JAMES P. DONOHUE, United States Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiffs James Levias ("Levias") and Anthony Lemon ("Lemon") brought this suit against defendants Pacific Maritime Association ("PMA") as well as eleven
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), the parties have consented to this matter proceeding before the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge. See Dkt. 9; Dkt. 43. The Court has general personal jurisdiction over the plaintiffs, who are both Washington residents. See Dkt. 44 at 1. The Court also has personal jurisdiction over PMA and the eleven employer-defendants in this action because the defendants have conducted substantial business in this jurisdiction, and the alleged cause of action arose out of the defendants' forum-related activities. See Dkt. 34 at 1-3; Dkt. 45 at 2. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs' state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Venue is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b).
Defendant PMA is a multi-employer bargaining association representing approximately 70 employer-members in their dealings with ILWU and its locals. PMA's employer-members are stevedoring and shipping companies and marine terminal operators at ports in California, Oregon and Washington. The additional eleven defendants in this action are all PMA employer-members that have employed longshore workers and marine clerks in one or more of the eleven ports of Washington State. ILWU is the exclusive bargaining representative of longshore workers and marine clerks who are employed by members of PMA, and work under the terms of the Pacific Coast Longshore and Clerks Agreement (the "PCLCA"). See Dkt. 13 at 2 (Sundet Decl.). The PCLCA is the collective bargaining agreement governing longshore work on the West Coast. It is comprised of two contract documents, the Pacific Coast Longshore Contract Document (the "PCLCD"), and the Pacific Coast Clerks Contract Document (the "PCCCD"). See Dkt. 13 at 3 (Sundet Decl.); Dkt. 56 at 2 (Ventoza Decl.).
Plaintiffs Levias and Lemon are longshore workers who are represented by ILWU Local 19, and primarily work at the Port of Seattle.
Available longshore work is uneven and not guaranteed, and depends on variables such as the number of ships in port and the amount of cargo to be loaded or unloaded. Each day that plaintiffs and all other longshore workers want to work, they must first go to one of the twelve ILWU dispatch halls used for assigning longshore workers to the eleven ports in Washington.
The dispatcher typically issues one dispatch slip listing the names of all the longshoremen assigned to a particular worksite, and asks one longshore worker assigned to that worksite to take the dispatch slip to the foreman.
Longshore workers then travel variable distances to their assigned port terminal. Levias and Lemon testified that the "three to four mile" drive from the Local 19 dispatch hall to Terminal 18, where SSAT is located, could take between seven to twenty minutes "because of the trains or a bridge could be open or you could get football traffic." Levias Dep. at 34-36; Lemon Dep. at 61. Although there is no
If longshore workers will be operating equipment, such as a semi-truck or forklift, they are not assigned to a particular piece of equipment but generally can choose the equipment they prefer to operate on a first-come-first-serve basis. See Levias Dep. at 109, 126; Lemon Dep. at 37-38. As a result, plaintiffs typically walk from the parking lot to the fueling area in order to select their preferred equipment. See Levias Dep. at 38. Plaintiffs are required to perform a brief safety check before operating the equipment, which takes anywhere from "thirty seconds or so" to "just a couple minutes." Id. at 109, 125-26; Lemon Dep. at 37-38. This safety check involves visually inspecting the hydraulic hoses or air hoses, safety belts, mirrors, and making sure there are no flat tires and the backup alert is working. See Levias Dep. at 41, 137-38. Mechanics, rather than plaintiffs, are responsible for actually maintaining the equipment. Id. at 46. After performing the safety check, plaintiffs "make [their] way to the break room," typically by driving their equipment to the muster area, where the foreman will give a safety speech that marks the beginning of the shift. Id. at 38; Lemon Dep. at 125. Plaintiffs have occasionally gone straight from the parking lot to the muster area, and have selected their equipment and performed the required safety check after the beginning of their shift. Lemon Dep. at 127. Similarly, if plaintiffs will not be operating equipment on a particular day, they take a bus or shuttle directly from the parking lot to the muster area. Levias Dep. at 47, 54-55.
At the muster area, plaintiffs locate and sign in with the foreman, receive their work assignment for the day, and wait for the foreman's safety speech to signal the beginning of the shift. See id. at 47-48. While waiting for the shift to start, plaintiffs can socialize, drink coffee, "read newspapers or the foreman sometimes might give you other directions ... You never know what's going to happen." See id. at 56. According to plaintiffs, the entire process of arriving at the terminal parking lot, walking to the fueling area, selecting equipment, performing the required safety check, traveling to the muster area, and reporting to the foreman can take plaintiffs between five to twenty minutes. See id. at 66-69.
