ORDER

JOHN C. COUGHENOUR, District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Bryan Boyle's motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 16) and Defendants ADC Venture's and Sabal Financial Group's motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt. No. 35). Having thoroughly considered the parties' briefing and the relevant record, the Court finds oral argument unnecessary and hereby GRANTS both motions to the extent they challenge this Court's subject matter jurisdiction to consider Plaintiffs' claims, GRANTS Defendant ADC's motion for judgment on the pleadings with regard to its counterclaim, and otherwise DENIES the motions as moot.

I. BACKGROUND

This case involves a failed real estate development partnership between Plaintiffs William Kuhlmann, Judith Caspar, and non-parties Daniel and Cathy Stevens. It also involves the failure of City Bank in Lynnwood, Washington, which provided a $500,000 line of credit to the Stevens to be used for the real estate development. According to Plaintiffs' Complaint, Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar, along with the Stevens, formed Plaintiff Kuhlmann Ridge Estates, LLC ("KRE"), to develop property located in Snohomish County, Washington in 2006. (Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 3.1.) Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar provided the 48-acre tract of land to be developed, which had been in their family for generations, while Mr. Stevens agreed to provide $200,000 in financing and to oversee the construction, development, and the remaining financing of the project in exchange for a 50 percent stake in KRE. (Id. at ¶¶ 3.4-3.6.) The Stevens allegedly took out a $250,000 loan to finance the project from City Bank, and later obtained an increase on that line of credit for another $250,000. (Id. at ¶¶ 3.7, 3.11, 3.22.) The loan was secured by a Deed of Trust on the Property that Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar signed. (Id. at ¶¶ 3.7-3.8.)

The Complaint alleges that City Bank and its employees represented to Plaintiffs that the Bank would exercise stringent controls on the lines of credit by requiring documentation of construction progress before advancing funds, but failed to do so, and further failed to require payment from Plaintiffs when Mr. Stevens ultimately defaulted, thereby allowing Mr. Stevens to take advantage of them. (Id. at ¶¶ 3.11, 3.16, 3.21, 3.22, 3.25.) With regard to the misrepresentations, the Complaint alleges in a general fashion that prior to agreeing to secure the loan with the Property, Mr. Kuhlmann "spoke with several people at City Bank, including Naomi Max" about "the controls City Bank would exercise over the construction line of credit before it advanced funds," and "made it clear to City Bank that [the Plaintiffs] would only agree to enter into the construction loan transaction if City Bank exercised controls on the line of credit." (Id. at ¶ 3.8.) In response, "City Bank [allegedly] assured Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar that the terms of the Construction Loan Agreement [("CLA")] [between the Bank and the Stevens] provided the protections that Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar required[,]" and that the CLA "required documentation of construction before draws would be permitted." (Id. at ¶ 3.9.) Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar then signed the Deed of Trust, which they allege incorporated the CLA. (See id. at ¶ 3.11; Dkt. No. 15 at 34.) After they agreed to secure the loan with the Property, the Complaint alleges, Mr. Stevens failed to actually develop the land, maxed out the initial line of credit, failed to make monthly interest payments on the loan as required from June 2006 through August 2007, obtained the increase in the line of credit with Plaintiffs' permission by failing to disclose the notices of default, and again maxed out the line of credit in 2008 without completing any substantial work on the development. (Id. at ¶¶ 3.17, 3.25.) Plaintiffs fault City Bank and Defendant Bryan Boyle for not exercising the promised controls over the loan dispersements and failing to notify them of the Stevens' numerous defaults.

The CLA that Mr. and Mrs. Stevens signed with City Bank, but which Plaintiffs did not sign, contains numerous provisions for which the parties offer differing interpretations. The first, entitled "Conditions Precedent to Each Advance," expressly states: "Lender's obligation to make the initial Advance and each subsequent Advance under this agreement shall be subject to the fulfillment to Lender's satisfaction of all of the conditions set forth in this Agreement and in the related documents[.]" (Id. at ¶ 3.10; Dkt. No. 36, Ex. A) (emphasis added). The agreement then calls for City Bank's approval of contractors, subcontractors, plans, specifications, permits, architects' and construction contracts, and a borrower's authorization. (Id.) The CLA also contains a "Disbursement of Loan Funds" provision which provides, in relevant part, that "Borrower shall apply only for disbursements with respect to work actually done by the General Contractor and for materials and equipment actually incorporated into the project. Each application for an advance shall be deemed a certification of Borrower that ... all representations and warranties contained in the agreement are true and correct[.]" (Id.) And finally, the CLA contains an express "Limitation of Responsibility" provision, which states:

(Dkt. No. 36, Ex. A at 3.)

