ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J.

¶ 1 The petitioner, Darnell Jackson, seeks review of an unpublished decision of the court of appeals affirming an order denying his petition for a writ of certiorari.1 In a prison disciplinary proceeding, Jackson was found guilty of inciting a riot. He contends that the proceeding violated procedural due process.

¶ 2 Video evidence is the focus of Jackson's initial due process arguments. He asserts that the video footage undermines or contradicts the other evidence considered by the adjustment committee, rendering the evidence of his guilt constitutionally insufficient. Additionally, he contends that the video footage is exculpatory or impeaching evidence, which should have been disclosed to him under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

¶ 3 We determine that the video footage is inconclusive and neither undermines nor contradicts the evidence considered by the adjustment committee. We further conclude that with or without the video footage, there was sufficient evidence of Jackson's guilt. Under the facts presented by this case, we need not and do not determine whether any version of Brady—limited or otherwise—applies to prison disciplinary proceedings.

¶ 4 Additionally, Jackson asserts that his due process right to an impartial decisionmaker was violated because a member of his adjustment committee also had "substantial involvement" in the incident because she participated in the investigative process. Based on this record, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that the committee member's involvement in the incident was "substantial."

¶ 5 Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals.

I

¶ 6 At approximately 1:40 p.m. on November 11, 2004, several New Lisbon Correctional Institution security guards were attacked and injured by three inmates: Jamie Vest, Bernard Treadwell, and Alvin Kenney. The attack occurred at the A Unit officers' station, which is located between the A Unit Side 1 and Side 2 dayrooms. According to the subsequent investigation, many inmates participated in the assaults by purposefully rushing toward the officers' station and positioning themselves to participate in the riot.

¶ 7 Although the attack itself appears not to have been recorded by security cameras, video footage of the Side 1 and Side 2 dayrooms was used in the investigation. Many inmates were disciplined as a result of their participation in the riot.

¶ 8 At the time of the riot, Darnell Jackson was working in the prison barbershop, which abuts the Side 1 dayroom. There is no evidence or allegation that Jackson directly participated in the riot.

¶ 9 Nevertheless, staff investigators uncovered information implicating Jackson as a leader responsible for inciting the attack. Two inmates who requested confidentiality stated that they had direct personal knowledge of the circumstances which led to the riot. Both stated that Jackson, who used the alias "Wiz," acted in a leadership position in a gang called the Vice Lords. Both indicated that prior to the riot, Jackson met with the inmates and instructed them to assault the guards.2

¶ 10 A conduct report was issued, which cited Jackson for inciting a riot3 and for group resistance.4 The conduct report noted: "Tapes from the NLCI A Unit and NLCI exterior cameras from 11/11/04 have been utilized by the investigators of the 11/11/04 riot."

¶ 11 As set forth in the conduct report, the informant referred to as CI# 1 stated in part:

The informant referred to as CI# 2 stated in part:

¶ 12 The conduct report concluded that "Jackson is in a leadership position with the Vice Lords, called for the assault to happen, and was talking to the three inmates who assaulted staff seconds before the assault took place." Further, it stated that the confidential informants "are believed to be credible as their statements were obtained separately. Neither inmate had knowledge of the other's statement." It determined that "[t]he statements were consistent with and corroborated one another."

¶ 13 Jackson was provided with a copy of the conduct report and a notice of his right to a hearing. He submitted an affidavit, which asserted that at no time did he talk with Treadwell, Vest, or Kenney, and that he had nothing to do with the attack. He further contended that he is no longer a member of the Vice Lords, that he was never a member of the P-Stones, and that he never acted in a leadership position with those gangs.

¶ 14 According to his affidavit, on the afternoon of the riot Jackson was in the prison barbershop cutting Inmate Piel's hair. He heard a loud commotion and saw inmates gathered around the TV monitor. Jackson contended that he left the shop for 15 seconds to look at the TV monitor, but he could not see what was happening and returned to the shop. After he finished cutting Piel's hair, Jackson left the shop. At that time, there was a commotion at the sergeant's desk, and he saw Treadwell, Vest, and Kenney swinging their fists and kicking someone. He proceeded towards his cell.

¶ 15 The Security Office granted Jackson's request to present the testimony of two inmates, Larry Piel and Bernard Treadwell. It denied Jackson's request to present the testimony of two additional inmates, Samuel Lipsey and Jamie Vest, and one Department of Corrections (DOC) officer, Captain Harrel. The office explained that Jackson did not provide good cause to demonstrate that the additional witnesses could provide essential testimony.5

¶ 16 Jackson, Piel, and Treadwell testified at the hearing. The two confidential informants did not testify.

¶ 17 The adjustment committee found Jackson guilty of inciting a riot and not guilty of group resistance. As a result of this disposition, Jackson's release date was extended by 179 days.

¶ 18 Lieutenant Pamela Zank completed form DOC-84, entitled "Disciplinary Hearing: Reasons for Decision and Evidence Relied on," (hereinafter, "Hearing Decision"). As provided in the Hearing Decision, the committee found it "more likely than not inmate Jackson committed the act of inciting a riot." The Hearing Decision explained that the committee "evaluated all the evidence, confidential statements and testimony and reached its conclusion that the statements in the conduct report are correct." It concluded that Jackson's testimony was "less credible" and that "inmate witness testimony [was] not credible."

¶ 19 The Hearing Decision form contained a section for the adjustment committee to set forth the physical evidence it relied upon in reaching its decision. That section provided that among other evidence,6 the committee relied on "video" evidence in finding Jackson guilty.

¶ 20 Jackson timely appealed to Warden Buchler.7 Among other claims, Jackson contended that Lt. Zank's participation in the hearing violated DOC rules and his due process right to a fair and impartial hearing, and that there was insufficient evidence to establish his guilt. He asserted that Lt. Zank was among the officers who investigated the assault, that she had interviewed Jackson about the incident, and that she asked Jackson to sign a waiver of his hearing rights. Jackson made no claim regarding video evidence.