Levias filed this action in the King County Superior Court on October 6, 2008, alleging violations of the MWA on behalf of himself and as a putative representative of a class consisting of "all longshore workers who appeared at and were dispatched from any dispatch hall in the state of Washington to any job for PMA and its members during the time period from October 3, 2002 to present," and who were not compensated for pre-shift work including travel time from the dispatch hall to the jobsite, wait time at the job site, and pre-shift preparation time. Dkt. 5, Att. 1 at 9. Defendants removed the action to federal court. Dkt. 1. On February 19, 2009, Levias filed a stipulated motion to dismiss as to certain defendants as well as add other defendants to his original complaint. Dkt. 14. On March 5, 2009, the ILWU was permitted to intervene as an intervenor-defendant. Dkt. 15. Levias then filed a first and second amended complaint which named the new defendants,
Plaintiffs contend that the Local 19 dispatch hall in Seattle constitutes a "worksite" where they are "hired by PMA members... [because the hall] is jointly leased, operated and controlled by the employers and union through the local joint labor relations committee." Dkt. 108 at 9, 11, 14. As a result, plaintiffs allege that the pre-shift travel, wait and preparation time was primarily for the benefit and convenience of PMA's employer-members, and therefore constitutes compensable "hours worked" under the FLSA, as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., and the Washington MWA, RCW § 49.46 et seq. See id. at 5. Specifically, plaintiffs seek compensation for (1) travel time from the Local 19 dispatch hall to the employer's terminals at the Port of Seattle; (2) travel time while plaintiffs "badge through" the port gate, ride or walk from the employer-member's parking lot to the muster area, and wait for the shift to begin; and (3) time spent performing pre-shift preparatory activities, such as donning safety gear, selecting equipment, and performing the required equipment safety check. See id. at 5, 12.
Summary judgment "shall be entered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). An issue of fact is "genuine" if it constitutes evidence with which "a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). That genuine issue of fact is "material" if it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Id.
When applying these standards, the Court must view the evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See United States v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 457 F.3d 1009, 1013 (9th Cir. 2006). The moving party can carry its initial burden by producing evidence that negates an essential element of the nonmoving party's claim, or by establishing that the nonmoving party does not have enough evidence of an essential element to satisfy its burden of persuasion at trial. Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000).
Once this has occurred, the procedural burden shifts to the party opposing summary judgment, who must go beyond the pleadings and affirmatively establish a genuine issue on the merits of the case. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The nonmovant must do more than simply deny the veracity of everything offered by the moving party or show a mere "metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiffs position is likewise insufficient to create a genuine factual dispute. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505. To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party must, in
The FLSA requires that employers pay employees for all "hours worked." 29 U.S.C. § 206, 207(a)(1). Whether an activity is excluded from "hours worked" under the FLSA is a mixed question of law and fact. The nature of employees' duties is a question of fact, and the application of the FLSA to those duties is a question of law. See Ballaris v. Wacker Siltronic Corp., 370 F.3d 901, 910 (9th Cir.2004). Where there is no dispute over the nature of the employees' activities involved, the question is one of law. See id.
Although the FLSA does not clearly define what types of activity qualify as "hours worked," the Supreme Court has decided several cases in which it elaborated on the types of activities that are compensable work under the FLSA. In Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, the Supreme Court held that work is "physical or mental exertion (whether burdensome or not) controlled or required by the employer and pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer and his business." 321 U.S. 590, 598, 64 S.Ct. 698, 88 L.Ed. 949 (1944). See also Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. Local No. 6167, 325 U.S. 161, 164-65, 65 S.Ct. 1063, 89 L.Ed. 1534 (1945). The Supreme Court has also defined work as including an employee's non-exertional acts in some circumstances. See Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126, 133, 65 S.Ct. 165, 89 L.Ed. 118 (1944) (providing that exertion is not the sine qua non of work because "an employer ... may hire a man to do nothing, or to do nothing but wait for something to happen. Refraining from other activity often is a factor of instant readiness to serve[.]"). Thus, an employee's activities, whether or not they are exertional or burdensome, constitute work under the FLSA if they are "pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefits of the employer." Muscoda, 321 U.S. at 598, 64 S.Ct. 698.
Once it has been established that an activity constitutes work, a plaintiff must show that the activity is compensable under the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947, 29 U.S.C. §§ 251-62, which amended the FLSA by narrowing the definition of work following the Supreme Court's decision in Anderson v. Mount Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680, 690-91, 66 S.Ct. 1187, 90 L.Ed. 1515 (1946) (broadly construing "hours worked" under the FLSA). The Portal-to-Portal Act provides that certain preliminary and after work activities are noncompensable:
29 U.S.C. § 254(a).
In 1956, the Supreme Court carved an exception to the Portal-to-Portal
Finally, the Supreme Court in Anderson articulated a de minimis doctrine which remained undisturbed by the passage of the Portal-to-Portal Act. See Carter v. Panama Canal Company, 314 F.Supp. 386, 392 (D.D.C.1970) (observing that the "section of the opinion [in Anderson discussing the de minimis rule] was not considered when Congress enacted the Portal-to-Portal Act and remains the rule today."). The de minimis doctrine provides that, even if certain activities are otherwise compensable under the FLSA, these activities are noncompensable if they involve an "insubstantial and insignificant" amount of time because the FLSA does not compensate "a few seconds or minutes or work beyond the scheduled working hours." Anderson, 328 U.S. at 692-93, 66 S.Ct. 1187. The Ninth Circuit has held that in determining whether an otherwise compensable time is de minimis under Anderson, courts should consider "(1) the practical administrative difficulty of recording the additional time; (2) the aggregate amount of compensable time; and (3) the regularity of the additional work." Lindow v. United States, 738 F.2d 1057, 1063 (9th Cir.1984).