In 2010, City Bank failed. (Id. at ¶ 3.39.) The Complaint alleges that the FDIC took control of the bank as receiver on April 16, 2010, in order to wind down its affairs. (Id.) The FDIC then set July 21, 2010 as the "claims bar date" by which creditors and claimants were required to file any existing claims against the Bank with the FDIC. (Id.) According to Plaintiffs' Complaint, Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar did not receive a written notice or see any news about City Bank's failure or the FDIC receivership until late July — approximately one week after the claims bar date passed — when Mr. Kuhlmann spoke with Mr. Stevens. (Id. at ¶¶ 3.27, 3.39.) Plaintiffs then allegedly received a Notice of Default from the FDIC on March 7, 2011. (Id. at ¶ 3.41.) The Complaint alleges that after Plaintiffs' counsel contacted the FDIC about the default, no further action was taken until April 30, 2013, when Plaintiffs filed claims "based on the facts" in their Complaint with the FDIC. (Id. at ¶ 3.42.) In letters dated June 3, 2013, the FDIC disallowed Plaintiffs' claims as untimely. (Id.) Plaintiffs then filed a state-court lawsuit, but voluntarily dismissed that action. (Dkt. No. 32 at 7 n. 1.)

On October 15, 2013, Plaintiffs filed the instant lawsuit against Mr. Boyle, City Bank's former Vice President; ADC Venture 2011-2, LLC, which purchased the rights to the Loan Documents from the FDIC as receiver for City Bank in 2012; and Sabal Financial Group, LLC, which is the servicer of the loans. (Id. at ¶¶ 1.4-1.6, 3.43-3.44.) Plaintiffs do not name as defendants City Bank, the FDIC, or the Stevens. Instead, Plaintiffs bring the following claims based exclusively on the alleged misrepresentations, omissions, or conduct of City Bank before it failed and was placed into receivership: (1) Fraud in Factum; (2) Fraud in the Inducement; (3) Common Law Fraud; (4) Breach of Contract; (5) Estoppel; (6) Breach of Special Duty; (7) violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act; and (8) Declaratory Judgment. (Id. at ¶¶ 4-11.) Defendant Bryan Boyle now moves to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (Dkt. No. 16.) Defendants ADC and Sabal counterclaim for breach of contract and "foreclosure of deed of trust," (Dkt. No. 15), and now move for judgment on the pleadings (i) that ADC is entitled to foreclose on the property and (ii) for dismissal of Plaintiffs' claims against ADC and Sabal. (Dkt. No. 35.) For the reasons that follow, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs' Complaint in its entirety for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and grants Defendant ADC's motion for judgment on the pleadings with respect to its counterclaim.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiffs' Claims Under FIRREA

1. Legal Standard

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), the Court must dismiss claims over which it lacks subject matter jurisdiction.1 Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 954 (9th Cir. 2011). The party asserting jurisdiction bears the burden of proving that the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the asserted claims, Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of America, 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994); though, even if a defendant does not move for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1), the Court has a duty to establish subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte. See United Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir.2004). When determining the existence of subject matter jurisdiction, "the district court is not confined by the facts contained in the four corners of the complaint — it may consider [other] facts and need not assume the truthfulness of the complaint." Americopters, LLC v. F.A.A., 441 F.3d 726, 732 n. 4 (9th Cir.2006).

Plaintiffs here base their lawsuit upon the limited jurisdictional grant contained in the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act ("FIRREA"), 12 U.S.C. § 1821. (Dkt. No. 1 at ¶ 2.2.) FIRREA "extends a special kind of federal jurisdiction outside the scope of 28 U.S.C. § 1331, the normal source of federal question jurisdiction." Alkasabi v. Washington Mutual Bank, F.A., ___ F.Supp.3d ___, ___, 2014 WL 1193899, at *1 (D.D.C.2014) (citation omitted). Because Plaintiffs do not bring any independent federal claims, because complete diversity is lacking between Plaintiffs and Defendants, and because FIRREA strips courts of jurisdiction where it applies, jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' Complaint depends entirely on whether they complied with the numerous jurisdictional prerequisites established under FIRREA. As explained below, Plaintiffs failed to do so.

2. Applicable Law and Discussion

Congress enacted the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act "in the midst of the savings and loan insolvency crisis to enable the FDIC ... to expeditiously wind up the affairs of literally hundreds of failed financial institutions throughout the country." Westberg v. FDIC, 741 F.3d 1301, 1303 (D.C.Cir.2014). In order to efficiently resolve the numerous potential claims against a failed bank, avoid protracted litigation that would preclude the wind-ups, and ensure that the bank's assets could be transferred to willing buyers, the statute creates an administrative claims process under which the FDIC has authority to quickly resolve all claims against the assets of a failed bank that is placed in receivership under the FDIC or which arise from the conduct or omissions of the failed bank. See 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)-(13). As explained below, the statute strictly limits federal courts' ability to adjudicate claims that are not first exhausted within the FIRREA's administrative process. That process and its jurisdictional consequences are the subject of this order.