¶ 21 Warden Buchler affirmed the committee's decision, concluding that there was sufficient evidence to sustain its determination of guilt. He also found that "Lt. Zank did not have substantial involvement in the incident to warrant not being on the hearing committee."

¶ 22 Following the inmate complaint procedures outlined in Wis. Admin. Code Ch. DOC 310, Jackson filed two offender complaints with the institutional complaint examiner. His first complaint raised issues related to the statements of the confidential informants. That complaint was dismissed. His second complaint asserted that the committee violated Wis. Admin. Code DOC § 303.82(2)8 by permitting Lt. Zank to participate as a member of the adjustment committee. The institutional complaint examiner recommended that the complaint be dismissed, concluding that "Lt. Zank did not have substantial involvement in the investigative process." On review, the corrections complaint examiner found "no procedural error of consequence" and also recommended that the complaint be dismissed. Ultimately, the Secretary of the DOC accepted the recommendation and dismissed Jackson's complaint.

¶ 23 Jackson filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in the circuit court pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 801.02(5).9 The petition advanced four arguments for consideration: (1) the adjustment committee improperly relied on the confidential informants' statements; (2) Lt. Zank's participation on the committee denied Jackson a fair tribunal; (3) the committee gave inadequate reasons in support of its determination of guilt; and (4) certain evidence, including the video evidence, should have been but was never disclosed.

¶ 24 Jackson's petition for certiorari triggered the respondents' obligation to transmit the record to the circuit court. Prior to transmitting the record, Warden Buchler reviewed the conduct report and the record once more.10 He remanded the Hearing Decision to the adjustment committee and instructed the committee to remove from its decision the reference to a video:

¶ 25 As a result of the warden's correction, the record that was provided to the circuit court contained an amended Hearing Decision in which the word "video" was crossed out. No video was included in the agency's record.

¶ 26 Jackson filed a motion to strike the return.11 Among other claims, he asserted that "[t]he video tape which was used against the petitioner as physical evidence was not in the return and was illegally removed from the record," and that by removing this evidence from the record, the respondents were attempting to evade judicial review. In his written brief to the circuit court, Jackson explained that video footage of the incident "ostensibly would have shown Jackson did not exit the Barber Shop and purportedly converse and/or signal participants in the disturbance."

¶ 27 The respondents disputed Jackson's claim that the warden had removed video evidence from the record. Rather, they contended that "[t]he adjustment committee in the instant case erroneously included a reference to a videotape in the evidence relied on section of the [Hearing Decision]."12 The respondents further asserted that even if such a tape existed, Jackson would have no right to its production.

¶ 28 In a written decision, the circuit court affirmed. It conducted an in-camera review of the confidential informants' statements and determined that they satisfied the requirements for admissibility of confidential statements found in Wis. Admin. Code DOC § 303.86.13 The court concluded that substantial evidence supported the committee's decision and that based on the confidential informants' statements, the committee could reasonably conclude that Jackson encouraged and directed the inmates to assault staff.

¶ 29 Turning to the claims based on video evidence, the circuit court stated that Jackson failed to exhaust the administrative remedies provided by the DOC. Nevertheless, the court interpreted the warden's August 29 letter as "reflect[ing] the fact that no video was actually reviewed during the disciplinary process." Because the adjustment committee found the evidence sufficient without any video evidence, the circuit court determined that Jackson's arguments about the video were moot. Further, the "mistaken reference to video footage" in the Hearing Decision was harmless error because "the committee does not discuss video evidence anywhere in its reasons for decision."

¶ 30 Finally, the circuit court concluded that Lt. Zank's participation in the adjustment committee was proper. It cited Wis. Admin. Code DOC § 303.82(2), which provides that "[n]o person who has substantial involvement in an incident, which is the subject of a hearing, may serve on the committee for that hearing." The court concluded that the type of "involvement" contemplated by the code provision is involvement in "the riot itself, not the investigation that followed."

¶ 31 In an unpublished decision, the court of appeals affirmed the circuit court. Jackson v. Buchler, No. 2006AP948, unpublished slip op., 2007 WL 4336163 (Wis. Ct.App. Dec. 13, 2007). It agreed with the circuit court that the confidential informants' statements were admissible, that they corroborated each other, and that they provided sufficient evidence to sustain the committee's finding of guilt. Id., ¶¶ 11-13.

¶ 32 With regard to Jackson's arguments about video evidence, the court of appeals asserted that "Jackson has not provided us with any rule or case law that gives him a right to exculpatory evidence." Id., ¶ 14. It concluded that an inmate's right to present physical evidence does not establish that the inmate is entitled to obtain evidence from prison officials. Id.

¶ 33 Finally, the court of appeals concluded that Wis. Admin. Code DOC § 303.82(2), which bars a person with "substantial involvement" in an incident from sitting on the adjustment committee, was ambiguous. The term "involvement" could be limited to involvement in the events giving rise to the disciplinary charge, or it could also include involvement in the investigation of the incident. Id., ¶ 5. Nevertheless, the court of appeals declined to interpret the code provision because Jackson made no argument that Lt. Zank's participation in the investigation was "substantial." Id., ¶ 10. Jackson petitioned this court for review.14

¶ 34 At the first oral argument, Jackson persuasively argued that video footage depicting the hallway outside the barbershop could provide extremely relevant evidence. He advanced that the confidential informants' statements would be seriously undermined if video footage depicting the hallway outside the barbershop existed and Jackson was not shown huddling with the assailants. The respondents countered that "[t]here is nothing in the record to indicate whether any videotapes exist that might support Jackson's assertion of innocence."

¶ 35 A majority of this court was troubled by the state of the record. In an order issued after the oral argument, we explained: "Because a video that was once in the record is no longer in the record, this court is being asked to decide the legal issues presented to us without access to the evidence." Jackson v. Buchler, No. 2006AP948, unpublished order (Wis.S.Ct., Feb. 2, 2010).

¶ 36 We concluded that "the present record is insufficient for us to determine whether the petitioner's rights have been violated[] under any legal theory." Id. Therefore, we retained jurisdiction of the appeal, but remanded for the circuit court to "receive the video in question and perform an in camera review of the video to determine whether it is exculpatory and material." Id.

