ORDER ON DEFENDANT JOHN CRANE INC.'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND MOTION TO STRIKE
ROBERT J. BRYAN, District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant John Crane Inc.'s ("JCI") Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 257) and JCI's Motion to Strike (Dkt. 326). The Court is familiar with the records and files herein and all documents filed in support of in opposition to the motion.
For the reasons stated below, JCI's Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 257) should be granted, and JCI's Motion to Strike (Dkt. 326) should be denied as moot.
I. BACKGROUND
The above-entitled action was commenced in Pierce County Superior Court on February 2, 2018. Dkt. 1, at 2. Notice of removal from the state court was filed with this Court on February 12, 2018. Dkt. 1.
In the operative complaint, Plaintiffs allege that Plaintiff Donald Varney ("Mr. Varney"), now deceased, was exposed to asbestos while working as a marine machinist at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Hunter's Point Naval Shipyard, and through personal automotive exposure and from his father's automotive exposure. Dkt. 342, at 5. "Plaintiffs claim liability based upon the theories of product liability, including not but limited to negligence, strict product liability..., conspiracy, premises liability, the former RCW 49.16.030, and any other applicable theory of liability, including, if applicable, RCW 7.72 et seq." Dkt. 342, at 5; see generally § II(D), infra.
Mr. Varney passed away from mesothelioma on February 8, 2018 (Dkt. 220-1), before being deposed. Dkt. 245-2. On December 7, 2018, one day before his passing, Mr. Varney apparently signed an affidavit purportedly identifying several asbestos-containing materials that he worked with and that were manufactured by various defendants, including gaskets and packing from JCI. Dkt. 342.
Dr. John Maddox, Plaintiffs' causation expert in this matter, reviewed Mr. Varney's medical records and his aforementioned affidavit. Dkt. 309, at 4. Dr. Maddox, relying, in part, on Mr. Varney's affidavit, opined that Mr. Varney's "lethal malignant pleural mesothelioma was caused by his cumulative asbestos exposures to a variety of component exposures." Dkt. 313-11, at 4.
Numerous defendants, including JCI, in their respective motions for summary judgment and in additional briefs regarding the admissibility of Mr. Varney's affidavit and Dr. Maddox's opinion, argued that the affidavit, and Dr. Maddox's opinion relying thereon, were inadmissible as evidence. See, e.g., Dkts. 217; 219; 237; 257; 281; 285; 363; 378; 380; 382; and 384.
The Court invited additional briefing regarding the admissibility of Mr. Varney's affidavit and Dr. Maddox's opinion. Dkt. 255. Upon review of the additional briefing, the Court ordered that an evidentiary hearing be held to determine the admissibility of the affidavit and opinion. Dkt. 300. After a mini-trial lasting more than two days, the Court held that the affidavit and opinion are inadmissible as evidence in regard to summary judgment motions and at trial. Dkt. 361.
JCI argues that, because the affidavit and opinion are inadmissible, pursuant to FRCP 56, Plaintiffs have "no admissible evidence supporting a reasonable inference Plaintiff Donald Varney worked with any asbestos-containing products attributable to JCI."1 Dkt. 257, at 1. Additionally, in JCI's reply in support of its motion for summary judgment, JCI moves to strike Mr. Varney's affidavit as inadmissible hearsay. Dkt. 326, at 2.
II. DISCUSSION
A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
Summary judgment is proper only if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law when the nonmoving party fails to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of a claim in the case on which the nonmoving party has the burden of proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1985). There is no genuine issue of fact for trial where the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986) (nonmoving party must present specific, significant probative evidence, not simply "some metaphysical doubt."). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). Conversely, a genuine dispute over a material fact exists if there is sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual dispute, requiring a judge or jury to resolve the differing versions of the truth. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 253 (1986); T.W. Elec. Service Inc. v. Pacific Electrical Contractors Association, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987).
The determination of the existence of a material fact is often a close question. The court must consider the substantive evidentiary burden that the nonmoving party must meet at trial — e.g., a preponderance of the evidence in most civil cases. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 254, T.W. Elect. Service Inc., 809 F.2d at 630. The court must resolve any factual issues of controversy in favor of the nonmoving party only when the facts specifically attested by that party contradict facts specifically attested by the moving party. The nonmoving party may not merely state that it will discredit the moving party's evidence at trial, in the hopes that evidence can be developed at trial to support the claim. T.W. Elect. Service Inc., 809 F.2d at 630 (relying on Anderson, supra). Conclusory, non-specific statements in affidavits are not sufficient, and "missing facts" will not be "presumed." Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation, 497 U.S. 871, 888-89 (1990).
B. WASHINGTON STATE SUBSTANTIVE LAW APPLIES
Under the rule of Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), federal courts sitting in diversity jurisdiction apply state substantive law and federal procedural law. Gasperini v. Center for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996).
C. SUMMARY JUDGMENT ANALYSIS
1. Washington Products Liability Standard
"Generally, under traditional product liability theory, the plaintiff must establish a reasonable connection between the injury, the product causing the injury, and the manufacturer of that product. In order to have a cause of action, the plaintiff must identify the particular manufacturer of the product that caused the injury." Lockwood v. AC & S, Inc., 109 Wn.2d 235, 245-47 (1987) (quoting Martin v. Abbott Laboratories, 102 Wn.2d 581, 590 (1984)).
Because of the long latency period of asbestosis, the plaintiff's ability to recall specific brands by the time he brings an action will be seriously impaired. A plaintiff who did not work directly with the asbestos products would have further difficulties in personally identifying the manufacturers of such products. The problems of identification are even greater when the plaintiff has been exposed at more than one job site and to more than one manufacturer's product. [] Hence, instead of personally identifying the manufacturers of asbestos products to which he was exposed, a plaintiff may rely on the testimony of witnesses who identify manufacturers of asbestos products which were then present at his workplace.
