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Summary: Case: 13-10024 Date Filed: 09/22/2014 Page: 1 of 26 [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT _ No. 13-10024 _ D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cr-00277-TJC-TEM-1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus LYDIA CLADEK, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida _ (September 22, 2014) Before HULL, MARCUS, and BLACK, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: After a jury trial, defendant-appellant Lydia Cladek was
Summary: Case: 13-10024 Date Filed: 09/22/2014 Page: 1 of 26 [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT _ No. 13-10024 _ D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cr-00277-TJC-TEM-1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus LYDIA CLADEK, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida _ (September 22, 2014) Before HULL, MARCUS, and BLACK, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: After a jury trial, defendant-appellant Lydia Cladek was ..
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Case: 13-10024 Date Filed: 09/22/2014 Page: 1 of 26
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-10024
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cr-00277-TJC-TEM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
LYDIA CLADEK,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(September 22, 2014)
Before HULL, MARCUS, and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
After a jury trial, defendant-appellant Lydia Cladek was convicted of one
count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud and mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343,
Case: 13-10024 Date Filed: 09/22/2014 Page: 2 of 26
1349, four substantive counts of wire fraud, id. § 1343, and nine substantive counts
of mail fraud,
id. § 1341. The district court imposed a total sentence of 365
months’ imprisonment. On appeal, Cladek challenges only her conviction of the
conspiracy offense and her 365-month sentence. After careful review of the record
and the briefs, and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm.
I. CLADEK’S FRAUD SCHEME
Cladek challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as to her conspiracy
conviction. Cladek argues there was insufficient evidence that she formed an
agreement with another person to accomplish an unlawful object. Therefore, we
describe the trial evidence of Cladek’s fraud and of unindicted co-conspirator
Ivette Reyes’s knowing participation in that scheme.
A. The Formation of Cladek’s Company, LCI
Around 1998, defendant Cladek formed a business in St. Augustine,
Florida—Lydia Cladek, Inc. (“LCI”). LCI’s original business model was to:
(1) receive money from investors in exchange for LCI’s executing one- or two-
year fixed interest promissory notes payable to the investors; (2) use investor
money to purchase subprime auto loan notes at discounts; (3) pledge auto loan
notes as security for the investors’ notes; (4) service the auto loan notes and thus
collect the high interest payments attached to them; and (5) pass a percentage of
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the money earned from the auto loan notes back to investors and keep the rest as
profit.
Cladek promised investors interest payments of between fifteen and eighteen
percent. Cladek also represented that the promissory notes LCI executed would be
fully collateralized by the auto loans, and that, if an auto loan defaulted, was paid
off, or became unsecured (because a car was wrecked or stolen), LCI would use
reserve funds to purchase a replacement auto loan note.
Specifically, the promissory notes LCI executed stated: “[LCI] hereby
pledges and assigns to [the investor] all of its interests in the automobile retail
installment sales contracts listed on attached Addendum[.]” The notes warranted:
(1) “[t]he contracts hereby assigned as collateral are genuine and valid”; (2) “[t]he
contract[s] hereby assigned are free and clear of all liens and encumbrances”;
(3) “[LCI] shall not, until such time as all of the terms of the promissory notes are
met, subject the contracts to any other liens or encumbrances”; and (4) “[LCI]
agrees to maintain a principal balance of collateral equal to or in excess of payee’s
loan.”
B. Ivette Reyes’s Role at LCI
At trial, one of the government’s key witnesses was Ivette Reyes. In 2001,
Reyes started working for LCI, when LCI employed only five or six people. Reyes
continued working there until February 2010. Reyes started working at LCI after
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her mother, Ruth Reyes, had first worked for Cladek. Initially, Reyes was a
secretary. In April 2001, Reyes began doing accounting work and later became the
head of LCI’s accounting department.
One of Reyes’s accounting duties was overseeing LCI’s general operating
account. Reyes prepared checks from that account for Cladek to sign. These
checks were for interest payments to investors and for purchasing subprime auto
loan notes from car dealers. Reyes also deposited investors’ checks into that
account.
Additionally, Reyes prepared promissory notes, from LCI to be issued to
investors, for Cladek to sign. Upon receiving an investor’s check, Reyes entered
information about the investor and the investment into a standard form and then
sent Cladek a draft promissory note. Cladek signed all of the promissory notes
Reyes prepared.
Reyes’s third main duty was attaching collateral to the promissory notes. To
do this, Reyes accessed a database containing information about all of the auto
loan notes LCI owned. Reyes selected a set of auto loan notes having a total value
of usually about ten to twenty percent more than the amount of the promissory
note. The attachment of collateral occurred only after Cladek signed a promissory
note. Reyes had discretion to determine which auto loan notes to attach to which
promissory notes.