When liquidating a failed bank's assets, the FDIC must "promptly publish a notice to the depository institution's creditors to present their claims [to the FDIC] by a specified date in the notice[,]" otherwise known as a "claims bar date." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)(B). FIRREA requires that the FDIC provide at least 90 days to allow claimants to file claims against the failing bank's assets. 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)(B)(i). The FDIC must also mail a similar notice directly to any creditor shown on the institution's books and any "claimant[s] not appearing on the institution's books" whose names and addresses the FDIC later discovers. 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(A). When a timely claim is filed, section 1821(d)(5)(A)(i) requires the FDIC to either allow or disallow the claim within 180 days of the claim being filed. See 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(A)(i); Intercontinental Travel Marketing, Inc. v. FDIC, 45 F.3d 1278, 1282 (9th Cir.1994). If a claimant files his or her claim after the claims bar date, the FDIC is not permitted to consider the claim under section 1821(d)(5)(A)(i) — instead, FIRREA mandates that "claims filed after the [claims bar date] shall be disallowed and such disallowance shall be final." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(C)(i). The single exception to this bar on untimely claims provides that a claim filed after the claims bar date "may be considered by the receiver if ... the claimant did not receive notice of the appointment of the receiver in time to file such claim before such date; and ... such claim is filed in time to permit payment of such claim." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii) (emphasis added).

FIRREA also specifies the limited circumstances under which federal courts may consider claims subject to the aforementioned administrative process. As an initial matter, FIRREA contains a broad jurisdiction stripping provision, which provides as follows:

12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(13)(D)(i)-(ii) (emphasis added). The "except as otherwise provided" language refers back to section 1821(d)(6), the provision for judicial review of timely claims that are disallowed or ignored. Westberg, 741 F.3d at 1303. Specifically, that provision states that when the FDIC either disallows a claim or fails to make a decision on a claim within 180 days, the claimant may then, and only then, file suit on the claims that were presented to the FDIC and disallowed or ignored. See 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(6) (authorizing judicial review when claims are either denied pursuant to section 1821(d)(5)(A)(i) or ignored for the 180 day period established in the same section). Such a suit must be brought within 60 days of either the FDIC's disallowance of a timely claim or after the 180-day decisional period passes, whichever is earlier, and must be filed in either the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or in the district where the failed institution had its principle place of business. See 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(6)(A).

The Ninth Circuit and other courts of appeals have recognized that FIRREA strips federal courts of jurisdiction to adjudicate subject claims made outside the procedure established in section 1821(d). Intercontinental Travel Marketing, Inc., 45 F.3d at 1282-84. Here, the parties agree that Plaintiffs' claims "relate to an[] act or omission" of a failed bank that was placed under FDIC receivership, see 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(13)(D)(i)-(ii), and thus, that this Court has no jurisdiction to consider Plaintiffs' claims unless they were properly exhausted under FIRREA's plain terms.2 For the following reasons, they were not properly exhausted and the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. First, Plaintiffs undisputedly failed to file the instant federal lawsuit within 60 days of the FDIC's disallowance of their claims. See 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(6)(A). Second, it is undisputed that Plaintiffs did not file their claim with the FDIC before the claims bar date, but instead waited nearly three years to do so after the claims bar date passed and after they learned that City Bank had failed and gone into receivership. Because the FDIC denied their claims as untimely, the statute's limited grant of jurisdiction does not apply. Finally, the single statutory exception does not provide a basis for jurisdiction given that the FDIC has discretion to consider such claims and declined to do so, and Plaintiffs have failed to otherwise demonstrate that their claims, although untimely, were brought "in time to permit payment."

a. The Court Lacks Jurisdiction Because Plaintiff's Complaint Was Not Timely Filed Under 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(6).

The Ninth Circuit has repeatedly recognized the jurisdictional nature of FIRREA's mandatory exhaustion and filing requirements. See Intercontinental Travel Marketing, Inc., 45 F.3d at 1282-84; Henderson v. Bank of New England, 986 F.2d 319, 320-21 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 995, 114 S.Ct. 559, 126 L.Ed.2d 459 (1993). As explained above, FIRREA's limited grant of jurisdiction to federal courts contains a clear 60-day deadline for filing a federal suit on timely claims that were disallowed by the FDIC. 12 U.S.C. § 1821(b)(6). Recognizing as much, the Seventh and First Circuits, among others, have expressly held in recent years that the 60-day federal court filing deadline in 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(6) is a jurisdictional requirement, not a mere "claims processing rule" that is subject to waiver, estoppel, or equitable tolling. See Miller v. FDIC, 738 F.3d 836 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding that the 60 day filing deadline established in section 1821(d)(6) is jurisdictional and not subject to waiver, estoppel, or tolling); Acosta-Ramirez v. Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, 712 F.3d 14, 20 (1st Cir.2013) (holding that "the failure of the plaintiffs to comply with the sixty-day requirement to seek judicial review of the denial of their administrative claims [] deprives the court of jurisdiction" and explaining that the statute's plain language "makes it clear that Congress wanted the rule to be "jurisdictional."); Brady Development Co. Inc. v. RTC, 14 F.3d 998, 1003 (4th Cir.1994) (explaining that "[t]he precise jurisdictional limitations on the Article III courts mandated by FIRREA are determined by reading section 1821(d)(13)(D) in conjunction with the statute's allowance of an action within sixty days of a claim being denied as provided for in section 1821(d)(6)(A)").3