¶ 37 On remand, the circuit court received four video clips from the DOC, which have now been added to the record. The circuit court concluded that this evidence was neither material nor exculpatory:

We directed the parties to file simultaneous briefs about the effect of the circuit court's oral decision on the case, and we scheduled the matter for a second oral argument.15

II

¶ 38 On certiorari, a court's review of an agency decision is limited to four basic inquiries: (1) whether the agency kept within its jurisdiction; (2) whether it acted according to law; (3) whether its actions were arbitrary, oppressive, or unreasonable and represented its will and not its judgment; and (4) whether the evidence presented was such that the agency might reasonably make the determination it did. State ex rel. Staples v. DHSS, 115 Wis.2d 363, 370, 340 N.W.2d 194 (1983). As part of this inquiry, the court may consider whether the petitioner was denied due process of law. State ex rel. Warren v. Schwarz, 219 Wis.2d 615, 628-629, 579 N.W.2d 698 (1998).

¶ 39 In the present case, our inquiry is focused on whether the procedures employed by the adjustment committee satisfied due process. When evaluating the weight of the evidence on certiorari review, a court will affirm the agency's view of the evidence if "reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion" reached by the agency. State ex rel. Palleon v. Musolf, 120 Wis.2d 545, 549, 356 N.W.2d 487 (1984). Whether the agency's disciplinary procedures satisfied due process is a question of law, which we review independently of the determinations rendered by the agency, the circuit court, and the court of appeals. Warren, 219 Wis.2d at 629, 579 N.W.2d 698.

III

¶ 40 Jackson advances three due process arguments. Two relate to video evidence, and the third relates to the impartiality of the adjustment committee. Before addressing the merits of Jackson's due process claims, we address the threshold question of whether this court lacks authority to decide Jackson's claims related to video evidence under the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies.

¶ 41 Wisconsin Stat. § 801.02(7)(b) provides: "No prisoner may commence a civil action or special proceeding, including a petition for a common law writ of certiorari, with respect to the prison or jail conditions in the facility in which he or she is or has been incarcerated, imprisoned or detained until the person has exhausted all available administrative remedies that the department of corrections has promulgated[.]" If an inmate wishes to challenge the procedures used by an adjustment committee in a prison disciplinary action, he or she must follow the procedure outlined in Wis. Admin. Code Ch. DOC. We have interpreted § 801.02(7)(b) to require exhaustion of constitutional challenges even when raising the challenge in an administrative proceeding would be futile. State ex rel. Hensley v. Endicott, 2001 WI 105, ¶ 9, 245 Wis.2d 607, 629 N.W.2d 686.

¶ 42 In this case, there is no dispute that Jackson commenced an "action"—here a common law writ of certiorari—that is properly before the court.16 Rather, the parties dispute whether Jackson, now properly before the court, is entitled to raise specific claims that were not raised in the administrative proceedings and were first argued in the circuit court.

¶ 43 This inquiry is complicated by the unusual facts of this case, as well as ambiguities in the agency record. On certiorari, a court reviews the record of the agency. In this case, however, prior to transmitting the record to the circuit court, the warden remanded the case to the original hearing committee for "a correction of the record." He asserted: "I can find no substantiation that there was a video showing Mr. Jackson's involvement in this incident."

¶ 44 The warden's explanation for requesting the change in the record leaves unanswered questions. There is an inherent contradiction between the Hearing Decision (which listed "video" among the evidence the committee relied upon in determining guilt) and the warden's statement (which acknowledged that no video evidence supported Jackson's guilt).17

¶ 45 Inmates and courts alike expect that "some form of comprehensible and adequate record should be kept and provided for purposes of review." State v. Goulette, 65 Wis.2d 207, 216, 222 N.W.2d 622 (1974). "[T]he provision for a written record helps to insure that administrators, faced with possible scrutiny by state officials and the public, and perhaps even the courts, . . . will act fairly." Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 565, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974). Jackson presented a persuasive argument that the record from the adjustment committee hearing was incomplete, and we remanded so that the record could be supplemented.18

¶ 46 This case has been pending in this court for nearly two years (at least in part due to uncertainty about the adequacy of the agency's record), we have held two oral arguments, and upon an interlocutory remand to the circuit court the record has now been supplemented with what appears to be the missing video evidence. Given these unusual circumstances, we conclude that both parties are better served by a final resolution of their dispute than they would be by a robust discussion of the exhaustion requirement and the possibility of a remand. Accordingly, we turn instead to address the merits of the related claims.

IV

¶ 47 The United States Supreme Court has explained that the basic guarantees of procedural due process apply in prison disciplinary proceedings. In Wolff, the Court proclaimed: "There is no iron curtain drawn between the Constitution and the prisons of this country." Id. at 555-56, 94 S.Ct. 2963. The proposition that "prisoners in state institutions are wholly without the protections of the Constitution and the Due Process Clause . . . is plainly untenable." Id. at 555, 94 S.Ct. 2963.

¶ 48 Nevertheless, prison disciplinary proceedings are not equivalent to criminal trials, and an inmate's due process rights are "subject to restrictions imposed by the nature of the regime to which they have been lawfully committed." Id. at 556, 94 S.Ct. 2963. In this setting, an inmate is not given the "full panoply of rights due a defendant" in a criminal trial. Id.

¶ 49 In this case, there is no dispute that Jackson's procedural due process rights are implicated. The disciplinary committee's disposition had the effect of extending his mandatory release date. The question is whether the procedures of the committee satisfied due process.

¶ 50 The Wolff Court set forth three hallmarks of due process that must be satisfied in prison disciplinary actions: (1) a written notice of the claimed violation; (2) a written statement of the evidence relied upon and the reasons for the disciplinary action taken; and (3) an opportunity to call witnesses and present documentary evidence. Id. at 563-66, 94 S.Ct. 2963. Jackson's arguments relate to his disciplinary hearing and thus emanate from the third hallmark of due process.