The Ninth Circuit has summarized the process for determining whether an activity constitutes compensable work under the FLSA and its related jurisprudence as a "three-stage inquiry." Bamonte, 598 F.3d at 1224. First, a court must consider whether an activity constitutes work under the FLSA, because it involves "physical or mental exertion ... controlled or required by the employer and pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer." See id. at 1225. Second, a court must consider
The MWA provides that employees are entitled to compensation for regular hours worked and any overtime hours worked. See RCW § 49.46.120, RCW § 49.46.130; Bostain v. Food Express, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 700, 708-09, 153 P.3d 846 (2007). Moreover, where an employer has "willfully" withheld wages in violation of the MWA, RCW § 49.52 allows aggrieved employees to recover double damages. Although the legislature has not defined "hours worked" under the MWA, Wash. Admin. Code § 296-126-002(8) defines "hours worked" as "all hours during which the employee is authorized or required by the employer to be on duty on the employer's premises or at a prescribed work place." WAC § 296-126-002(8). The Washington Supreme Court has held that WAC § 296-126-002(8) provides "the appropriate standard" under the MWA. Stevens v. Brink's Home Security, Inc., 162 Wn.2d 42, 47 & n. 1, 169 P.3d 473 (2007). Furthermore, because the MWA was modeled after the FLSA, it is construed according to FLSA authority except where state law expressly differs. See Webster v. Public School Employees of Washington, Inc., 247 F.3d 910, 918 (9th Cir.2001); Champagne v. Thurston County, 163 Wn.2d 69, 87, 178 P.3d 936 (2008).
ILWU and PMA contend that the parties' agreements provide persuasive evidence that the Local 19 dispatch hall is not a "worksite" where the plaintiffs are hired, and that the preshift activities at issue are not compensable work. See Dkt. 102 at 7-14; Dkt. 96 at 17-18. Specifically, ILWU argues that the parties' collective bargaining agreement, the PCLCA, provides that compensable longshore work begins once the workers are "turned to" by the PMA employer-members at the contract shift start, and not at the time of dispatch, as alleged by plaintiffs. See Dkt. 102 at 10. In addition, ILWU asserts that with one exception for "flex starts," as defined in the PCLCA, longshoremen's workday begins with the official shift start. Finally, ILWU argues that "plaintiffs, by their own conduct, have constructively concurred with and directly benefited from this arrangement... it is undisputed that neither [plaintiff] has ever filed a grievance over the Parties' longstanding, contractual definition of compensable work. Plaintiffs' long acquiescence constitutes a constructive agreement[.]" Dkt. 102 at 12. Plaintiffs respond that the PCLCA does not specifically discuss the compensability of the preshift activities at issue. Dkt. 108 at 16.
Employees' rights under the FLSA "cannot be abridged by contract or otherwise waived." Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc., 450 U.S. 728, 740, 101 S.Ct. 1437, 67 L.Ed.2d 641 (1981). The Ninth Circuit has emphasized, however, that "[a]lthough the existence of an agreement [between the parties] may not be controlling in all cases, it is usually relevant to the compensability issue." See Owens v. Local No. 169, Ass'n of Western Pulp and Paper Workers, 971 F.2d 347, 354 (9th Cir.1992). Specifically, the Ninth Circuit observed in Owens that an inquiry into the agreement between the parties involves "scrutiny and construction of the
The Court agrees with ILWU that the terms of the collective bargaining agreement weigh against a conclusion that the pre-shift activities at issue constitute compensable work. See Berry, 30 F.3d at 1182. The PCLCA does not contain any provision indicating that plaintiffs have been hired—and therefore have a right to compensation—as soon as they have been dispatched from the hall. To the contrary, section 3.1 of the PCLCD provides that Class A and B registered longshore workers are guaranteed eight hours of pay, regardless of the actual number of hours the longshore worker may work up to eight, as soon as they "are ordered to a job and ... report to work and are turned to." Dkt. 103, Ex. A at 16-17 (§ 3.1 of the PCLCD) (emphasis added); id. at 3 (Sundet Decl.). Similarly, section 3.1211 expressly provides that longshore workers are not entitled to the eight-hour guarantee of pay "when men are neither turned to nor ordered to stand by" at the jobsite. Id., Ex. A at 17 (§ 3.1211 of the PCLCD). Moreover, the PCLCA establishes three shifts, with "start times" of 8:00 a.m., 6:00 p.m., or 3:00 a.m. Id. at 14. Early starts of one-hour, called "flex starts," are permitted in limited circumstances for the performance of certain dock operations, and "flexed" workers are paid overtime compensation. Id. at 15 (§ 2.449 of the PCLCD). See also Dkt. 56 at 11-12 (Ventoza Decl.); Dkt. 103 at 3 (Sundet Decl.).
In light of plaintiffs' long-term compliance with the negotiated terms of the PCLCA, the Court is persuaded that the parties did not intend for the pre-shift activities at issue to constitute compensable work. See Berry, 30 F.3d at 1180; Owens, 971 F.2d at 355. The corollary to the contract provisions discussed above is that, with the exception of "flex starts," plaintiffs are hired by PMA's employer-members when they are "turned to" at the jobsite at the contractual start of their shift, and not when they are dispatched. Because the parties' agreements are not a controlling consideration, however, the Court must also consider whether these pre-shift activities constitute compensable work under the FLSA or MWA.
