create value.13

Advancing a step from the naked statutory text, one finds what seem to be judicially crafted limitations on section 363(b)(1). The best known of these limitations is the prohibition against using section 363 transactions to effectuate a "sub rosa plan" that evades chapter 11's detailed confirmation requirements.14 This limitation comports with decisions in other contexts teaching that the Bankruptcy Code's generalized powers cannot be used to reach results prohibited elsewhere in the statute.15 Indeed, the proscription may not be judge made after all insofar as principles of statutory construction require that the Bankruptcy Code be read as a whole16 and that its general provisions yield to its specific provisions,17 and hence the statutory scheme itself operates to prevent section 363(b)(1) from negating other parts of the statute.

The take-home lesson here is that section 363(b)(1) is not a tool to obviate prohibitions found elsewhere in the Bankruptcy Code, no matter how inconvenient those prohibitions may be in a particular case.

After being screened for any of the defects described above, the last hurdle a section 363(b)(1) motion faces is the standard for judicial approval. Bankruptcy courts typically review a transaction proposed under section 363(b)(1) using a "business judgment" standard.18 This is a "deferential" standard pursuant to which a "bankruptcy court will generally approve" a reasoned decision by the debtor.19 When the transaction involves or will benefit an "insider" of the debtor, however, bankruptcy courts must apply a heightened level of scrutiny to ensure the insider is not improperly benefiting from its control, access, or familiarity at the expense of outside stakeholders.20

Following application of these limiting principles, a debtor's ability to lease, use, or sell property of the estate under section 363(b)(1) remains a broad and exceptional tool. The section's potential is observed in the wild of section 363 sales. Sales implemented under Bankruptcy Code section 363(b)(1) can be crafted countless ways and showcase many features — sales of particular assets, assumption of certain liabilities, "designation rights" regarding executory contracts or unexpired leases, escrows, trueups, transition services rights, sharing of avoidance recoveries or other contingent estate assets, breakup fees, labyrinthian bid procedures, the list goes on.21 Almost any acquisition transaction that could be built by imaginative M&A advisers outside of bankruptcy can be cast using Bankruptcy Code section 363. In fact, section 363(f)'s power to sell free and clear of interests in property turbocharges bankruptcy sales beyond their nonbankruptcy brethren. It is thus no surprise that section 363 sales have been used to rehabilitate many large and notable businesses, including General Motors, Chrysler, and the Lehman Brothers brokerage firm.22 These examples represent only the tip of a very large iceberg of businesses that have survived largely as a result of bankruptcy professionals' adroit use of section 363.23

Though possibly the most oft invoked, a sale is just one of three acts invited by section 363(b)(1). At issue here, the authority to "use" property (which, in the context of cash, usually involves paying others) may be even more flexible and adaptive. Once again, this is reflected by the multitude of transactions that are proposed and approved in practice. Among many examples, section 363(b)(1) provides authority for debtors to (i) settle litigation claims or transfer assets in settlement of claims against the estate;24 (ii) implement tender offers to repurchase their securities;25 (iii) refinance uneconomical secured debt or repay such debt following consummation of an asset sale;26 (iv) construct restructuring support agreements containing carrots for creditors who bind themselves to a restructuring transaction, such as agreeing to pay the attorneys' fees of consenting creditors even if those creditors are undersecured or wholly unsecured;27 and (v) exercise governance rights regarding nondebtor entities owned by the estate, such as by voting to approve a material transaction by such a nondebtor entity.28 Subject to the limiting principles discussed above, "use" of property under section 363(b)(1) is bound largely by the needs of specific bankruptcy cases and the creativity of the parties.

The Jevic >Opinion

Although not directly a decision about Bankruptcy Code section 363(b)(1), the Supreme Court's decision in Czyzewski v. Jevic Holding Corporation29 articulates some important guiding principles.