¶ 51 Although there is no dispute that Jackson had a hearing, he challenges the procedures employed by the committee during the hearing. As with any procedural due process inquiry, the touchstone of our analysis is whether the procedures used by the committee were fundamentally fair. See D.M.D. v. State, 54 Wis.2d 313, 318, 195 N.W.2d 594 (1972); State v. Marinez, 2010 WI App 34, ¶ 21, 324 Wis.2d 282, 781 N.W.2d 511.

¶ 52 In Part V, we address Jackson's claims that relate to video evidence. In Part VI, we address his claim regarding the impartiality of the committee.

V

¶ 53 Jackson makes two separate claims regarding the video evidence that is now a part of the appellate record. He argues that, considering all the evidence in light of what is portrayed on the video footage, there was insufficient evidence to find him guilty of inciting a riot. He also argues that the committee had an obligation to produce the evidence under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963).

¶ 54 Although Jackson's claims are grounded in two distinct legal theories, both are based on his assertion that video evidence contradicts or undermines the confidential informants' testimony. We begin by addressing Jackson's sufficiency of the evidence claim.19

A

¶ 55 Jackson argues first that there was insufficient evidence to support the adjustment committee's determination that, more likely than not, he incited the riot.20 See Santiago v. Ware, 205 Wis.2d 295, 337, 556 N.W.2d 356 (Ct.App.1996). The question is "whether reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion reached by" the adjustment committee. State ex rel. Richards v. Traut, 145 Wis.2d 677, 680, 429 N.W.2d 81 (Ct.App.1988).

¶ 56 The primary evidence linking Jackson to the riot were the statements of two confidential informants, CI# 1 and CI# 2. Jackson acknowledges that these statements were admissible under DOC rules.21 He also acknowledges that without more, the statements would be sufficient evidence of guilt to satisfy due process.22

¶ 57 We agree. If believed, the confidential informants' accounts establish that Jackson was "huddled up" in the hallway talking with Treadwell, Vest, and Kenney shortly before those inmates attacked the guards. Further, if believed, they establish that Jackson told the other inmates: "You guys know what you have to do." Under the circumstances, reasonable minds could interpret Jackson's alleged statement as an instruction to attack the guards. Reasonable minds could conclude that the confidential informants' statements, along with other facts set forth in the conduct report, established that it was more likely than not that Jackson incited the riot.

¶ 58 Nevertheless, Jackson asserts that the video evidence contradicts the informants' statements, rendering them not credible. In light of the video evidence, Jackson contends that there was insufficient evidence to sustain the committee's determination.

¶ 59 During oral argument, the court viewed a portion of the video footage, which Jackson identifies as the crux of his argument.23 This two-minute clip depicts Side 1 of New Lisbon's A Unit on the day of the riot. Jackson asserts that the clip begins approximately one minute before the guards were attacked and two minutes before additional guards responded to the riot.

¶ 60 Throughout the duration of the clip, the camera sporadically pans around the Side 1 dayroom. The door of the barbershop, which abuts the dayroom, is sometimes but not always visible in the shot.

¶ 61 According to Jackson's representations to the court, at approximately 49 seconds into the clip, the camera pans to a static shot depicting Vest, Treadwell, Kenney, and other unnamed inmates. Jackson is not present. The inmates are gathered in a loose cluster not far from the barbershop door. At the time that the inmates are first depicted, they are walking in the direction of the guard station. The camera remains on the inmates for a total of three seconds before panning away.

¶ 62 During the following 78 seconds, the footage intermittently depicts the barbershop door, which remains closed. Several guards emerge from behind the guard station. Shortly thereafter, the guards sprint off camera toward Side 2 of the A-Unit. Jackson infers that at that point, the guards are responding to the riot.

¶ 63 Jackson maintains that the video evidence described above "fatally undermines the testimony of the two confidential informants who stated that Jackson left the barbershop and met with rioting inmates to tell them to start the riot." We do not reach the same conclusion.

¶ 64 The two-minute segment of video footage neither affirms nor disproves the confidential informants' assertion that Jackson met with the assailants shortly before the attack. It does not provide a consistent shot of the barbershop door or the hallway outside the barbershop where the meeting allegedly took place. Likewise, it provides no more than three seconds of footage depicting the assailants' actions immediately prior to the riot.

¶ 65 Rather, by the time the camera first pans to the assailants, they have already assembled as a group and are already advancing toward the guard station. From the footage, it is impossible to determine how long the assailants had been congregating near the barbershop door. Likewise, it is impossible to determine whether any other inmates, including Jackson, were present before the assailants were first depicted. Certainly, it is conceivable that Jackson met with the inmates, "called" the riot, and returned to the barbershop in the seconds or minutes before the security camera panned to the assailants.

¶ 66 Jackson concedes that the alleged meeting with the assailants could have taken place prior to the events depicted in the video. Yet, he contends, a meeting that occurred but was not captured on tape would be inconsistent with the conduct report's assertion that Jackson met with the assailants "seconds before" the riot occurred.24

¶ 67 Jackson's contention is not supported by the events actually portrayed in the video clip. Rather than contradicting the informants' statements, reasonable minds could conclude that the video clip and the informants' statements are consistent. The video shows that Treadwell, Vest, and Kenney did in fact assemble outside the barbershop shortly before attacking the guards. To that end, the clip may actually corroborate one aspect of the confidential informants' account.

¶ 68 For the reasons set forth above, we determine that the video evidence is inconclusive and neither undermines nor contradicts the informants' statements. With or without the video evidence, reasonable minds could arrive at the same conclusion reached by the adjustment committee. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence of Jackson's guilt was sufficient to satisfy due process.

B

¶ 69 Having concluded that the video evidence neither undermines nor contradicts the confidential informants' statements—and that it may in fact corroborate them—we turn next to briefly address Jackson's argument regarding exculpatory evidence. Brady v. Maryland and its progeny provide that the government may not withhold exculpatory or impeaching evidence from a defendant in a criminal trial.25 Jackson asserts that the government's obligation to disclose exculpatory or impeaching evidence also applies in the context of a prison disciplinary proceeding, and that the adjustment committee was obligated to produce this video evidence.