Here, even assuming FIRREA permitted jurisdiction over claims automatically disallowed as untimely, Plaintiffs had only sixty (60) days to file suit in the appropriate federal court. It is undisputed that they did not do so. Plaintiffs filed their claim with the FDIC on April 30, 2013. (Dkt. No. 1 at ¶ 3.42.) The FDIC denied those claims as untimely on June 3, 2013. (Id.) Plaintiffs then filed a state-court action against Defendants, voluntarily dismissed that lawsuit, and more than sixty days after June 3, 2013, filed the instant lawsuit on October 15, 2013. (Dkt. No. 1.) Plaintiffs thus failed to comply with FIRREA's mandatory filing deadline, and this Court lacks jurisdiction to consider their claims.

Plaintiffs did so upon the apparent belief that the 60-day deadline was a "statute of limitations" that Defendants could agree to waive or that the Court could (or would) toll for equitable reasons. But Plaintiffs' belief is mistaken. FIRREA's 60-day filing deadline is jurisdictional. Doctrines of waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling do not apply to subject matter jurisdiction requirements, and a lack of subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time, even by the Court. See Intercontinental Travel Marketing, Inc., 45 F.3d at 1286 (collecting cases); accord Miller, 738 F.3d at 843-44 (explaining that "[w]hether a limitations period has the status of a jurisdictional prerequisite or a claim-processing rule determines whether it is subject to waiver, estoppel, or equitable tolling doctrines[,]" and holding that because the 60-day filing deadline under FIRREA was jurisdictional, the district court properly rejected the plaintiff's argument that his failure to timely file in the district court should be equitably tolled). No party here disputes the fact that this matter was not timely filed in federal court. Because the Court has an independent obligation to determine whether jurisdiction exists, and Plaintiffs undisputedly failed to comply with FIRREA's jurisdictional filing deadline, the Court has no basis to exercise its jurisdiction over Plaintiffs' affirmative claims.

b. This Court Lacks Jurisdiction Because Plaintiffs' Claim to the FDIC Was Untimely and They Do Not Satisfy the Exception in Section 1821(d)(5).

The Court also lacks subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate this dispute for the additional reasons that (1) Plaintiffs filed their claims years after the claims bar date and (2) they have not carried their burden to demonstrate that the exception in 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5) should have authorized the FDIC to consider their claims. As explained above, FIRREA requires a claimant to file subject claims with the FDIC after notice is published. 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)(B). Claims must be filed by the claims bar date set by the FDIC, which must be at least 90 days after notice is published under the statute. "If a claimant submits a timely claim to the FDIC, it must determine within 180 days whether to allow or disallow the claim." Intercontinental Travel Marketing, Inc., 45 F.3d at 1282 (citing 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(A)(i)). If the claim is not timely filed with the FDIC, FIRREA strips the FDIC of authority to consider the claim, instead providing that untimely claims "shall be disallowed and such disallowance shall be final." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(C)(i). As noted above, the only exception to this bar provides that a claim filed after the claims bar date "may be considered by the receiver if ... the claimant did not receive notice of the appointment of the receiver in time to file such claim before such date; and ... such claim is filed in time to permit payment of such claim." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii) (emphasis added). This section does not itself vest the Court with jurisdiction to consider a late-filed claim; it merely confers discretion upon the FDIC as receiver to do so. See Freeman v. FDIC, 56 F.3d 1394, 1402 (D.C.Cir.1995) (The "only consequence [of improper notice under FIRREA] is that the FDIC `may' consider a late-filed claim.").

The Ninth Circuit "read[s] the claims bar date to be a jurisdictional requirement."4 Intercontinental Travel Marketing, Inc., 45 F.3d at 1284.5 Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiffs filed their claims with the FDIC nearly three years after the claims bar date passed. Because no court has jurisdiction over a claim until the exhaustion of FIRREA's administrative process and Plaintiffs failed to properly and timely exhaust that process, their claims cannot be considered in this Court unless the single statutory exception authorized the FDIC to consider the claim. See Potter v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. C13-0863, 2013 WL 1912718, at *7 (C.D.Cal. May 8, 2013) (concluding that the claims bar date is jurisdictional and explaining that section 1821(d)(5)(C)(i) "contemplates that if a claimant files an untimely claim that does not meet the statutory exceptions, it shall be immediately denied by the FDIC, and no further litigation is authorized."); Feigel v. FDIC, 935 F.Supp. 1090, 1095 (S.D.Cal.1996) (dismissing for lack of jurisdiction where plaintiffs did not file timely claims with FDIC and explaining that "the district courts do not have jurisdiction to hear claims that were not timely filed") (citing Intercontinental Travel Marketing, 45 F.3d at 1284); Alkasabi, ___ F.Supp.3d at ___, 2014 WL 1193899, at *4 (recognizing that the administrative claims process is jurisdictional and requiring that plaintiffs satisfy single statutory exception where they filed untimely claims with FDIC).

