JOSEPH R. GOODWIN, District Judge.
Pending before the court is Boston Scientific Corporation's ("BSC") Motion in Limine to Preclude Any Evidence or Argument That Boston Scientific Owed or Breached a Duty to Warn Plaintiffs Directly ("Motion in Limine No. 9"). (See BSC's Initial Mots. in Limine [Docket 374], at ¶ 9). For the reasons set forth below, BSC's Motion in Limine No. 9 is
This consolidated case resides in one of seven MDLs assigned to me by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation concerning the use of transvaginal surgical mesh to treat pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. In the seven MDLs, there are over 60,000 cases currently pending, over 13,000 of which are in the Boston Scientific Corporation MDL, MDL 2326. In this particular case, the four consolidated plaintiffs were surgically implanted with the Obtryx Transobturator Mid-Urethral Sling System ("the Obtryx"), a mesh product manufactured by BSC. (See Pretrial Order # 78 [Docket 9], at 1-2).
BSC has submitted twenty-five motions in limine, all of which I have ruled on except for the motion at bar. (See Mem. Op. & Order (Def.'s Mot. in Limine re: MSDS) [Docket 443]; Mem. Op. & Order re: Motions in Limine [Docket 464]). In its remaining motion in limine, BSC asks the court to preclude evidence that BSC owed or breached a duty to directly warn the plaintiffs about the risks associated
BSC asserts two arguments to support its position. First, BSC contends that the plaintiffs did not rely upon warnings provided by BSC, instead depending entirely on the medical judgment of their treating physician when deciding to undergo pelvic implant surgery. Thus, according to BSC, whether BSC owed a duty to directly warn the plaintiffs is "irrelevant to whether they would have undergone the Obtryx procedure." (Id. at 23-24). Because the plaintiffs have demonstrated that questions of fact exist regarding information they received prior to implant surgery, as explained in my summary judgment rulings, I am not persuaded by this reasoning. (See, e.g., Mem. Op. & Order re: Campbell [Docket 445], at 6). BSC's second argument, however, requires further consideration.
BSC next claims that its duty to directly warn the plaintiffs is irrelevant because West Virginia courts have not eliminated the learned intermediary doctrine in the context of medical device manufacturers. BSC maintains that while the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals rejected the learned intermediary doctrine in State ex rel. Johnson & Johnson v. Karl, 220 W.Va. 463, 647 S.E.2d 899, 914 (2007), the holding narrowly applied to prescription drug manufacturers and manufacturers engaged in direct-to-consumer ("DTC") advertising.
In reviewing this motion, I face a novel question of West Virginia products liability law. Karl unequivocally rejects the learned intermediary doctrine as applied to drug manufacturers, a ruling that departs from the law of forty-eight states by most recent count.
In Karl, the Supreme Court of Appeals confronted a motion in limine very similar to the one in this case. Facing various products liability claims, the defendant drug manufacturer, Janssen Pharmaceutical ("Janssen"), asked the court to exclude evidence or argument by the plaintiff suggesting that Janssen had a duty to provide warnings about its manufactured drug to the plaintiff personally. Id. at 901. In other words, relying on the learned intermediary doctrine, Janssen contended that by providing adequate warnings about the drug to the plaintiff's treating physician, Janssen satisfied its duty to warn such that any direct communication with the plaintiff, or lack thereof, was irrelevant. Id. The circuit court denied the motion in limine, observing that West Virginia's highest court had not yet adopted the learned intermediary doctrine. Id.
On petition for writ of prohibition, Janssen asked the Supreme Court of Appeals to join the majority of states and "adopt the learned intermediary doctrine as an exception to the general duty of manufacturers to warn consumers of the dangerous propensities of their products." Id. at 900-01. In three separate opinions, a majority of the court denied the writ of prohibition, declining to adopt the learned intermediary doctrine. See id. at 901 (majority opinion by Chief Justice Davis); id. at 917 (Maynard, J., concurring); id. at 918 (Starcher, J., concurring). The two remaining justices dissented to the decision. See id. at 914 (Albright, J., dissenting, joined by Benjamin, J.). Left with these four puzzling opinions that have few common aspects, I must discern a concrete principle on which three out of the five justices agreed in order to determine Karl's application in this case.