¶ 70 The respondents counter that there is no controlling law applying Brady's requirements to prison disciplinary proceedings.26 If this court were to recognize a Brady-like claim in this context, however, the respondents urge us to conclude that its application must be limited by the "needs and exigencies of the institutional environment." See Wolff, 418 U.S. at 555, 94 S.Ct. 2963.

¶ 71 In the sufficiency of evidence section set forth above, we determined that the video evidence is inconclusive. It is that same determination that leads us to conclude that we need not and should not decide in this case whether any version of Brady—limited or otherwise—applies in the prison disciplinary setting.

¶ 72 Here, we conclude that the adjustment committee's failure to provide the video footage to Jackson did not violate his due process right to a fundamentally fair hearing. The video footage adds nothing of evidentiary value for either party.27

VI

¶ 73 Finally, we turn to Jackson's claim that the adjustment committee was not impartial. Jackson contends that a member of the committee, Lt. Zank, also participated in the investigation in violation of Wis. Admin. Code DOC § 303.82(2) and due process.

¶ 74 Inmates are entitled to an impartial adjustment committee in disciplinary hearings to prevent "such a hazard of arbitrary decisionmaking that it should be held violative of due process of law." Wolff, 418 U.S. at 571, 94 S.Ct. 2963. The DOC has promulgated a rule that attempts to codify this right. Wisconsin Admin. Code DOC § 303.82(2) provides: "No person who has substantial involvement in an incident, which is the subject of a hearing, may serve on the committee for that hearing."

¶ 75 The parties dispute the interpretation of the DOC rule. The respondents argue that the rule applies only when the committee member has had substantial involvement in the underlying events upon which the conduct report was based—here, the riot. Jackson contends that the rule also applies when the committee member has had substantial involvement in the investigation of those events. We need not resolve this question here. Under either interpretation, the question is whether the committee member's prior involvement was "substantial."

¶ 76 The record does not reveal that Jackson objected to Lt. Zank's participation in the adjustment committee at the time of the hearing. As a result, the adjustment committee did not make any findings of fact regarding the extent of Lt. Zank's involvement.28

¶ 77 Without any findings of fact, we are left with only Jackson's allegations. Jackson alleges that Lt. Zank interviewed him after the riot, and that during the interview, Lt. Zank asked him to waive his hearing rights.

¶ 78 Perhaps because the record on this subject is so sparse, both parties attempt to supplement it. At oral argument, the respondents asserted that Lt. Zank met with Jackson for the purpose of delivering a copy of the conduct report. Yet, that assertion is not supported by the documentary evidence in the record. The conduct report reflects that H. Hermann, Jackson's appointed staff advocate, signed the report as the "staff member delivering copy to offender."

¶ 79 By contrast, Jackson characterizes Lt. Zank's question about waiver as "inappropriate." However, we note that "[a]n inmate may waive the right to a due process hearing in writing at any time," and it is standard protocol to provide inmates notice of the right to a hearing and the option to waive it. See Wis. Admin. Code DOC §§ 303.76(1)(c), 303.76(2).

¶ 80 If Lt. Zank did in fact have a substantial role in building the case against Jackson, then her impartiality might reasonably be questioned. Yet, there is nothing in the record to support such a conclusion. Based on this sparse record, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that Lt. Zank's involvement in the incident was "substantial."

¶ 81 In sum, we determine that the video footage is inconclusive and neither undermines nor contradicts the evidence considered by the adjustment committee. We further conclude that with or without the video footage, there was sufficient evidence of Jackson's guilt. Under the facts presented by this case, we need not and should not determine whether any version of Brady—limited or otherwise—applies to prison disciplinary proceedings.

¶ 82 Finally, based on this record, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that Lt. Zank's involvement in the incident was "substantial." Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals.

The decision of the court of appeals is affirmed.

SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, Chief Justice (dissenting).

¶ 83 Darnell Jackson is not a sympathetic figure in seeking relief from this court. Darnell Jackson is in prison. He was convicted of one count of first-degree reckless injury and two counts of first-degree reckless endangering safety. He is a repeat offender. Furthermore, while he was serving his prison term, Darnell Jackson was convicted of battery by a prisoner; he was sentenced to a consecutive four-year term for that offense.

¶ 84 Jackson is before the courts once again because a prison disciplinary committee, called the Adjustment Committee, found that Jackson "more likely than not" committed the act of inciting a riot.1 As a result of this finding, Jackson was sentenced to 360 days in segregation, and he lost 179 days of good-time credit. His mandatory release date was extended so that he is serving an additional six months in prison.

¶ 85 The essence of Jackson's arguments in the circuit court, the court of appeals, and this court is that he did not get a due process hearing, that is, that his disciplinary proceeding did not comply with the federal and state constitutional guarantees of due process and with the procedures set forth in the Department of Corrections administrative regulations.

¶ 86 Clearly, a prisoner in a disciplinary hearing does not have the same panoply of rights as a defendant in a criminal trial or a person who is not institutionalized. Prisoners' rights are limited for the safety and security of inmates, prison staff, personnel, and visitors.2

¶ 87 Just as clearly, a prisoner does not forfeit all rights at the prison gate. The seminal United States Supreme Court case governing the constitutional rights of prisoners is Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974), and this court has adhered to its teachings. The United States Supreme Court has declared that though an inmate's "rights may be diminished by the needs and exigencies of the institutional environment, a prisoner is not wholly stripped of constitutional protections when he is imprisoned for crime. There is no iron curtain drawn between the Constitution and the prisons of this country."3

¶ 88 Beyond the constitutional due process rights due prisoners, prisoners are entitled to whatever due process rights are afforded them by the prison disciplinary regulations.4 When the Department fails to abide by its own regulations, the proceedings are rendered invalid.5

¶ 89 The Department of Corrections has set forth regulations governing prison discipline for a major violation such as inciting a prison riot. The regulations provide that the institution "shall inform the inmate of . . . [t]he right the inmate has to a due process hearing. . . ."6 Jackson was informed of his right and chose to have a due process hearing.