The question is thus whether Plaintiffs have carried their burden to demonstrate that the statutory exception for late-filed claims applies. Under section 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii), the FDIC is not required to disallow an untimely claim — and may, in its discretion, consider such a claim — if "the claimant did not receive notice of the appointment of the receiver in time to file such claim before such date; and ... such claim is filed in time to permit payment of such claim." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii). Here, Plaintiffs state that they did not have notice of the receiver's appointment or bank's failure until roughly one to two weeks after the claims bar date passed in late July 2010. They then waited nearly three years to file their claims with the FDIC in April 2013. Plaintiffs argue that this statutory exception applies, that the FDIC should have considered their claims, and that the Court accordingly has jurisdiction to consider the claims.

The Court is not persuaded that Plaintiffs have carried their burden to demonstrate that jurisdiction exists. As an initial matter, Plaintiffs neither allege nor argue that their claims were filed "in time to permit payment" as required under § 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii). With no suggestion whatsoever that this requirement is established, Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that their claim could (or should) have been considered by the FDIC.6 Further, while Plaintiffs allege that they were not personally aware that the FDIC was named as receiver for City Bank until one to two weeks after the claims bar date, it is undisputed that extensive news coverage of City Bank's failure and the FDIC's receivership existed in major, state-wide news publications and in newspapers published in the same locale as the subject property. In similar situations, courts have recognized that notice by publication and inquiry notice is sufficient to foreclose FIRREA's untimeliness-exception for claimants who were not known to the FDIC because constructive notice by publication is all that is required for constitutionally sufficient notice. See Tillman v. Resolution Trust Corp., 37 F.3d 1032, 1036 (4th Cir.1994) (holding that plaintiff had constructive notice due to publishing of local newspaper stories and press releases about bank's receivership); Alkasabi, ___ F.Supp.3d at ___, 2014 WL 1193899, at *4 (publication in newspapers of receivership and inquiry notice due to scope of bank failure sufficient to provide constructive notice and foreclose section 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii) exception); In re Community Bank of Northern Va. Mortgage Lending Practices Litig., 954 F.Supp.2d 360 (W.D.Pa.2013) ("Publication in local newspapers is sufficient notice of the receivership."). Here, Plaintiffs had constructive notice of City Bank's failure and the FDIC's appointment as receiver, and cannot avail themselves of section 1821(d)(5)(C)(ii)'s exception. The FDIC had authority to deny their claim as untimely, and this Court has no subject matter jurisdiction to hear their claims against Defendants Bryan Boyle, ADC, or Sabal.

B. ADC's Counterclaim

The Court next addresses ADC's counterclaim against Plaintiffs KRE, Mr. Kuhlmann, and Ms. Caspar.7 ADC moves for judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) as to ADC's counterclaim for judicial foreclosure of the subject Property. Under Rule 12(c), "[a]fter the pleadings are closed — but early enough not to delay trial — a party may move for judgment on the pleadings." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c). Judgment on the pleadings "is properly granted when, taking all the allegations in the pleadings as true, a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Lyon v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., 656 F.3d 877, 883 (9th Cir. 2011). The court evaluates a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings under the same standard as a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir.1989). When ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court may consider the pleadings, documents attached to the pleadings, documents incorporated by reference in the pleadings, and matters of judicial notice. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907-08 (9th Cir.2003). Here, Plaintiffs' pleadings rely extensively on the Construction Loan Agreement between the Stevens and City Bank, and upon the Deed of Trust that they executed with City Bank. Accordingly, the Court appropriately considers those documents in its analysis.

Plaintiffs do not dispute that they signed the Deed of Trust that secures the Property and that the requisite payments on the loan have not been made. However, they raise as affirmative defenses all theories raised as affirmative claims for relief, including fraud in the inducement, fraud in factum, breach of contract, breach of a special fiduciary duty, and violations of the Washington Consumer Protection Act. ADC argues that (1) Plaintiffs are barred from relying on any oral agreements or representations to support their defenses under 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e), and thus, that their defenses fail; (2) that Plaintiffs' affirmative defenses fail to the extent they rely on the Construction Loan Agreement, which provided City Bank with the right rather than an obligation to condition loan dispersements on satisfactory progress; and (3) that Plaintiffs' remaining claims are insufficiently pled and fail as a matter of law. The Court addresses each argument in turn.