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C. LCI’s Success
At first, LCI was very successful. Growing from a five-person operation in
2001, LCI soon employed close to 100 people in three separate departments—
collections, purchasing, and accounting.
LCI’s business was so prosperous that it outgrew the small, converted house
it used as office space. Around 2006, LCI moved into an office building large
enough to house each of LCI’s departments.
D. Misuse of Investor Funds
Although LCI was successful, it did not adhere to its original business
model. Instead of using investor funds to purchase new auto loan notes (and then
extracting profits from interest payments on the auto loan notes), Cladek funneled
LCI investor funds to her own personal account.
Reyes, who oversaw LCI’s general operating account, testified that LCI used
its single operating account to: (1) hold investor money; (2) pay interest to
investors; and (3) hold money collected on auto loan notes LCI owned. Reyes cut
checks from these commingled funds payable directly to Cladek. Usually, these
checks were for approximately $8,950. Occasionally, in a single day, Reyes would
draft as many as seven $8,950 checks payable to Cladek.
Reyes testified that she also cut checks from LCI’s operating account
payable to an individual named Roby Roberts, even though she did not know who
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Roberts was. In fact, in January 2005, Roberts agreed to sell Cladek a bayfront
residential property located in Captiva, Florida for a total price of $2.74 million.
Cladek owed Roberts monthly payments of $12,057.29. Cladek held this property
as a personal real estate investment. Thus, Cladek used LCI investors’ funds to
pay for her own investments. By cutting checks to unknown individuals who were
unaffiliated with LCI, Reyes helped Cladek divert LCI funds to benefit Cladek
personally.
Not only did Cladek use investor funds for personal investments, she also
used them to buy her own personal residence. In 2004, Cladek moved into a new
home in a gated, beachfront community. One former LCI investor described the
residence as a “[g]orgeous[,] . . . million-dollar house” that featured a “[b]eautiful
kitchen,” a swimming pool, and a guest house. Another former investor recalled a
“beautiful, expensive home.” Among the home’s flourishes were: (1) a dining
room table and chair set that was custom made and cost approximately $25,000;
(2) a piano costing approximately $17,000; and (3) over 40 pieces of furniture for
the pool area, including teak outdoor chairs each costing more than $600.
As more and more LCI money went to Cladek’s personal expenses and
investments, less and less went to LCI’s auto loan buying business. In 2008, LCI,
at Cladek’s direction, reduced its auto loan note buying to an almost nonexistent
level. One former employee testified that LCI went from buying “50 or 60 loans a
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day down to just maybe one or two loans a day.” Accounting head Reyes testified
that she was aware of the dwindling number of auto loan notes that LCI purchased
because she “cut the checks for the purchasing department.”
E. Attempts to Conceal LCI’s Fraud
Not surprisingly, LCI’s misuse of investor funds created a shortage of auto
loan notes to serve as collateral for the promissory notes it issued to investors.
Reyes testified that, from April 2001 (when she started doing accounting
work) until sometime in 2003, she had no difficulty attaching auto loan notes as
collateral for LCI’s promissory notes. In 2003, Reyes was preparing investors’
quarterly reports when she ran out of collateral. Reyes told Cladek, who told her
not to worry about it and said, “We’ll take care of it.”
Cladek did not, however, take care of the problem. Reyes, therefore, did not
send quarterly reports to those investors for whose notes LCI did not have enough
collateral. The next quarter, Reyes sent statements to only those investors who had
not received a statement previously. Eventually, at Cladek’s direction, Reyes
adopted a standard practice of issuing semiannual, instead of quarterly, reports.
At some point, to remedy the collateral shortage, Cladek instructed Reyes to
pull collateral from the promissory notes of Cladek’s family members and friends.
Reyes did so. Cladek also instructed Reyes to take collateral from existing
promissory notes and assign it to new notes as new investment funds came in.
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Reyes testified that, when a new promissory note came in, “I would
take . . . someone that had a collateral sheet, I would look at their notes, see how
much they had. And I would kind of make note of where I was putting it to, and
kind of keep track for myself where I was putting it, and assign it to that other
person.”
Although Reyes knew that the promissory notes “had to have buyable
collateral attached to them,” she created more than one promissory note having the
same collateral attached to it as attached to another note. Reyes also testified that
no investor ever gave her permission to pull the collateral from his or her note and
apply it to someone else’s note. But Reyes did so anyway, and, at trial, she
identified collateral sheets reflecting auto loan notes that she personally assigned to
multiple investors.
Doubly assigning the same collateral (instead of buying more auto loan
notes to serve as collateral) did not fix the collateral shortage. Reyes testified that
she was aware of the problem every day she came to work between 2003 and 2010,
and that she knew it was getting worse through the years.