¶ 90 The court's difficulty in deciding Jackson's due-process-based objections to the disciplinary hearing is evidenced in the long and unusual history of the case and the majority opinion's failure to come to grips with the due process issues Jackson has raised.

¶ 91 The case has been pending in this court for an unusually long time, from April 2009, the date the petition for review was granted, until the mandate, December 14, 2010. Jackson filed two sets of briefs and a memorandum brief; the State did the same. The parties have been before the court twice in oral argument (once in December 2009; the other time in September 2010). Between the two oral arguments the court remanded the matter to the circuit court by an unpublished order dated February 2, 2010, to receive the videos.7 On June 4, 2010, the court ordered the parties to file memoranda regarding the outcome of the remand.

¶ 92 Upon consideration of the parties' memoranda regarding the outcome of the remand, on June 23, 2010,8 the court ordered the parties to address, inter alia, the sufficiency of the evidence in the light of the video evidence received on remand and Brady concerns (that is, whether the Department of Corrections violated Mr. Jackson's due process rights under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), by failing to disclose the video to Mr. Jackson).9

¶ 93 The majority opinion recognizes that "our inquiry is focused on whether the procedures employed by the adjustment committee satisfied due process," majority op., ¶ 39, and that "the touchstone of our analysis is whether the procedures used by the committee were fundamentally fair," majority op., ¶ 51. But the majority meanders off course, distracting itself and the reader from the "focus of," and "the touchstone of," the inquiry. It ignores the procedures used by the Adjustment Committee in the disciplinary proceeding and instead reviews only the sufficiency of the evidence presented against Jackson.10

¶ 94 By avoiding the analysis of whether the Adjustment Committee acted according to law, the majority shirks its responsibility on certiorari review to ensure that Jackson was afforded his constitutionally and statutorily protected due process rights.

¶ 95 Rather than focusing on whether due process was afforded, the majority concludes that because there was sufficient evidence on which the Adjustment Committee and Warden could have based their decisions, the Adjustment Committee's decision stands.

¶ 96 But, if the procedure before the Adjustment Committee was defective, the sufficiency of the evidence does not save the proceeding. Procedural rules are designed to ensure that relevant evidence is brought forth to enable the decision maker to reach the correct result. Defects rendering the procedure violative of constitutional and statutory due process render the evidence presented suspect. Thus, the sufficiency of the evidence is not the proper analysis when the focus or touchstone of the court's inquiry, as the majority opinion acknowledges, is whether Jackson got a due process hearing before the Adjustment Committee.

¶ 97 This court on certiorari review is limited to reviewing the record.11 It is the Department of Corrections' obligation to present the record for judicial review. Yet on the face of the documents in the record before this court it is beyond dispute that this court does not have the record of the disciplinary proceedings—the videos are missing. Because the court does not have a record of the evidence upon which the Adjustment Committee relied, I conclude that due process has been violated and Jackson must be accorded a new hearing that complies with constitutional and statutory due process requirements.

¶ 98 Moreover, a number of other defects are also apparent in the record of this disciplinary proceeding. The totality of the circumstances, the cumulative effect of the procedural defects, leads me to conclude that Jackson did not get a due process hearing as required by the federal and state constitutions and the regulations of the Department of Corrections.

¶ 99 And so here's the puzzle: What happened to the procedures used being the "focus" and "touchstone" of the majority's analysis? When the majority doesn't know what evidence was before the Adjustment Committee or Warden, how can the majority conclude whether there was sufficient evidence for the Committee or Warden to determine Jackson's guilt? On the basis of this defective record, how can the majority conclude, on certiorari review of the record, whether the actions of the Adjustment Committee or Warden were arbitrary or oppressive or unreasonable?

I

¶ 100 Jackson contends, inter alia, that the Adjustment Committee relied on videos to find Jackson guilty; that the videos were therefore part of the record that Jackson was entitled to have reviewed on certiorari; and that the Department of Corrections cannot arbitrarily remove the videos from the record.12 He asserts that he "is entitled to have a court review the committee's finding based on a full record."13 I agree with Jackson's reasoning.

¶ 101 On certiorari, courts are limited to reviewing the agency record.14

¶ 102 On its face, the record is flawed. The court does not have a record of the evidence upon which the Adjustment Committee relied. The Adjustment Committee's decision states that the Committee relied on videos in finding Jackson guilty. No videos were part of the record initially sent to the court. No one knows whether the videos sent to the court on remand are the videos that the Adjustment Committee viewed and relied upon in finding Jackson guilty.

¶ 103 "`[A] written statement by the factfinders as to the evidence relied on and reasons' for the disciplinary action" is a basic due process right.15

¶ 104 A comprehensive and adequate record must be kept and provided to the courts for purposes of review, as the majority opinion acknowledges.16 A written record, according to the United States Supreme Court, helps insure that administrators will act fairly and protects the rights of the inmate.17 "Without written records, the inmate will be at a severe disadvantage in propounding his own cause to or defending himself from others."18

¶ 105 The written record may exclude certain items of evidence when personal or institutional safety is implicated. But in these circumstances the record should indicate the fact of the omission and the reason for the omission.19

¶ 106 The regulations of the Department of Corrections that promise a due process disciplinary hearing envision a written record of the hearing made by the Adjustment Committee. It need not be a verbatim record, but a written record has to be made. A warden, the courts, or another body that "may take action partly in reliance upon the decision of the disciplinary committee must not be compelled to guess as to the facts relied upon and the reasons for the decision of the committee."20 The regulations provide that on appeal, the warden "shall review all records and forms pertaining to the appeal."21 Further, a court on certiorari review of an agency decision is, as we have stated previously, limited to the record.

¶ 107 Not only must there be a written record of the evidence upon which the fact finder relied, but constitutional due process and the regulations envision that the inmate will be given a written statement as to the evidence relied upon by the decision maker.22 The Department of Corrections' printed form for the decision of the Adjustment Committee (entitled "Disciplinary Hearing-Reasons for Decision and Evidence Relied On") envisions that the evidence relied upon is summarized on the form and that a copy of the decision, which relates the evidence relied on and the reasons for the decision, is given to the inmate.23 I am attaching a copy of the Decision of the Adjustment Committee in the present case as Exhibit A so the reader can see the Decision and more easily follow the procedure.