Id. (citations omitted).
Lockwood prescribes several factors for courts to consider when "determining if there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that causation has been established":
1. Plaintiff's proximity to an asbestos product when the exposure occurred;
2. The expanse of the work site where asbestos fibers were released;
3. The extent of time plaintiff was exposed to the product;
4. The types of asbestos products to which plaintiff was exposed;
5. The ways in which such products were handled and used;
6. The tendency of such products to release asbestos fibers into the air depending on their form and the methods in which they were handled; and
7. Other potential sources of the plaintiff's injury.
Id. at 248-49.
2. Washington Products Liability Analysis
Plaintiffs have not offered evidence admissible for summary judgment establishing a reasonable connection between Mr. Varney's mesothelioma, products manufactured by JCI, and JCI itself. Plaintiffs have pointed to historical evidence that JCI manufactured, sold, and supplied asbestos-containing products to the United States Navy, and that JCI had not warned of the hazards of asbestos exposure. Dkt. 310, at 3-6. However, crucially, Plaintiffs have not offered admissible evidence showing, even viewed in a light most favorable to Plaintiffs, that JCI or products that it manufactured caused, or a were a substantial factor that caused, Mr. Varney's mesothelioma.
Plaintiffs apparently sought to use Mr. Varney's affidavit and Dr. Maddox's report to establish causation and a reasonable connection between Mr. Varney's mesothelioma, JCI's products, and JCI itself. Indeed, Plaintiffs' claims against JCI depended on Mr. Varney's affidavit:
Mr. Varney's testimony via his dying declaration along with testimony and evidence demonstrating JCI's use of asbestos in manufacturing the packing and gaskets that it sold and shipped to the Navy ... is significant and a reasonable jury could conclude from this evidence that Mr. Varney's exposure to asbestos attributable to JCI is a substantial factor In causing his mesothelioma and subsequent death.
Dkt. 310, at 19-20.
However, pursuant to FRCP 56,2 numerous defendants, including JCI, note correctly that Mr. Varney's affidavit and Dr. Maddox's opinion are inadmissible as evidence in regard to summary judgment. See, e.g., Dkts. 217; 219; 237; 257; 281; 285; 363; 378; 380; 382; and 384; see generally Dkt. 361. In the absence of Mr. Varney's affidavit and Dr. Maddox's opinion as evidence in regard to summary judgment, and in consideration of the Lockwood factors above, there is nothing the Court can use to determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that causation—a necessary element of Plaintiffs' claim—has been established.
Therefore, the Court should grant JCI's Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 310) and dismiss JCI from this case.
D. OTHER POSSIBLE CLAIMS
The operative complaint's causes of action are vague. See Dkt. 342, at 5 ("Plaintiffs claim liability based upon the theories of product liability, including not but limited to negligence, strict product liability ..., conspiracy, premises liability, the former RCW 49.16.030, and any other applicable theory of liability, including, if applicable, RCW 7.72 et seq."). Many theories or claims can be gleaned therefrom, but, in response to JCI's Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiffs limit their discussion of claims and theories to just Washington products liability. See Dkt. 310, at 18-20. In this order, the Court has done the same. See § (II)(C), supra.
Plaintiffs' vague complaint and limited discussion are problematic. For example, in Defendant Warren Pumps, LLC's ("Warren") Motion for Summary Judgment, filed on April 24, 2019, and noted for May 17, 2019, Warren appears to couch its arguments principally in maritime law. See Dkt. 378. Warren appears to discuss Washington products liability law only as an alternative theory of the Plaintiffs. See Dkt. 378. Plaintiffs have not yet responded to Warren's Motion for Summary Judgment.
In the instant motion, JCI's discussion is, although phrased broadly at times (see, e.g., "Plaintiffs' claims against JCI must be dismissed as a matter of law. Dkt. 257, at 20.), limited to Washington products liability, causation, and Lockwood. See Dkt. 257, at 18-20. Indeed, with the exception of Warren, the defendants moving for summary judgment's arguments appear couched in Washington products liability, focusing primarily on the Lockwood factors above.
Regardless, causation is an essential element under either theory or claim (see, e.g., Lockwood, 109 Wn.2d 235; Lindstrom v. A-C Product Liability Trust, 424 F.3d 488, 492 (6th Cir. 2005)) and Plaintiffs have not offered evidence showing that causation has been established. See § II(c)(2), supra.
E. MOTION TO STRIKE
In JCI's reply in support of its motion for summary judgment, JCI motioned to strike Mr. Varney's affidavit as inadmissible hearsay. Dkt. 326, at 2-5. The Court has already ruled that Mr. Varney's affidavit is inadmissible regarding summary judgment and trial. Dkt. 361. Therefore, the Court should deny as moot JCI's motion to strike.
F. ADDITIONAL COMMENTARY
The Court's order here is a sad one. Mr. Varney passed away from mesothelioma, likely as a result of his work at the shipyards. Given the circumstances of his passing, it appears that there is no evidence to support a claim available against the industry in which Mr. Varney worked. The Court cannot find causation without evidence, and there is none here, under the Federal Rules of Evidence.
III. ORDER
Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that:
• JCI's Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt. 257) is GRANTED;
• JCI's Motion to Strike (Dkt. 326) is DENIED AS MOOT; and
• JCI is DISMISSED from the case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
The Clerk is directed to send uncertified copies of this Order to all counsel of record and to any party appearing pro se at said party's last known address.