Plaintiffs contend that the Local 19 dispatch hall constitutes a "worksite" because it is the premises "where the employer hires the employee and ... is at least jointly owned and/or leased, run and operated by the employers." Dkt. 108 at 14. In support of this argument, plaintiffs point to undisputed facts regarding the joint operation of the dispatch hall by ILWU and PMA: the Local 19 dispatch hall is jointly leased by PMA and ILWU; PMA and ILWU have negotiated uniform rules for dispatching workers to all ports on the west coast through the Joint
Plaintiffs' arguments are not persuasive. It is undisputed that to some degree, ILWU and PMA jointly operate the dispatch halls. However, plaintiffs have not provided any evidence, or cited any authority, to support their argument that simply by virtue of this joint operation, the Local 19 dispatch hall constitutes a PMA employer-member controlled "worksite." For example, plaintiffs do not assert and have not presented any evidence that plaintiffs actually perform any work at the hall, or that PMA's employer-members exert any control over the way plaintiffs spend their time at the hall. Dkt. 56 at 8 (Ventoza Decl.). Indeed, the evidence of record demonstrates just the opposite.
Significantly, Lemon testified that he does not consider the Local 19 dispatch hall a "job site." Levias Dep. at 79. Longshore workers at the Local 19 dispatch hall "play cards or will discuss, you know, things that came up on other shifts or—that's kind of how we discuss work stuff, like meeting minutes or the stuff that happened in previous meetings or stuff at work." Levias Dep. at 21. Occasionally, Lemon goes to the Local 19 dispatch hall on days when he has a callback job to socialize with the other longshore workers. Lemon Dep. at 50. Typically, Lemon spends his time at the hall "sitting back drinking coffee." Lemon Dep. at 42. He explained that on most days,
Lemon Dep. at 49-50.
Consistent with Lemon's testimony, ILWU asserts that far from constituting a "worksite," the dispatch halls are an integral part of the union's culture and a "safe harbor" for longshore workers from management and employers where longshoremen can socialize and commiserate. See id. at 8. ILWU has proffered evidence that traces the historical development of the dispatch hall and the importance of the dispatch hall to the Union. ILWU avers that the creation and maintenance of the
Specifically, in response to the "Big Strike," a coastwide longshore strike initiated on May 9, 1934, President Roosevelt appointed a National Longshore Board that established the joint dispatch halls— over the strong objection of employers— through an October 12, 1934 arbitration award. Id. at 4. The 1934 award ordered the employers and union to establish a joint labor relations committee in each port responsible for operating joint dispatch halls, and establishing and maintaining "registered lists" of longshoremen eligible for dispatch to available jobs in the port. Id. at 4-5. See also Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast, 7 NLRB 1002, 1009-10 (1938) (summarizing the history of the "Big Strike," ILWU, employers' associations, and the origins of the union dispatch halls). In February 1937, an agreement was reached that effectively amended the award to provide that the hiring of all longshoremen had to go through dispatch halls maintained jointly by the union and the employers' associations, and that the actual dispatcher must be selected by the union. See id. at 1009. Significantly, "the Board's award gave the ILWU membership the right to elect the dispatchers, and so effectively control the dispatch hall operations." Dkt. 13 at 5 (Sundet Decl.) ("One of the main reasons the ILWU has always insisted on Union and member control over dispatch is the memory of the `shape up,' when workers had to grovel and beg for work and were under the control of the employers even before the shift began ... Union control over dispatch—through the dispatch hall with its democratically-elected rank-and-file dispatchers—ensures that dispatch proceeds in a non-arbitrary and fair way. It also ensures that workers' time before the official start of the shift ... is entirely their own and is totally free from employer domination or interference."). The union-member dispatchers, "who are elected by the local union members, identify and send labor to fill the job orders that have been placed by the stevedoring companies and terminal operators for that day." Dkt. 52 at 3 (Weber Decl.); id., Ex. A § 8 (provision of the PCLCD covering dispatch). Since 1937, "the ILWU and PMA have negotiated successive collective-bargaining agreements that have continuously included provisions for the joint registration/dispatch system originally mandated by the National Longshore Board," in order to maintain union control over the hiring process. Id.
In light of the substantial evidence regarding the origins and function of the dispatch halls provided by ILWU, as well as the parties' agreements discussed supra, plaintiffs' bare assertion that they consider themselves to have been "hired" by PMA's employer-members at the dispatch hall does not present a genuine issue of material fact on this issue. See Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. at 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348 (nonmovant must do more than simply deny the veracity of everything offered by the moving party or show a mere "metaphysical doubt as to the material facts."). Although Levias is unaware of any time in
Plaintiffs seek compensation for travel time from the Local 19 dispatch hall to the job site. See Dkt. 108 at 14. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that their travel from the dispatch hall to the job site is distinguishable from ordinary home-to-work travel, because the "employers have made travel from the dispatch hall to the job site an integral part of the job, because an employee cannot be hired into a job without going to the hall at the insistence of the employer ... travel that is made essential by the employer is compensable." Dkt. 108 at 14-15 (citing Gilmer v. Alameda-Contra Costa Transit Dist., 2010 WL 289299, *6 (N.D.Cal.2010) (holding that bus drivers are entitled to compensation under the FLSA for time spent returning to the starting point of their route before beginning their commute home, because "plaintiffs do not voluntarily choose to end their runs at a different location from where they began.")). In other words, plaintiffs allege that because the Local 19 dispatch hall is a PMA-controlled "worksite" to which plaintiffs must travel to be "hired" for the day, their travel from the dispatch hall to the employers' worksites is involuntary and solely benefits the employer. Dkt. 108 at 7-8.