¶ 108 The Department of Corrections regulation governing the due process hearing (Wis. Admin. Code § DOC 303.76) provides that the accused inmate is present at the hearing and may present evidence. These inmate's rights may be limited in some instances for security concerns. In the present case, for example, in compliance with the regulations, Jackson was given a summary of the signed statements of witnesses who did not appear and whose identity was not revealed because of a risk of harm to the witnesses.24

¶ 109 The problem in the present case is that the Adjustment Committee's Decision states in two places that it relied on video evidence in determining Jackson guilty of inciting a riot, but no one knows whether the Adjustment Committee or the Warden ever saw any video, and if either did, what video was seen.25 If the video had been shown at the hearing, then Jackson would have viewed the video unless the Committee determined that security reasons required that he not see it. Nothing in the record suggests that the Committee determined that he could not be present for a viewing of video evidence.

¶ 110 Initially, on Jackson's appeal to the Warden, the Warden affirmed the Adjustment Committee's Decision, which twice referred to videos as evidence to support its conclusion. The Warden could have modified the Adjustment Committee's decision or returned the case to the Adjustment Committee to correct the record at that time. See Appeal of Adjustment Committee or Hearing Officer's Decision (attached as Exhibit B); Wis. Admin. Code § DOC 303.76(7)(c) (Dec.2006).26 After Jackson sought judicial review of the Warden's decision, the Warden, on August 29, 2005, issued a memorandum sending the Adjustment Committee's Decision back to the Adjustment Committee with instructions to change the Decision to remove reference to any video from the Decision. See Warden's memorandum (attached as Exhibit C). The Warden's memorandum appears to be inconsistent with the regulations. More about this later.27

¶ 111 As the majority opinion explains, the Warden's memorandum ordering the removal of the Decision's reference to a video can be interpreted in different ways. The Warden wrote that he could find "no substantiation that there was a video showing Mr. Jackson's involvement in this incident." The memorandum may mean that the Warden concluded the video failed to show that Jackson was involved, or that the video was irrelevant to the decision, even though the Adjustment Committee thought the video supported guilt, or that the Warden concluded that no video existed in the record.28 See majority op., ¶ 44 n. 17. Any interpretation raises troubling questions.29 The first two inferences result in the conclusion that the record before this court is not the same as the record before the Adjustment Committee. The third inference suggests, at best, sloppy record keeping, and at worst, that the Adjustment Committee made a determination of guilt without awareness of the evidence supporting that determination.

¶ 112 The record does not show who received the Warden's instructions and who acted on them. The record does show, however, that someone struck one reference to the video on the Adjustment Committee's Decision, but not a second reference. The initials next to the single strike-out appear to be "PZ," which might refer to Lt. Pamela Zank, a person who investigated the incident and was also a member of the Adjustment Committee. See Exhibit A.

¶ 113 When instructions are given in court to strike a matter from the record, the matter continues to be included in the record but shown as struck. The matter struck is just not considered by the decision maker. In the present case, every video was literally removed from the record.

¶ 114 Therefore, even if the Adjustment Committee, the Warden, or both saw a video, the court does not know what video or videos each viewed.

¶ 115 The State produced four video clips on remand of the matter to the circuit court, and these clips are now part of the record in the present case. One of these video clips was shown to this court at oral argument. The majority opinion relies on this video to conclude that it does not help Jackson (even though it is arguable that it impeaches the statements of the confidential informants).

¶ 116 How can the majority rely on a video when no one knows whether that video was the one that the Adjustment Committee or the Warden saw? Neither the Department of Corrections nor the State's attorney could attest to whether the videos presented to the circuit court on request of this court were the ones that the Adjustment Committee received. The conduct report states that videos from the New Lisbon Correctional Institution A Unit dayrooms, A Unit courtyard, and exterior cameras were used in investigating the riot. Neither the Department of Corrections nor the State's attorney could verify that the videos presented to the circuit court (and to this court) were the ones seen by the investigators, the Adjustment Committee, or the Warden after the riot.30

¶ 117 During oral argument the court questioned counsel for the State about how these four video clips came to the State's attention. The Assistant Attorney General responded that she asked the Department of Corrections for "all video evidence on the riots," and "this is what we got."

¶ 118 Thus, we are left with a record stating that the Adjustment Committee relied on videos that the Warden wanted stricken. The court can not be sure whether the videos now in our record were viewed by the Adjustment Committee or the Warden, or neither. The court has no reason to rely on any videos now included in the record. And so, this court does not have a record of the evidence that was before the Adjustment Committee.

¶ 119 The lack of a record of the evidence the Adjustment Committee viewed in determining guilt is a significant procedural defect in the present case. This is a certiorari review limited to the record of the Adjustment Committee. It is the duty of the Department of Corrections to maintain a proper record and forward it to the courts for review when review is requested. Because the court does not have a record of the evidence upon which the Adjustment Committee relied, I conclude that due process has been violated and Jackson must be accorded a new hearing that complies with constitutional and statutory due process requirements.

II

¶ 120 There are a number of other defects apparent in the record of this disciplinary proceeding. The cumulative effect of all the errors is that Jackson did not get a due process hearing that complied with constitutional and statutory due process requirements.

¶ 121 First, the Conduct Report on which the Adjustment Committee relied as evidence concluded, on the basis of the confidential informant statements, that Jackson met with the rioters "seconds before" the riot took place. Nothing in the statements of the confidential informants and nothing else in the record supports this temporal element.

¶ 122 Jackson argued as follows: "The video evidence shows that the confidential informant testimony that Jackson met with the rioters to `call' the riot `seconds' before it occurred is inaccurate. No other evidence supports the DOC's finding that Jackson incited the riot. . . ."31

¶ 123 The Adjustment Committee concluded, after evaluating all of the evidence, that "the statements in the conduct report are correct." See Exhibit A, Disciplinary Hearing Reasons for Decision and Evidence Relied On. The confidential informant statements do not support the temporal conclusion in the conduct report. The video evidence presented to the circuit court does not support the temporal element that the Adjustment Committee concluded was correct. Under what evidence can reasonable minds conclude that the statements in the conduct report, and therefore the Adjustment Committee's conclusions, are correct?