1. Section 1823(e) Bars Plaintiffs from Relying on Any Unwritten Agreements, Warranties, or Nondisclosures.

The parties' first dispute the effect of 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e). Section 1823(e) codified the D'Oench, Duhme doctrine, which serves as a "principle of equitable estoppel that permits bank examiners to rely on the records of a bank in evaluating the bank's financial conditions, by protecting the banking authorities from suits founded on undisclosed conditions or deceptive documents." Brookside Assocs. v. Rifkin, 49 F.3d 490, 493 (9th Cir.1995). To meet this objective, section 1823(e) provides that no agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the FDIC in a note shall be valid unless (1) the agreement is in writing; (2) the writing was executed by the depository institution and the person claiming an adverse interest contemporaneously with the note; (3) the written agreement was approved by the bank's board of directors or loan committee, and that approval is reflected in the bank's records; and (4) the written agreement has been continuously maintained as an official record of the bank. 12 U.S.C. § 1823(e); see Ledo Fin. Corp. v. Summers, 122 F.3d 825, 829-30 (9th Cir. 1997). While the language of section 1823(e) mentions only the FDIC, federal courts have consistently explained that "a private entity that purchases the assets of a failed institution from the FDIC is protected against side agreements between a debtor and original lender to the same extent as the FDIC, even though the literal language of section 1823(e) and D'Oench, Duhme [& Co. v. Federal Deposit Ins. Corporation, 315 U.S. 447, 62 S.Ct. 676, 86 L.Ed. 956 (1942)] does not so provide." Nat'l Enterprises, Inc. v. Smith, 114 F.3d 561, 564 (6th Cir.1997); see FDIC v. Newhart, 892 F.2d 47, 48-51 (8th Cir.1989) (extending protections under section 1823(e) to banks purchasing loans from FDIC); Magdaleno v. Indymac Bancorp, Inc., 853 F.Supp.2d 983, 995 (E.D.Cal.2011) ("The doctrine and its statutory counterpart apply equally to successors in interest ... that purchase assets which FDIC has assumed receivership.) Finally, the protections found under section 1823(e) bar both contract and tort defenses arising out of an alleged secret agreement." Castleglen, Inc. v. Resolution Trust Corp., 984 F.2d 1571, 1574-75 (10th Cir.1993); Timberland Design, Inc. v. First Serv. Bank for Sav., 932 F.2d 46, 50 (1st Cir.1991).

Section 1823(e) here bars Plaintiffs' reliance on any unwritten or otherwise undocumented agreement, allegedly made with City Bank, its employees, or Defendant Bryan Boyle, that the Bank agreed to condition loan dispersements on satisfactory construction progress. Indeed, Plaintiffs concede that if section 1823(e) applies, their defenses fail to the extent they are based on alleged oral promises, such as the one allegedly made by "City Bank" that it would evaluate progress on development of the Property when making disbursements on the Loan. (Dkt. No. 37 at 13.) Under the law as explained herein, section 1823(e) does apply to ADC and Sabal, and precludes Plaintiffs from raising affirmative defenses based on City Bank's alleged verbal promises or representations. This is the very type of side-agreement that the statute is meant to prevent.

But section 1823(e) goes further. It precludes Plaintiffs' reliance on either omissions or the truthfulness of the alleged statements made to them by City Bank and its employees. As the Supreme Court explained in Langley v. FDIC, 484 U.S. 86, 91-92, 108 S.Ct. 396, 98 L.Ed.2d 340 (1987), "agreements" precluded under section 1823(e) include promises of future performance, as well as warranties, conditions, or other statements whose truthfulness makes up the alleged "bargain of the parties." Id. at 90-91, 108 S.Ct. 396. Other federal courts have recognized Langley's expansive reach, explaining that "section 1823(e) applies as much to misrepresentation claims based upon non-disclosures as to those based upon affirmative assertions." Avirez, Ltd. v. Resolution Trust Corp., 876 F.Supp. 1135, 1141 (C.D.Cal.1995); see Brookside Assocs. v. Rifkin, 49 F.3d 490, 497-98 (9th Cir.1995); McCullough v. FDIC, 987 F.2d 870, 873 (1st Cir.1993); FDIC v. Bell, 892 F.2d 64 (10th Cir.1989), cert. dismissed, 496 U.S. 913, 110 S.Ct. 2607, 110 L.Ed.2d 286 (1990). Here, Plaintiffs' attempt to rely upon Mr. Boyle's alleged omissions regarding his relations with Mr. Stevens and City Bank's alleged failure to inform Plaintiffs that Mr. Stevens had already made draws on the line of credit when the loan was increased also fall squarely within section 1823(e)'s purview. These are the very types of statements and warranties that, if Plaintiffs wished to have been able to rely upon, they were required under FIRREA to reduce them to writing as part of their agreement with City Bank. See, e.g., Resolution Trust Corp. v. Ehrenhaus, 34 F.3d 441, 442 (7th Cir.1994) (applying Langley and concluding that § 1823(e) applied to a bank's alleged concealment of facts material to the defendant's loan guaranty).They nowhere allege that they did so. Accordingly, Plaintiffs cannot base any affirmative defenses on such unwritten agreements or warranties. Their fraud in the inducement, common law fraud, estoppel, special duty, and Consumer Protection Act-based affirmative defenses fall within section 1823(e)'s ambit and fail as a matter of law. (See Dkt. No. 31 at 6.)