As discussed above, an employee's activities, whether or not they are exertional or burdensome, constitute work under the FLSA if they are "pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefits of the employer." Muscoda, 321 U.S. at 598, 64 S.Ct. 698. However, under the Portal-to-Portal Act, 29 U.S.C. § 254(a), employers are only required to compensate employees for time spent engaging in preliminary or postliminary activities that are "an integral and indispensable part of the principal activities... and are not specifically excluded by Section 4(a)(1)." Steiner, 350 U.S. at 256, 76 S.Ct. 330. Moreover, Congress amended the Portal-to-Portal Act with the Employment Commuter Flexibility Act ("EFCA") in 1996, which provides that "walking, riding, or traveling to and from the actual place of performance of the principal activity or activities which [an] employee is required to perform" is not compensable. 29 U.S.C. § 254(a)(1). See also 29 C.F.R. § 785.35 ("Normal travel from home to work is not worktime."); id. § 790.7(f); Rutti v. Lojack Corp., 596 F.3d 1046, 1051-51 (9th Cir.2010) (reviewing legislative history).
Plaintiffs' claim for travel time compensation appears to hinge entirely on their assertion that their workday, i.e. their principal activity or activities, commences at the Local 19 dispatch hall, because they "must go from home to the dispatch hall to be hired and are hired there." Dkt. 108 at 7. However, the Court has already rejected this argument. Plaintiffs have not offered any other evidence in these proceedings that travel from the dispatch hall to the job site constitutes an "indispensable" part of their principal activities as longshoremen, or that they perform any work or "principal activities" at the Local 19 dispatch hall that would trigger the continuous workday rule. See Bernal, 730 F.Supp.2d at 745-47 (holding that travel time from an employer-owned dispatch office to a customer job site was not compensable under the continuous workday rule because waiting time at the dispatch office does not constitute "the start of the workday.").
Finally, in light of the substantial evidence that the ILWU dispatch halls exist predominantly for the benefit of longshoremen rather than employers, the Court cannot find that plaintiffs' travel from the Local 19 dispatch hall to the job site was "pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefits of the employer." Muscoda, 321 U.S. at 598, 64 S.Ct. 698. Thus, travel from the dispatch hall, where plaintiffs are provided with job opportunities, to the worksite where plaintiffs commence their principal activities, are part of plaintiffs' "ordinary home to work travel which is a normal incident of employment" as longshoremen. As Levias stated, "A job from our dispatch hall, Local 19's dispatch hall typically is just a commute to the job site." Levias Dep. at 28. Plaintiffs are not entitled
Although the MWA is generally construed consistent with the FLSA, Washington has not adopted language similar to the Portal-to-Portal Act or EFCA. See Anderson v. Dep't of Social & Health Services, 115 Wn.App. 452, 457, 63 P.3d 134 (2003). As a result, the Washington Supreme Court has held that in order "to determine whether drive time is compensable [under MWA], we must examine the undisputed facts and assess whether [the employees] are `on duty' at the `employer's premises' or `prescribed work place' within the meaning of WAC 296-126-002(8)." Stevens, 162 Wash.2d at 47, 169 P.3d 473. To determine whether employees are "on duty," the Court examines the extent to which an employer restricts or controls the employees' time. Compare Stevens, 162 Wash.2d at 48-49, 169 P.3d 473 (holding that employees who commuted to and from home and the jobsite in company-owned vehicles, were required to remain available while en route, and were prohibited from engaging in personal activities or errands, carrying non-employee passengers or alcohol, disobeying traffic or parking laws, or failing to lock the vehicle were "on duty" at "a prescribed work place" for purposes of WAC 296-126-002(8)), with Anderson, 115 Wash.App. at 459, 63 P.3d 134 (holding that employees traveling on the state/employer-provided ferry were not on the employer's "premises" or "prescribed work place," and were not "on duty" during passage for purposes of WAC 296-126-002(8), because plaintiffs engaged in various personal activities such as reading, conversing, knitting, playing cards or video games, listening to music, and napping).
Based on the plaintiffs' deposition testimony, the Court cannot conclude that they are "on duty" "at the employer's premises" or a "prescribed work place" during their drive from the Local 19 dispatch hall to the work site. Plaintiffs' travel is distinguishable from Stevens, because there is no evidence that PMA's employer-members restricted or otherwise controlled plaintiffs' time during their commute. See Stevens, 162 Wash.2d at 48-49, 169 P.3d 473. Plaintiffs generally drive their own vehicles, and are able to use any time following dispatch for personal purposes or errands. For example, Levias testified that he can run a personal errand or stop to pick up food during his commute from the dispatch hall to the worksite. Levias Dep. at 28. Levias also testified that he is not in contact with the dispatcher or employer during his drive "unless you're going to be late or something." Id. at 36. Similarly, when asked to explain how plaintiffs could be considered to be under PMA's control following dispatch, Levias only stated that he thought his pay might be docked if he reported to the foreman after the contractual shift start, although this has never happened to Levias or anyone he knows. See id. at 71-72. Under these circumstances, plaintiffs' vehicles do not constitute a "prescribed work place," and plaintiffs are not "on duty" within the meaning of the MWA during their travel from the dispatch hall to the worksite. See Bernal, 730 F.Supp.2d at 745-47.