F. LCI’s Demise
In the summer of 2008, LCI began receiving calls from investors concerned
about their investments. The calls became more frequent throughout the remainder
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of 2008. Reyes fielded these calls. She told Cladek about them, but, as Reyes
testified, she and Cladek “never really thought of a solution for it.”
The situation deteriorated as investors began attempting to withdraw their
money. Reyes testified that, sometime after the 2008 financial crisis began,
investors were asking for approximately $100,000 per day. That number then
started to rise. The calls from angry investors became so disruptive that Reyes and
the other accounting personnel were unable to get their work done. They asked
Cladek to route the calls to someone else and Cladek agreed to do so.
In late 2009, Cladek convened a meeting attended by Reyes and other LCI
employees. At the meeting, Cladek dictated a script for employees to use when
dealing with angry investors. When an investor called attempting to withdraw his
or her money, the LCI employee was to inform the investor that the auto loan notes
were performing as expected and that LCI would soon be buying more subprime
auto loan notes. Cladek told the employees, including Reyes, to tell customers that
she had “been proven to have unprecedented success” and that “plans [were] in
place.”
Meanwhile, in 2008, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)
received an anonymous complaint about LCI alleging that Cladek was operating a
Ponzi scheme. The SEC passed the complaint along to Florida’s Office of
Financial Regulation (“OFR”). In December 2008 and January 2009, the OFR
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contacted several of LCI’s investors and heard their concerns. Later in 2009, the
OFR requested and received from LCI all promissory notes and accompanying
documents LCI issued between 2004 and 2008.
Reyes was aware of the OFR’s investigation and helped Cladek compile
documents to send to the investigators. Further, Reyes testified that she was aware
of the subject of the investigation, stating “Lydia informed us what it was for and
what she wanted to accomplish. And we just did whatever she told us.” Not
surprisingly, Reyes did not include copies of the ledgers showing doubly assigned
collateral in the documents she turned over.
The OFR turned the results of its investigation over to the FBI. LCI ceased
its operations in May 2010 after the FBI executed a search warrant and LCI’s
creditors forced the company into involuntary bankruptcy proceedings.
G. Indictment, Arrest, and Trial
On November 19, 2010, a federal grand jury indicted Cladek, charging her
with the conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud offenses stated above. Cladek pled
not guilty and went to trial. At the conclusion of the government’s case, Cladek
moved for judgment of acquittal as to all counts.
As for the conspiracy count, Cladek argued that there was insufficient
evidence that she formed an agreement with any other person to accomplish an
unlawful objective. Cladek’s attorney noted that the government’s theory was that
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Reyes was Cladek’s co-conspirator, but that “[t]here was not any testimony that
demonstrated that Ms. Reyes knew any unlawfulness having to do with any of
[her] acts.” The district court denied the motion.
Thereafter, the jury found Cladek guilty on all counts. Afterwards, Cladek
renewed her motion for judgment of acquittal, again arguing that Reyes “never
acknowledged knowing that her action[s] were unlawful or criminal in nature.”
The district court denied the post-trial motion too.
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE ISSUE
With this factual background, we turn to Cladek’s first issue on appeal—
whether there was sufficient evidence to support her conspiracy conviction.
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo whether there was sufficient evidence to support a
conviction, viewing the evidence and drawing all inferences in favor of the verdict.
United States v. Isaacson, 752 F.3d 1291, 1303 (11th Cir. 2014). We will not
overturn a jury’s verdict if “any reasonable construction of the evidence would
have allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.”
United States v. Grzybowicz,
747 F.3d 1296, 1304 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotations
omitted). “It is not necessary for the government’s evidence to be inconsistent
with every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt in order to be sufficient.”
United States v. Silvestri,
409 F.3d 1311, 1328 (11th Cir. 2005).
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B. Elements of the Conspiracy Offense
The jury convicted Cladek of conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud.
Thus, the jury found that the government proved the following elements beyond a
reasonable doubt: (1) “an agreement between two or more persons”; (2) “to
execute a scheme to defraud”; and (3) “the use of either the mails or wire service in
furtherance of the scheme.” United States v. Ross, 131 F.3d 970, 981 (11th Cir.
1997).
Because conspiracy is “predominantly mental in composition,” there need
not be “a formal agreement” between co-conspirators as long as there is “a meeting
of the minds to commit an unlawful act.” United States v. Toler, 144 F.3d 1423,
1426 (11th Cir. 1998) (quotations omitted). To that end, a jury may use
circumstantial evidence to infer the existence of an agreement to commit a crime.
See United States v. Moore,
525 F.3d 1033, 1040 (11th Cir. 2008). Specifically, a
jury may find an agreement based on “the conduct of the alleged participants” or
other “circumstantial evidence of a scheme.”
Silvestri, 409 F.3d at 1328
(quotations omitted).