2. Fraud in Factum

Plaintiffs next argue that even in light of section 1823(e), their fraud in factum affirmative defense defeats ADC's entitlement to foreclosure. (Dkt. No. 37 at 13-15.) This argument is based on the Supreme Court's statement in Langley that fraud in factum "take[s] the instrument out of § 1823(e)[,]" and thus survives that provision's bar on unwritten agreements. See Langley, 484 U.S. at 93, 108 S.Ct. 396. Fraud in factum, or "fraud in the execution," involves a misrepresentation that "induces a party to believe the nature of his act is something entirely different than it actually is." Southwest Admin., Inc. v. Rozay's Transfer, 791 F.2d 769, 774 (9th Cir.1986). It "arises when a party executes an agreement `with neither knowledge nor reasonable opportunity to obtain knowledge of its character or its essential terms.'" Id. (citing Uniform Commercial Code § 3-305(2)(c)); see Pedersen v. Bibioff, 64 Wn.App. 710, 828 P.2d 1113, 1119-20 (1992) ("Fraud in factum... has been defined as fraud that goes to the nature of the instrument itself."); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 163 cmt. a (2013) (fraud in factum exists where "the party believes" "he is assenting to a contract entirely different from the proposed contract."). Fraud in the inducement, however, arises where a misrepresentation induces a party to assent to something he otherwise would not have. Southwest, 791 F.2d at 774. Whereas fraud in the inducement renders an instrument voidable, fraud in factum renders the instrument void ab initio, and prevents a subsequent purchaser from ever obtaining good title. Id.

Here, Plaintiffs argue that City Bank's promise to condition loan dispersements on satisfactory construction was an "essential term," misrepresentation of which constitutes fraud in factum. Plaintiffs also argue that Mr. Boyle's opinions as to the meaning of the CLA went to the meaning of the agreement itself, thus bringing it within the ambit of the "fraud in factum" doctrine. But Plaintiffs' allegations do not constitute fraud in factum. As an initial matter, the Washington Supreme Court has made clear that to support a fraud claim, the alleged misrepresentation must concern an existing fact, such that the subject of the representation exists independently of future acts or performance. Shook v. Scott, 56 Wn.2d 351, 353 P.2d 431 (1960); W. Coast, Inc. v. Snohomish Cty., 112 Wn.App. 200, 48 P.3d 997 (2002) ("A promise of future performance is not a representation of an existing fact and will not support a fraud claim."). To the extent Plaintiffs base their fraud in factum defense on City Bank's or Mr. Boyle's promise to condition loan disbursements on satisfactory construction progress in the future, such statements are not misrepresentations that can support a fraud claim. They are more appropriately the subject of a breach of contract action. Cf. Rockefeller v. Landau, 137 Wn.App. 1021, 2007 WL 572357 at *2 (Wash.App.2007) (statements about future ability to pay could not support fraud claim). Second, to the extent Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Boyle made statements about the meaning of the CLA's terms, such statements are merely opinions about the meaning of that document, not misrepresentations of then-existing facts. Shook, 353 P.2d at 434.

Further, even if the alleged misrepresentations could support a fraud claim, they would not constitute fraud in factum. Fraud in factum requires that the misrepresentation go to the nature of the instrument itself and that Plaintiffs establish "excusable ignorance of the contents of the writing signed." Southwest, 791 F.2d at 774. Here, Plaintiffs do not argue that when they signed the Deed of Trust, they were not aware that they were agreeing to pledge the Property as security, which would depend on the Stevens' repayment of the loan. The misrepresentations they allege may have induced them to enter the agreement, but they knew what the agreement involved and nowhere allege that they did not have the opportunity to review the documents they signed and the CLA which they now assert was part and parcel of one agreement between Plaintiffs, City Bank, and the Stevens. In light of the alleged facts, the Court cannot conclude that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged fraud in factum.