In Jevic, the Supreme Court considered whether bankruptcy courts possess authority to order the distribution of estate assets in a manner inconsistent with the Bankruptcy Code's priority scheme over the objection of an aggrieved creditor as part of a structured dismissal. The Court answered the question in the negative, concluding that "[a] distribution scheme ordered in connection with the dismissal of a Chapter 11 case cannot, without the consent of the affected parties, deviate from the basic priority rules that apply under the primary mechanisms the [Bankruptcy] Code establishes for final distributions of estate value in business bankruptcies."30

In the process of explaining this conclusion, the Court juxtaposed circumstances in which bankruptcy courts have "approved interim distributions that violate ordinary priority rules."31 The Court cited several examples of these permissible "interim" transactions intended to serve "significant Code-related objectives."32 But, the Court noted, a wholesale structured dismissal implementing "a final disposition" of estate property did not advance anything the Court considered a "significant offsetting bankruptcy-related justification."33 The Court's efforts to distinguish distribution schemes violative of both the text and foundational objectives of the Bankruptcy Code against schemes involving "interim distributions"34 not strictly faithful to the former but designed to promote the latter is informative. Such a contrast necessarily rests on the unstated premise that the second category of transactions are permissible (after all, if none of these transactions are permitted, then what is the point of juxtaposing one impermissible outcome with a marginally-less-offensive-but-still-impermissible outcome?). This broader teaching of Jevic further shapes the contours of how a debtor may use the sweeping authority contained in Bankruptcy Code section 363(b)(1).35

FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

The court has analyzed Claar's proposed periodic postpetition payments to RC using a heightened standard based on the "insider," or at least related, status of the debtors. And, because these debtors have not been substantively consolidated, the court has further analyzed the consequences of the proposal solely from the perspective of the Claar estate as a standalone entity. The court concludes that the proposed payments are a "use" of Claar cash that can potentially be approved under Bankruptcy Code section 363(b)(1). Based on the facts and circumstances of this particular case, that approval is warranted for several reasons.

First, it is clear that RC possesses a secured claim of some amount against Claar and RC has articulated a colorable basis under which it may be oversecured. In fact, RC's potential oversecured status seems likely since the broad language of the Washington statute providing the lien rights in question gives RC a lien on Claar's inventory and accounts receivable generally, regardless whether the inventory or accounts receivable are traceable to the delivered grapes, and there is no dispute that the value of Claar's inventory and accounts receivable exceeds the entire amount of RC's asserted claim. Either way, because RC has at least some interest in Claar's property, RC is entitled to adequate protection of that interest under Bankruptcy Code section 363(e). "Periodic cash payments" are a specifically contemplated form of adequate protection in the Bankruptcy Code.36 Thus, by making such payments to RC, Claar complies with one of its legal obligations and, in the likely event that whatever secured claim RC ultimately has against Claar is oversecured, this reduces Claar's exposure for postpetition interest under Bankruptcy Code section 506(b) with each periodic payment. These effects of the periodic payments on the Claar estate therefore advance "significant Code-related objectives."

Second, Claar's payments to RC are essential to RC's continued viability,37 which, in turn, permits the court to approve the RC estate pledging Taylor Flats as additional collateral to adequately protect HomeStreet. After all, if RC cannot pay its anticipated postpetition obligations, the court likely would conclude that the RC case should be converted to chapter 7. And if this is the inevitable result, the court likely would conclude that an otherwise unencumbered asset of the RC estate worth as much as $1.7 million should not be used to collateralize HomeStreet's claims against the Claar estate. Thus, the reciprocal arrangement resolves problems facing both debtors and benefits all parties by allowing RC to remain operative, allowing Claar to fulfill its obligations to HomeStreet, and allowing HomeStreet to receive adequate protection of its interests (providing such adequate protection is plainly a "significant Code-related objective"). Indeed, since Claar lacks additional collateral to offer HomeStreet and since the value of its existing collateral (personal property, largely consisting of wine inventory) is the most uncertain in the adequate protection package, the credit support provided by RC may be essential to Claar's ability to use HomeStreet's cash collateral. If Claar sought such services from a third-party credit support provider, such as a financial institution that could issue a letter of credit for HomeStreet's benefit, the provider would require significant consideration in return. Allowing Claar to make periodic postpetition payments to RC avoids the inequity that would result if the Claar estate got a completely free ride on RC's credit support.