Plaintiffs also allege that they "must spend time on the employer's premises to badge through security and walk to the location of the safety meeting. Employees are told that they must report at a certain time. In order to report at that time, they must actually arrive at the Port gate ...
Wait time may be considered part of the principal activity of employment, and therefore compensable under the Portal-to-Portal Act, if it is primarily for the benefit of the employer and the employee is not free to engage in other personal activities while he or she waits. See Owens, 971 F.2d at 350 (citing Armour, 323 U.S. at 132, 65 S.Ct. 165); 29 C.F.R. § 790.7(h) ("Waiting time before the time established for the commencement of work would be regarded as a [noncompensable] preliminary activity when the employee voluntarily arrives at his place of employment earlier than he is either required or expected to arrive. Where, however, an employee is required by his employer to report at a particular hour [to the place] where he performs his principal activity ... but for some reason beyond his control there is no work for him to perform until some time has elapsed, waiting for work would be an integral part of the employee's principal activities."). To determine whether wait time is spent primarily for the benefit of the employer, federal courts generally consider four non-exhaustive factors: (1) whether the agreements and understandings between the employer and employee indicate that wait time will be compensated; (2) whether the employer requested or required that the employee wait; (3) the degree to which the employee's free will is constrained during the wait time or whether they can use the time for personal activities or purposes; and (4) the degree to which the employer actually benefits from the wait time. See Owens, 971 F.2d at 350-51; Bernal, 730 F.Supp.2d at 740-41; Vega, 36 F.3d at 425. In construing the MWA, Washington courts have adopted these four factors as well. See Chelan County Deputy Sheriffs' Ass'n, 109 Wash.2d at 292-93, 745 P.2d 1.
Here, plaintiffs have not proffered any evidence that the few minutes plaintiffs spend walking or riding from the port gate to the muster area should be treated differently than other time spent traveling from the Local 19 dispatch hall to the worksite. As discussed above, this travel time is noncompensable under the FLSA. See 29 C.F.R. § 790.7(f) (providing that an example "of walking, riding, or traveling which may be performed outside the workday and would normally be considered [noncompensable] `preliminary' or `postliminary' activities [under the FLSA] are ... walking or riding by an employee between the plant gate and the employee's ... actual place of performance of his principal activity or activities[.]"); Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1064 (holding that FLSA "does not require employers to pay overtime for `walking, riding, or traveling to and from the actual place of performance of the principal activity or activities which such employee is employed to perform'[.]") (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 254(a)(1)). This travel time is also noncompensable under the MWA, because although plaintiffs have set foot on their employer's premises, they are not yet "on duty." See WAC 296-126-002(8).
Plaintiffs' contention that they are entitled to compensation for wait time spent "badging through" the port gate, because their free will is constrained during this time, is also unpersuasive. See Dkt. 108 at 15-16. As discussed above, the parties' agreements do not provide that any pre-shift waiting time will be compensated.
Because plaintiffs are not required to complete a security screening process that forces them to report early in order to report on time, Cervantez v. Celestica Corp., the case cited by plaintiffs, is clearly distinguishable. 618 F.Supp.2d 1208, 1215 (C.D.Cal.2009). In Cervantez, employees were required to pass through security screening before entering the employer's facility, clock in at one of the time clocks within the facility, and be at their work station at the start of the shift. Id. In that case, "out of fear of clocking in late and losing pay, they were forced to remain waiting in the security line and within the building after they have passed through security, restricting the activities in which Plaintiffs can engage during this uncompensated pre-shift period." Id. at 1214-15. Although the plaintiffs were able to engage in limited personal activities, such as conversing socially and drinking a cup of coffee, the employees were effectively under the control of their employer during this entire pre-shift period, because their pay would be docked if the employees were "even one minute late." Id. at 1216. That is clearly not the case here. Although Levias asserted that his pay could potentially be reduced if he was late in arriving at the muster area, he conceded that he has reported to the muster location after the contractual start of the shift on several occasions and his pay has never been docked. Levias Dep. at 63, 72. He is also unaware of anyone whose pay has been docked for showing up late. Id. at 72.
Moreover, plaintiffs do not allege that they report to the worksite early each day in order to locate the correct muster area. Although "there may be times where the foreman may not be available readily" because "SSA[T] is a big terminal," Levias testified that longshoremen are "supposed to" know where they are going to be mustering each day when they leave the Local 19 dispatch hall. Id. at 48. Similarly, Lemon testified that he occasionally does not remember where he was supposed to report at the terminal, "but you know, I can always find out where I'm at ... [if] I forget exactly where I'm being dispatched." Lemon Dep. at 122.
Finally, plaintiffs have failed to show that if they arrive early at the muster area, any pre-shift wait time primarily benefits the employer. See Owens, 971 F.2d at 350-51. See also Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1060-61 (holding that although "it was often the practice of the employees to
Plaintiffs assert that "the donning of prescribed clothing, selecting equipment, [and] performing safety checks on the equipment" are compensable preparatory activities under the FLSA that they engage in before the beginning of their shifts. Dkt. 108 at 22. In particular, plaintiffs allege that "doing a safety check of equipment to be used on the job, as Mr. Levias testified ... is no different than the `donning' of safety clothing and is compensable." Id. at 16.