3. The Construction Loan Agreement

Finally, Plaintiffs argue that the CLA that Mr. and Mrs. Stevens executed with City Bank provides a basis for their affirmative defenses that City Bank breached the contract, which in turn deprives ADC of a basis to foreclose upon the Property. Defendant argues in response that the CLA is a non-starter for three reasons. First, Defendants point out that Mr. Kuhlmann, Ms. Caspar, and KRE are not signatories to the CLA, and accordingly may not rely upon that document under 12 U.S.C. 1823(e). Second, Defendants argue that even if the Court considers the CLA, Plaintiffs argument is without merit because the CLA provided City Bank with the right, not the obligation, to condition loan dispersements upon satisfactory work progress. Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot claim any benefit under the CLA as third-party beneficiaries. Upon review of the CLA, the Court agrees that (i) Plaintiffs, because they were not signatories to the CLA, cannot rely on that agreement under section 1823(e); and (ii) that even if they could, the CLA did not impose a duty upon City Bank to condition its loan dispersements to Mr. and Mrs. Stevens, but instead granted the Bank the right to do so.

The first basis is easily addressed. A review of the CLA demonstrates that Plaintiffs were not signatories to that document, i.e., Mr. Kuhlmann and Ms. Caspar never took out the loan, agreed to make payments on it under the CLA, or actually agreed to be bound by its provisions. They did sign the Deed of Trust, by which they pledged the Property as security on the loan that the Stevens obtained, but as ADC notes, that agreement only requires the parties to perform their "respective obligations." (Dkt. No. 15 at 35.) To clarify their "respective obligations," the Deed of Trust even states that it is given to secure payment of the indebtedness and performance of any and all obligations under the Note, the Related Documents, and the Deed of Trust, and "to secure any and all of Borrower's [the Stevens'] obligation under that certain Construction Loan Agreement between Borrower and Lender [.]" (Id.) On the plain terms of the CLA and the Deed of Trust, Plaintiffs here were not parties to the CLA. For the reasons explained above, section 1823(e) precludes them from relying on the CLA to assert an adverse interest to that of ADC.

Even if Plaintiffs could rely on the CLA, however, it would not support their affirmative defenses. The CLA contained three relevant provisions. The first, entitled "Conditions Precedent to Each Advance[,]" stated that ""Lender's obligation to make the initial Advance and each subsequent Advance under this agreement shall be subject to the fulfillment to Lender's satisfaction of all of the conditions set forth in this Agreement and in the related documents[.]"" (Id. at ¶ 3.10; Dkt. No. 36, Ex. A.) The agreement then calls for City Bank's approval contractors, subcontractors, plans, specifications, permits, architects' and construction contracts, and a borrower's authorization. (Id.) Plaintiffs argue that under this provision, City Bank agreed to disperse loan funds to Mr. and Mrs. Stevens only when satisfactory proof of construction was provided. But that is not what the agreement says. The language of the provision states in clear terms that City Bank's obligation to disperse funds is "subject to the fulfillment to Lender's satisfaction" of the conditions precedent — i.e., the Bank's obligation to loan funds is limited by its discretion to require that the conditions be met. The language to which Plaintiffs point cannot be reasonably read to require City Bank to exercise the controls alleged for their own benefit. See, e.g., Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d 677, 682 (9th Cir. 2009) (affirming dismissal of employee claims based on Wal-Mart's alleged obligation to inspect suppliers where the relevant agreement gave Wal-Mart the right to conduct inspections, but did not impose an obligation to do so).

The other CLA provisions further support this conclusion. The "Limitation of Responsibility" provision, which is located on the same page as the "Conditions Precedent" provision, expressly states that the right of City Bank to inspect and approve plans, specifications, and the workmanship of the construction, as well as any other right of inspection or inquiry, is "solely for the protection of [City Bank]'s interests, and under no circumstances shall they be construed to impose any responsibility or liability of any nature whatsoever on Lender to any party." (Dkt. No. 36, Ex. A at 3.) The provision even goes further, stating that "Neither Borrower nor ... any other person shall rely, or have any right to rely, upon Lender's determination of the appropriateness of any Advance." (Id.) Here, Plaintiffs attempt to do nothing more than rely upon City Bank's determination of the appropriateness of the advances. In light of these express disclaimers, which clearly explain that City Bank was not required to condition loan advances on satisfactory construction documentation or progress, Plaintiffs' reading of the Conditions Precedent provision fails as a matter of law. And finally, Plaintiffs' reliance upon the provision that places a duty upon the Borrowers to apply only for disbursements with respect to "work actually done" is without merit. That provision places a duty upon Mr. and Mrs. Stevens, not City Bank, and even entitles City Bank to rely on the Stevens' application as a certification that all representations and warranties by the Stevens are true and correct. (Id.) Nothing in that provision provides a basis for Plaintiffs' defenses in this lawsuit. Accordingly, Plaintiffs' breach of contract affirmative defense is without merit. ADC is entitled to judgment on the pleadings on its foreclosure claim.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants' motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 16) and motion for judgment on the pleadings (Dkt. No. 35) are GRANTED IN PART. Plaintiffs' claims are DISMISSED for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Additionally, ADC's motion for judgment on the pleadings with respect to its counterclaim is GRANTED. The motions are otherwise DENIED as moot.