To facilitate this endeavor, I borrow the United States Supreme Court's approach for instances in which the Justices have entered multiple opinions on various grounds:
Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193, 97 S.Ct. 990, 51 L.Ed.2d 260 (1977). Having carefully examined the three opinions that resulted in the rejection of the learned intermediary doctrine, I conclude that the narrowest reading of Karl eliminates the protection of the learned intermediary doctrine only for drug manufacturers that engage in DTC advertising. I reach this conclusion by recognizing that notwithstanding the many differences in their opinions, Chief Justice Davis, Justice Maynard, and Justice Starcher uniformly rejected the learned intermediary doctrine specifically for drug manufacturers based, at least partially, on the prevalence of drug advertisements targeted at consumers.
First, Chief Justice Davis's majority opinion directs the following ruling: "[W]e now hold that, under West Virginia products liability law, manufacturers of prescription drugs are subject to the same duty to warn consumers about the risks of their products as other manufacturers." Karl, 647 S.E.2d at 914 (emphasis added). This holding expressly refers to drug manufacturers and does not speak to Karl's role in other circumstances. Justice Maynard's concurrence also hones in on prescription drug manufacturers, stating that "drug manufacturers ... should not be exempt from the general duty to warn that this State places on manufacturers." Id. at 918 (Maynard, J., concurring) (emphasis added). Similarly, Justice Starcher agrees that "the drug manufacturer must attempt to fully and understandably instruct the end-consumer." Id. at 919-20 (Starcher, J., concurring) (emphasis added). While Justices Starcher and Maynard indicate in their concurrences that they would likely apply the same principle to device manufacturers, see id. at 918 (Maynard, J., concurring) and id. at 920 (Starcher, J., concurring), Chief Justice Davis's opinion does not express a similar supposition.
Second, while the justices discuss numerous rationales for rejecting the learned intermediary doctrine, their concern with the emergence of DTC advertising stands out among the opinions as the primary justification for Karl. Chief Justice Davis provides the most detailed analysis of this matter. She begins by enumerating the "primary justifications" that led to the creation of the learned intermediary doctrine:
Id. at 905. Chief Justice Davis then concludes that the "recent initiation and intense proliferation of direct-to-consumer advertising," accompanied by "the development of the internet as a common method of dispensing and obtaining prescription drug information," id. at 907, has "obviate[d] each of the premises upon which the [learned intermediary] doctrine rests." Id. at 910.
Specifically, the practice of advertising directly to patients "suggests that consumers are active participants in their health care," invalidating the paternalistic role of
These two points of agreement result in the narrowed reading of Karl set forth above. Other federal district court judges have also assumed this tailored interpretation of Karl. In Roney v. Gencorp, Chief Judge Chambers stated, "The decision in Karl [] was extremely context specific. The reasoning is not applicable to a scenario outside of the prescription pharmaceutical context and the rise of direct-to-consumer advertising." 654 F.Supp.2d 501, 504 (S.D.W.Va.2009). Similarly, in Vagenos v. Alza Corp., Judge Copenhaver predicted that the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals would not apply the Karl decision to a pharmacy, allowing the pharmacy to use the learned intermediary doctrine as a "shield" from liability on a failure to warn claim. No. 1:09-cv-1523, 2010 WL 2944683, at *3-4 (S.D.W.Va. July 23, 2010). As support, Judge Copenhaver points to the Karl court's failure to discuss the doctrine in "the context of a pharmacist's duty to warn." Id. at *5. This same reasoning applies here—the Karl court did not discuss the doctrine in the context presented in this case either. Admittedly, one of my colleagues has interpreted Karl as a broad rejection of the learned intermediary doctrine. See Muzichuck v. Forest Labs., Inc., No. 1:07-cv-16, 2014 WL 3530367 (N.D.W.Va. July 15, 2014) ("In Karl, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals did not distinguish between cases that present evidence of direct-to-consumer advertising and those that do not."). Although this interpretation of Karl is a rational one, I do not find it persuasive. The court in Muzichuck did not employ the U.S. Supreme Court's tool for narrowly construing the holding of a case with multiple underpinnings. See Marks, 430 U.S. at 193, 97 S.Ct. 990 (providing the
Having exercised Marks's directive and determined Karl's narrow holding—that the learned intermediary doctrine does not protect drug manufacturers who engage in DTC advertising—I now turn to the present matter.
Based on Karl's majority ruling, I conclude that Karl does not govern this case. The learned intermediary doctrine is appropriately applied here because (1) BSC did not directly advertise the Obtryx to the consumer; and (2) the Obtryx is an implanted medical device rather than a consumed prescription drug.