Although plaintiffs are required to don safety vests, hard hats, and hard-toed boots before the start of their shift, they do not don any unique protective gear. See Levias Dep. at 62-63. Levias testified that once he arrives at the parking lot at the terminal, "[t]ypically you put your gear on, your hardhat or safety vest, depending on your job. Well, excuse me. Every time you go to the terminal, you're required to put on your safety vest, safety shoes." Id. at 38-39.
The Ninth Circuit in Bamonte, applying the "three-stage inquiry" to police officers' donning of uniforms and related protective gear, held that this activity likely constitutes work under the FLSA "as a function of the employer's requirement that the officers wear a uniform and related protective gear." Bamonte, 598 F.3d at 1225. Nevertheless, the court held that a claim for compensability "fatally falters" at the second stage if "[n]o requirement of law, rule, the employer, or the nature of the work mandates donning and doffing [to be conducted] at the employer's premises[.]" Id. at 1233. Specifically, the court cited with approval the DOL's policy statement that "[i]f an employee... cannot perform his principal activities without putting on certain clothes, changing clothes on the employer's premises at the beginning and end of the
In Alvarez, the Ninth Circuit held that employees at a meat processing plant were entitled to compensation for time spent donning, doffing, and retrieving job-related protective gear before and after working on the production lines. Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 902-03 (applying 29 C.F.R. § 790.8(c) & n. 65). Specifically, the employees were required to "gather their assigned equipment, don that equipment in one of the ... plant's four locker rooms, and prepare work-related tools before venturing to the slaughter or processing floor." Id. at 898. The Alvarez court opined that "because the donning and doffing of this gear on the plant's premises is required by law, by rules of [the employer], and by the nature of the work, this donning and doffing is necessary to the principal work performed." Id. at 903. See also Ballaris, 370 F.3d at 903 (holding that employees were entitled to compensation for time spent donning and doffing uniforms at a silicon wafer manufacturing plant, because "[h]ere, as in Alvarez, [the employer] required [the employees] to change into and out of their uniforms at the plant, and only at the plant, in the normal course of the employees' jobs.").
Plaintiffs, like the police officers in Bamonte and unlike the employees in Steiner, Alvarez, and Ballaris, are not required by the rules of the PMA's employer-members, by law, or by the nature of the work to don their non-unique protective gear on the employer's premises. See Steiner, 350 U.S. at 256, 76 S.Ct. 330; Bamonte, 598 F.3d at 1227-28; Ballaris, 370 F.3d at 911; Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 903. Rather, plaintiffs have the option and ability to don their protective gear at home, or anywhere they wish before the beginning of their shift. See Levias Dep. at 62-63; Dkt. 92 at 2 (Stearns Decl.) (providing that longshoremen are required to wear steeltoed shoes and hardhats, but overalls are optional. Longshoremen can "put these on before reporting to work—in the parking lot or, if they want, at home before coming to work."). Thus, donning plaintiffs' safety vests, hard-toed shoes, and hardhats is not an "integral and indispensable."
Furthermore, even if donning this non-unique protective gear were "integral and indispensable," the Ninth Circuit has held the time it takes to don non-unique, as opposed to unique, protective gear such as hardhats "is de minimis as a matter of law." Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 903-04 (citing Anderson, 328 U.S. at 692, 66 S.Ct. 1187). See also Reich v. IBP, Inc., 38 F.3d 1123,
Plaintiffs' final claim is that they are entitled to compensation for pre-shift time spent selecting equipment and performing a safety check of equipment to be used on the job. See Dkt. 108 at 16, 22. Specifically, plaintiffs testified that when their assignment for the day involves driving equipment, they are not assigned to a particular piece of equipment but generally can choose which equipment they would prefer to drive on a first-come-first-serve basis. See Levias Dep. at 109, 126; Lemon Dep. at 37-38. As a result, many longshoremen show up at the worksite a little early to select the equipment they would prefer to drive that day. As Lemon explained, following dispatch from the ILWU dispatch hall, many longshoremen
Lemon Dep. at 37-38. Similarly, Levias testified that "there's some [equipment] that I probably wouldn't want to drive or feel safe in." Levias Dep. at 125. However, Levias asserted that "I don't race to the terminal or be unsafe to get to where I'm—to get to the job site to pick the best equipment." Levias Dep. at 126.
It is undisputed that plaintiffs "are required per safety code to perform ... safety checks before operating the equipment" at SSAT, Eagle, or MTC, and that no safety check is required for jobs that do not involve equipment such as a sling man, lasher, or other non-skilled work. Id. at 71, 48, 50-54, 62. Levias testified that the safety training manuals provide that the safety check must be performed "at the beginning of each shift," but "[i]t doesn't say a time, no." Id. at 128. He also testified that he does not recall a foreman ever telling him to complete the required safety check before the scheduled start time.
Lemon Dep. at 125. When asked again if he usually picks out his equipment before mustering at the lunchroom "because that's just the way it's always been done," Lemon qualified his previous testimony, "No. I think that—I want to say that one time we went straight to the break room and then we did it. I want to say that." Id. at 127.
Levias testified that this safety inspection generally takes "just a couple minutes." Levias Dep. at 41. Specifically, the time involved can vary "between two minutes or more," although on no more than five occasions has an equipment safety check taken Levias longer than two minutes. See id. at 137-38. For example, the time spent performing a safety check on "forklifts could vary from just, you know, 30 seconds or so, depending on how quick or slow the person is performing the safety check ... how old the equipment is and... various other conditions, if there's old hydraulic fluid leaking or grease from a rainy day from the shift before." Id. at 138. In addition, "in the winter months or something like that ... if the equipment is not warmed up ... you have to de-ice the windshield and make sure the equipment is running properly at that cold temperature."
