FILED
                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                October 31, 2012

                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                  Clerk of Court
MARGARITO VILLA; GRACIELA
SALINAS; OSCAR BONILLA;
BEATRICE GARCIA; RAMON
TORRES; VELIA TORRES; PEDRO
RUBIO OCHOA; ELIDA MARQUEZ,

            Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                        No. 11-2227
v.                                          (D.C. No. 1:09-CV-00976-BB-WPL)
                                                         (D. N.M.)
DONA ANA COUNTY, CITY OF LAS
CRUCES, DONA ANA COUNTY
SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT, DONA
ANA COUNTY CODE
ENFORCEMENT, CITY OF LAS
CRUCES CODE ENFORCEMENT, local
public bodies of the State of New
Mexico; ROBYN GOJKOVICH,
CURTIS CHILDRESS, MARY LOU
WARD, officers, individually and in their
official capacities; HEATHER
FERGUSON, individually and in her
official capacity as an employee of the
Animal Cruelty Task Force of New
Mexico; PATRICIA FEESER,
individually and in her official capacity
as an employee/consultant of the Animal
Cruelty Task Force of New Mexico;
HIGH DESERT ANIMAL HOSPITAL,
INC.,

            Defendants-Appellees.
                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before GORSUCH, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and HOLMES,
Circuit Judge.


      The plaintiffs filed this suit against various law enforcement officers and

agencies alleging a violation of their constitutional rights. In particular, they say the

defendants violated their rights by raiding their homes and confiscating roosters (and

other fowl) they kept for illegal cockfighting. But soon after filing suit, the plaintiffs

refused to provide discovery and then proceeded to disregard a variety of court orders

seeking to cajole them into compliance. The magistrate judge tried a series of

escalating threats and sanctions, but nothing worked.

      In the end, the magistrate felt he had no choice but to recommend dismissal.

In a thorough 36-page opinion, the magistrate explained that “I have been forced to

order sanctions on three separate occasions, to file four show cause orders, to hold

two show cause hearings, and to grant a motion to compel. In this order alone, I have

considered three additional motions for sanctions, one of which is based on a failure

to comply with my order granting a motion to compel.” Proposed Findings &
      *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.


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Recommended Disposition 29-30, ECF No. 129. After considering the issue anew,

the district court agreed with and adopted in full the magistrate’s recommendation.

      Now before us, the plaintiffs challenge the dismissal of their suit. But the fact

is, “district courts enjoy very broad discretion to use sanctions where necessary to

insure that lawyers and parties fulfill their high duty to insure the expeditious and

sound management of the preparation of cases for trial.” Lee v. Max Int’l, LLC,

, 1320 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and ellipses omitted).

The Supreme Court has made clear that “the most severe in the spectrum of

sanctions . . . must be available to the district court in appropriate cases, not merely

to penalize those whose conduct may be deemed to warrant such a sanction, but to

deter those who might be tempted to such conduct in the absence of such a

deterrent.” Nat’l Hockey League v. Metro. Hockey Club, Inc., 

, 643

(1976). After carefully reviewing the record and plaintiffs’ arguments, it is clear to

us that the record of noncompliance in this case was particularly egregious and we

have no difficulty saying the district court acted within the bounds of its considerable

discretion when it finally ordered dismissal.

      At this point, we think only one of plaintiffs’ objections merits particular

comment. They argue that, under Lee, they were entitled to “three chances to cure

any discovery violation” before sanctions were imposed. Appellant’s Br. at 20

(citing Lee, 638 F.3d at 1321). But Lee hardly created a safe harbor for multiple

violations. Rather, Lee clearly held that three forgone opportunities to fulfill


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discovery obligations provided “more than enough” of a basis to permit dismissal.

638 F.3d at 1321 (emphasis added). Besides, by any fair measure the plaintiffs here

squandered at least that many chances to do as they should have done.

      Apart from the dismissal order, the plaintiffs also appeal an award of

attorney’s fees and expenses to the defendants. The district court imposed this

sanction for failing to respond fully to defendants’ discovery requests, even after two

follow-up requests for complete responses. In so doing, the court determined that the

plaintiffs’ proffered objections to the requests were without merit and that the

plaintiffs’ discovery failures were not substantially justified. Whatever other

problems may exist with the plaintiffs’ appeal on this question, we certainly see no

abuse of discretion on the merits. Here again, the district court acted within the

bounds of its lawful authority. See Australian Gold, Inc. v. Hatfield, 

,

1243 (10th Cir. 2006); Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(5)(A).

      Lastly, we address the defendants’ request for an award of their attorney’s fees

and costs incurred in this appeal on the ground that the appeal is frivolous. Although

the appellate rules authorize an award when a party must defend a frivolous appeal,

the request must be made in “a separately filed motion.” Fed. R. App. P. 38. In this

appeal, however, the defendants filed no separate motion; they made their request

only in their appellate brief. Though perhaps a failure more of form than substance,

it is a failure our controlling precedent has deemed dispositive, and we are hardly

free to hold otherwise now. See Abeyta v. City of Albuquerque, 

, 797


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(10th Cir. 2001) (“[a] statement inserted in a party’s brief that the party moves for

sanctions is not sufficient” under Rule 38).

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed. The defendants’ request for

sanctions on appeal is denied.


                                                Entered for the Court


                                                Neil M. Gorsuch
                                                Circuit Judge




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