DTC advertising, according to the Karl court, eliminates the premises underlying the learned intermediary doctrine. BSC, however, did not advertise the Obtryx directly to customers. (See Def.'s Mem. [Docket 375], at 24 (asserting that the Obtryx "has never been advertised on television by the manufacturers")). Indeed, the deposition testimony of BSC sales representative Arthur Butcher demonstrates that BSC predominantly, if not entirely, marketed its product to physicians. (See Butcher Dep. [Docket 395-8], at 33:2-22 (discussing Butcher's efforts to market BSC products to physicians and the content of Butcher's "sales pitch")).
Without DTC advertising, the premises of the learned intermediary doctrine rematerialize. For example, lacking an advertising forum, BSC, unlike the defendants in Karl, cannot easily communicate with end-consumers. See Karl, 647 S.E.2d at 910 (explaining that drug manufacturers' advertising campaigns provide "effective means to communicate directly with patients") (quoting Perez, 734 A.2d at 1252). Additionally, if patients can no longer rely on advertisements to make medical decisions, they must again depend on their treating physicians as a "learned intermediary" to help them determine the appropriate treatment. They cannot, as might be the case for advertised products, "demand a particular [device] that they saw on television or in a magazine." Id. at 909. Finally, while DTC advertising might put the onus on patients to select a product for treatment, id. at 910, physicians necessarily become involved in this decision when only they have access to advertising materials. In the treatment of SUI, for instance, it is almost always the case that the physicians receive the marketing materials and then select the requisite SUI device. (See, e.g., Michael W. Lassere
Because Karl implicates only drug manufacturers, I am of the opinion that medical device manufacturers may continue to use the learned intermediary doctrine in failure to warn cases. Many courts have allowed medical device manufacturers to use the learned intermediary doctrine against failure to warn claims. See, e.g., Hurley v. Heart Physicians, P.C., 278 Conn. 305, 898 A.2d 777, 784 n. 10 (2006) (listing the courts that have applied the learned intermediary doctrine to prescription medical devices). In fact, one court has stated that "it makes even more sense to apply the doctrine in the context of medical devices." Beale v. Biomet, Inc., 492 F.Supp.2d 1360, 1368 (S.D.Fla.2007). The court in Beale v. Biomet, Inc. reasoned that a patient cannot access a medical device without the assistance of a learned intermediary—"[w]hile some individuals could conceivably gain access to prescription drugs without their doctor's assistance, it is not reasonably conceivable that an individual could obtain and implant a device that requires a trained surgeon without the intervention of a physician." Id. Furthermore, the court opined that the physician plays a larger role in discussing the risks and benefits of implant surgery than he or she might have in discussing a routinely prescribed drug. Id. Thus, the physician's opportunity to warn the patient is much greater than that of the device manufacturer.
The Obtryx sling is analogous to the knee replacement device that the Beale court considered. Patients cannot obtain the Obtryx sling except through a physician. Additionally, because the patient is under anesthesia during the surgery, the patient and her physician must thoroughly discuss the potential risks and benefits prior to the implantation. These factors are not present when a physician prescribes a routine drug.
In sum, without the presence of end-consumer advertising, the rationale for rejecting the learned intermediary doctrine is not persuasive. At the same time, when the product involved is a medical device rather than a drug, the rationale for applying the learned intermediary doctrine is compelling. The present case lies at the intersection of this reasoning. BSC, the manufacturer of a medical device and a company that markets to physicians rather than patients, is not subject to the Karl ruling, and as a result, the learned intermediary doctrine applies to the plaintiffs' failure to warn claims. Accordingly, BSC only had a duty to warn the plaintiffs' treating physicians of the risks involved with the Obtryx implant. Any evidence or argument that BSC owed or breached a duty to warn the plaintiffs directly is therefore irrelevant.
In reaching the conclusion that the learned intermediary doctrine would apply in West Virginia where a device manufacturer has not participated in DTC advertising, the court was encouraged by the nearly unanimous national recognition of the doctrine's value. Applying the learned intermediary doctrine—as forty-eight states currently do—fosters the uniformity
The court
As an initial matter, Woodcock addressed a choice-of-law issue, an entirely different legal subject matter than that presented in the case at bar. See Woodcock, 661 F.Supp.2d at 606 (considering whether West Virginia law or Alabama law would apply to the products liability claims). In addition, Woodcock applied Karl solely in the context of pharmaceutical drugs—the defendant was a drug manufacturer, and the product at issue was a fentanyl pain reliever patch. See id. at 604 (identifying the product at issue as a Schedule II pain reliever manufactured by Mylan Pharmaceuticals). Consequently, the facts of Woodcock fit within the confines of this court's current reading of Karl.