Plaintiffs' equipment safety inspection constitutes an "integral and indispensable" duty and therefore satisfies the second stage of the three-stage inquiry, because plaintiffs are required by law, by the rules of the employer, or by the nature of the work to complete an equipment safety check on the employers' premises before operating the equipment. See Steiner, 350 U.S. at 252, 76 S.Ct. 330; Ballaris, 370 F.3d at 910-12; Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 901. However, this activity fails to satisfy the first and third stages. See Bamonte, 598 F.3d at 1224-25.
Specifically, plaintiffs have not satisfied the first requirement by showing that the preshift equipment safety checks are performed "necessarily and primarily for the employers' benefit," because although these safety checks are required by PMA's employer-members before plaintiffs operate the equipment, they are not required to be performed before the beginning of the shift. In Lindow, the Ninth Circuit held that plaintiffs who performed otherwise compensable work before the beginning of their shift for their own convenience, and who could have instead performed the work during regular hours, were not entitled to compensation where the employer "did not pressure or even encourage the employees to report early to work." Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1061. The MWA follows this approach as well. See Dkt. 99, Ex. A (Dept. of Labor & Indus., Employment Standards No. ES. C.2 at § 9, providing that "preparatory and concluding activities," including "preparation of equipment for the day's operation,
In this case, plaintiffs testified that they perform the required equipment safety checks before the beginning of their shift primarily for their own convenience, rather than the convenience of their employers. Specifically, plaintiffs testified that they were not directed or required to select their equipment and perform the safety checks before the beginning of their shifts, but typically arrived early in order to select their preferred piece of equipment. See Levias Dep. at 71, 48, 50-54, 62, 128; Lemon Dep. at 125, 127. See also Dkt. 51, Att. 8 at 2 (Hunter Decl.) (providing that at SSAT in Seattle, "[s]emi-operators are on time if they go through the gate at 8 o'clock; however, if the dispatch is on time or early, they may show up early in order to get their choice of vehicle. It's not the company's requirement. When dispatch runs late, the operators are not on a piece of equipment until 8 o'clock, when the shift starts."); id., Att. 10 at 3 (Pickles Decl.) ("At Eagle Marine, we want the workers to be on the job by 8 o'clock, although if they are late by ten or fewer minutes, this is not unusual and there are no consequences for the worker."). Because it appears that plaintiffs voluntarily performed the required safety checks before the beginning of the shift "for their own convenience rather than for the company's benefit," they are not entitled to compensation for these activities under the FLSA or the MWA. Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1061.
The third and final step in the compensability analysis is a determination of whether otherwise compensable time is de minimis. See Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1063 (providing that "we will consider (1) the practical administrative difficulty of recording the additional time; (2) the aggregate amount of compensable time; and (3) the regularity of the additional work."). The Ninth Circuit has observed that "periods of approximately 10 minutes" are often considered de minimis, although a court must also consider whether the plaintiffs' claims "might have been minimal on a daily basis but, when aggregated, amounted to a substantial claim." Id. at 1062-63 (citing cases finding periods between two and fifteen minutes de minimis). Compare Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 903-04 (holding that time spent donning and doffing safety goggles and hardhats is so insubstantial and difficult to monitor that it is incompensable as de minimis), with Ballaris, 370 F.3d at 912 ("Here, the time is apparently not similarly insubstantial. Nor is it difficult to monitor. Plaintiffs presented evidence that some 20 to 30 minutes were spent daily by Fab 2 employees performing these tasks; [defendant] disagrees but offers no estimate of its own. Because the amount of time is in dispute, there is a genuine issue of material fact to be resolved by the fact-finder on remand.").
Plaintiffs argue generally that "[d]efendants have failed to submit[] a detailed accounting of each job worked by Plaintiffs obtained through the dispatch hall ... they have not shown that any time worked was de minimis on any given day or in the aggregate." Dkt. 108 at 10. Although plaintiffs are correct that there is no record of the time plaintiffs have spent "just to perform the safety checks," it is undisputed that the time involved is never more than thirty seconds to "just a couple of minutes." Levias Dep. at 41, 181. For example, on no more than five occasions has an equipment safety check taken Levias over two minutes. See id. at 138. Furthermore, plaintiffs only perform safety
Finally, as in Lindow, it would likely be administratively difficult for PMA's employer-members to monitor and record the precise amount of time spent by plaintiffs performing these brief pre-shift safety checks, as opposed to other social or personal pre-shift activities. Thus, even if the time spent by plaintiffs selecting equipment and performing the safety checks— in the aggregate—is substantial,
In light of the Court's finding that plaintiffs are not entitled to compensation under either the FLSA or MWA for pre-shift travel time from the Local 19 dispatch hall to the employer-member's jobsite, travel time from the port gate to the muster area, wait time at the jobsite, or time spent performing preparatory activities, it is unnecessary to address the parties' remaining contentions. See Dkt. 96 at 23-29; Dkt. 108 at 16-22. For the foregoing reasons, PMA's and ILWU's summary judgment motions, Dkts. 96 and 102, are GRANTED, and this case is DISMISSED with prejudice.