Third, the Claar estate receives other indirect benefits from the continued viability of RC. For example, Mr. Whitelatch testified at the final hearing that he is exploring whether he can sell all components of his family enterprise as a consolidated package, including the real property owned by Claar, RC, and the Whitelatch trust. Because such a package likely yields an aggregate value exceeding piecemeal liquidation values, the ultimate worth of the Claar estate increases simply by going along for the ride. The odds and price of such a sale are undoubtedly greater if RC is allowed to maintain its vines and the real property more generally than if that part of the package degrades in condition. Accordingly, the Claar estate again receives indirect benefits from RC's proposed maintenance expenditures, which further justify allowing Claar to make the proposed payments.

Fourth, the risk associated with these payments is minimal. Although the Claar estate will have approximately $163,000 of value leakage to the RC estate, RC possesses a secured claim that will capture some, if not all, of this value anyway. Moreover, more than 50% of the asserted RC claim will remain unpaid, which permits recalibration during the claims-allowance process.38 To the extent an exact reconciliation is not possible such that the RC estate ultimately receives some modest overpayment relative to what it would have received absent the periodic payments, if not recoverable or offset by future obligations, such possible overpayment is still warranted to compensate the RC estate for the credit support and other indirect benefits enjoyed by the Claar estate. Finally, HomeStreet in particular is unlikely to be harmed as a result of the payments; the payments allow RC to preserve and maintain its vines and real property, which benefits HomeStreet insofar as those assets are among its collateral — no one, least of all HomeStreet, wins if the RC property falls into an undesirable condition with a concomitant reduction in realizable value. Because (i) these cases are still in their early stages, (ii) RC will still have a material remaining claim even after Claar makes the periodic payments, and (iii) the aggregate payment amount is not a significant portion of the overall value of the Claar estate, the court believes these payments are "interim" distributions under any meaning of that word in Jevic. And because those interim distributions advance significant bankruptcy objectives without causing material (or perhaps any) harm to any other creditor, the distributions are appropriate.

Lastly, the court rejects HomeStreet's contention that an adversary proceeding must be completed to determine the extent of RC's lien before Claar can make any periodic payments to RC. The court makes no findings and reaches no conclusions that would directly or indirectly "determine the validity, priority, or extent of a lien or other interest in property" for purposes of Bankruptcy Rule 7001(2). Any legal or factual attacks that HomeStreet wishes to pursue against RC's asserted secured claim remain available and HomeStreet is free to file an adversary complaint that joins this battle. The court can approve partial payments to RC without resolving any of the issues that might be pursued in such an adversary proceeding. Indeed, courts often authorize payments to secured creditors despite potentially viable challenges to the validity, priority, or extent of the underlying lien that could be finally determined only via adversary proceeding. For example, a court may authorize adequate protection payments for an asserted secured creditor pursuant to a DIP financing or cash collateral order despite the underlying debt remaining the target of a future "challenge" by the creditors' committee.39 Similarly, a court may authorize payments as part of a settlement under Bankruptcy Rule 9019 that resolves (but does not decide) lien disputes that could be finally determined on the merits only through adversary litigation. The court is aware of no requirement, nor does HomeStreet cite one, that every possible latent attack on an asserted secured claim be definitively resolved via adversary proceeding before the secured creditor can receive payments from the bankruptcy estate.40 Indeed, such a formalistic requirement would be antithetical to the speed and flexibility that are among bankruptcy law's first principles.41 Furthermore, in a case such as this one where vital and time-sensitive issues would await the final outcome of any adversary proceeding, HomeStreet's proposed requirement would place undue influence over the timely resolution of such issues in the hands of an objecting party who has near complete temporal and tactical control regarding the filing, prosecution, and appeal of any adversary action.42 In sum, because the court is not now making any determination that would implicate Bankruptcy Rule 7001(1), there is no need for an adversary proceeding or any other process to be completed before the court can authorize Claar's proposed payments to RC.

SUMMATION

At day's end, section 363(b)(1) provides some of the most powerful and flexible authority contained in the Bankruptcy Code. These debtors have proposed a "use" of Claar's property that benefits Claar's estate (and HomeStreet), does not contravene any other section of the Bankruptcy Code, and falls squarely within the universe of "interim" distributions endorsed in Jevic. Because that proposed use of property is lawfully permitted and warranted by the facts and circumstances of these cases, the court granted the debtors' request as part of approving the debtors' use of cash collateral at the conclusion of a final hearing.

So Ordered.