¶ 124 Second, the Adjustment Committee limited the number of Jackson's witnesses to two, the number provided for in the regulations.32 It is within the discretion of a hearing entity to limit the witnesses. Here the evidence against Jackson was in the form of confidential informant statements. Although confidential informant statements are sufficient evidence in a disciplinary hearing, Jackson did not know who the informants were and could not cross-examine them. If the informants were fellow inmates, they may have been biased because they were the culprits themselves or they received favors for their statements. Under such circumstances it would seem that Jackson should have been given the benefit of additional witnesses in his favor, barring legitimate safety concerns (none of which were noted on the record).33

¶ 125 Jackson argued in his record of witness testimony that the testimony he wished to submit made clear that the hallway meeting of which he was accused never occurred. The Adjustment Committee, without elaboration, denied his request, stating that Jackson "Did Not Provide Good Cause To Demonstrate Additional witnesses could Provide Essential Testimony" (capitalization in original). Jackson asserts that the Committee ignored this evidence.34

¶ 126 Third, inmates are entitled to an impartial Adjustment Committee. Constitutional due process so requires,35 as do the regulations.

¶ 127 Jackson argued that "[t]he DOC violated its own regulations in this case when it permitted to Lt. Zank to both investigate and judge Jackson's alleged involvement in the riot"36 and "Lt. Zank's participation in both the investigation and the hearing raises due process concerns.37 I agree.

¶ 128 Lt. Zank served on the team that investigated the riot and was one of the members of the Adjustment Committee that found Jackson guilty The Department of Corrections regulations prohibit individuals "with a substantial involvement in an incident" from serving on the Adjustment Committee for a hearing on the subject of that incident.38 It is not clear in the regulations whether "involvement in an incident" means involvement in the riot here or involvement in the investigation of the riot. We do not know whether Lt. Zank was involved in the riot. The record indicates she was involved in the investigation.

¶ 129 In any event, ordinarily, an investigator or prosecutor does not serve on a hearing (decision making) committee, to avoid any question of the integrity of the hearing procedure or impartiality of the hearing examiners. Allowing an individual substantially involved in investigating a prison incident to sit in judgment of an inmate at a disciplinary proceeding involving that incident "may raise such doubts about the integrity of the hearing procedure and the impartiality of its participants so as to trigger due process considerations."39

¶ 130 Lt. Zank was an officer who interviewed Jackson after the riot. Jackson alleges that Lt. Zank requested that he waive his due process rights. Lt. Zank apparently was a leading member of the Adjustment Committee. She completed the Disciplinary Hearing Decision form, giving the reasons for the decision, including the evidence upon which the Committee relied. She appears to be the person who struck a reference to a video from the Decision on the instructions of the Warden.

¶ 131 I agree with the majority opinion that the record on Lt. Zank's involvement in the riot or the investigation before the Adjustment Committee was formed is sparse. But on the basis of the limited written record, the aura and aroma of substantial involvement in the investigation are present and raise due process concerns, regardless of the meaning of the phrase "substantial involvement in an incident" appearing in the regulations.

¶ 132 Fourth, nothing in the regulations gives the Warden authority to send the record back for correction of the Adjustment Committee's Decision after the Warden had previously affirmed the Adjustment Committee's Decision. I agree with Jackson, who asserts: "For certiorari to provide a legitimate avenue of independent judicial review, the DOC cannot `correct' the record after a prisoner petitions for review. Nor does due process permit the DOC to modify the record on which its decision was based. . . . Respondents [the State officials] offer no authority and none of which Jackson is aware supports the warden's decision to remove evidence considered by the disciplinary committee."40

¶ 133 The regulations state that within 60 days of an inmate's appeal of an Adjustment Committee Decision to the Warden, the Warden may either affirm the Decision or return the Decision to the Adjustment Committee for correction, but may not do both. Wis. Admin. Code § DOC 303.76(7)(c) (Dec.2006). The Warden's unilateral memorandum returning the record only for correction in preparation to transmit the record to the circuit court does not cite any regulation supporting his authority to remand the record to the Adjustment Committee after he affirmed the Adjustment Committee's Decision and the sentence.41

¶ 134 In contrast, § DOC 303.76(7)(e) of the regulations authorizes the Warden to "review the conduct report and act on it unilaterally as if there were an appeal" (emphasis added). In directing the change to the reference to the video in the Adjustment Committee's Decision, the Warden was not reviewing and acting unilaterally on the conduct report as authorized by § DOC 303.76(7)(e); the Warden was reviewing and acting unilaterally on the Decision of the Adjustment Committee.

¶ 135 Each of these four defects taken alone may not constitute a violation of due process. However, these defects taken together, along with the missing video evidence, add up to a proceeding that does not comply with constitutional or statutory requirements.

¶ 136 In the present case, in which the Adjustment Committee must weigh the credibility of Jackson and his supporting witnesses against the credibility of confidential informant statements, the procedural defects are significant. The cumulative effect of the procedural errors undermines confidence in the Adjustment Committee's findings and Decision.42 The errors were prejudicial.43

¶ 137 On the record before this court, we do not know what evidence was before the Adjustment Committee, and with the videos gone, the court does not know the basis for the Adjustment Committee's Decision. Courts on certiorari review must be able to review the record upon which the Adjustment Committee relied or the court must remand the cause for rehearing. A reviewable record does not exist in the present case. On the basis of the procedural deficiencies in the record before the court, the court cannot decide that the Adjustment Committee's actions were not arbitrary, oppressive, or unreasonable and representative of its will and not its judgment. I conclude that Jackson's due process rights have been violated.

¶ 138 For the reasons set forth, I would reverse the decision of the court of appeals denying Jackson's writ of certiorari. I would remand the cause to the Department of Corrections for a rehearing. Accordingly, I dissent.

EXHIBIT A

EXHIBIT B

EXHIBIT C