C. Evidence Supporting Cladek’s Conspiracy Conviction
Cladek contends that the government failed to prove the existence of an
agreement between herself and someone else to accomplish an unlawful objective.
Cladek’s argument fails because a reasonable jury could readily infer that the head
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of LCI’s accounting department, Reyes, knew of LCI’s unlawful practices and
agreed with Cladek to help LCI carry out this fraud.
The trial evidence established that Reyes was very familiar with LCI’s
business model and finances. Reyes knew that LCI told investors that it would use
their monies to purchase subprime auto loan notes. Reyes also knew that LCI was
not doing this and was instead spending investor funds on Cladek’s personal
expenses and investments. Reyes was aware LCI was spending its money this way
because she was the one cutting LCI’s checks. Reyes also was aware of what she
was not being instructed to cut checks for—the purchase of new auto loan notes.
Thus, Reyes’s testimony established that she was aware that LCI was misleading
its investors about how it would use their investments. From Reyes’s knowledge, a
reasonable jury could infer that Reyes agreed to help Cladek mislead investors.
Reyes’s testimony further established that she was aware of and indeed
facilitated LCI’s efforts to conceal its fraud. When LCI did not have enough
collateral to back all of the promissory notes it issued, Reyes personally assigned
collateral doubly and prepared statements reflecting the double assignments.
Reyes was the primary person responsible for putting the double assignment
scheme into effect, testifying that she personally chose which notes to assign
doubly and made a record of which notes had been doubly assigned. Reyes’s co-
worker, Kay Osgatharp, assisted Reyes with execution of these double assigments.
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Reyes also stopped sending out quarterly statements to investors, thus
ensuring that LCI would not issue two statements at the same time reflecting the
double assignments. Reyes did all of this even though she knew that LCI
warranted to investors that the auto loan notes serving as collateral were free of
other encumbrances.
Further, Reyes knew that the double assignment of collateral was not a
legitimate business strategy to get LCI out of short-term financial difficulty. Reyes
testified that LCI had insufficient collateral from 2003 until 2010 and that the gap
between LCI’s obligations and its collateral continued to grow during that period.
Over the course of seven years, Reyes did not take any legitimate measures to fix
the problem of which she was fully aware. Instead, she acted to conceal it from
investors. A reasonable jury could infer, from Reyes’s testimony about her
actions, that she was not merely an unwitting dupe when she took carefully
calibrated steps to conceal LCI’s fraud. Instead, a reasonable jury could conclude
that Reyes had knowingly agreed with Cladek to take these concealment actions.
Reyes’s later actions even more strongly showed her agreement with Cladek
to commit fraud. Reyes testified that she was aware that the Florida OFR was
investigating LCI in 2008 and 2009. Reyes even assisted Cladek in preparing
documents to turn over to the state agency and in pulling some documents back
from LCI’s production.
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Reyes also attended the meeting in 2009 during which Cladek told her
employees what to say to angry investors who called wanting to withdraw their
investments. Reyes heard Cladek say that employees should tell investors that LCI
had experienced “unprecedented success.” Reyes knew that this was a lie since
she had become aware of LCI’s financial troubles six years earlier, in 2003.
Thus, at least by early 2009, Reyes was aware that a government agency
thought LCI’s business practices may be fraudulent and that Cladek wanted
employees to lie to investors about LCI’s financial condition. Nonetheless, Reyes
continued to doubly assign collateral and cut checks payable to Cladek’s personal
account up until LCI stopped its operations in 2010. A reasonable jury could
believe that Reyes did so pursuant to an agreement with Cladek.
Last, a reasonable jury could infer an agreement between Cladek and Reyes
based on their close relationship. Reyes and her mother were among LCI’s very
first employees. For almost a decade, Reyes was intimately involved in LCI’s
operations. Her testimony revealed that she had a very close working relationship
with Cladek. A reasonable jury could find it difficult, if not impossible, to believe
that, over a ten year period, Reyes could work so closely with a fraudster like
Cladek, helping Cladek steal investors’ money and then conceal the fraud, and yet
never agree to participate in the scheme.
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In short, there was more than enough evidence for a reasonable jury to find
that Cladek formed an agreement with another person, Reyes, to commit mail and
wire fraud. We thus reject Cladek’s challenge to her conspiracy conviction.
III. CLADEK’S SENTENCE
Cladek raises two challenges to her total 365-month sentence. We review
the proceedings in the district court culminating in the sentence.
A. The Presentence Investigation Report
Prior to sentencing, the probation office prepared a presentence investigation
report (“PSI”). The PSI stated that Cladek was responsible for a loss of
approximately $69 million. To reach this figure, the PSI reported that LCI
received approximately $112 million from investors between 2005 and March
2010 (the conspiracy period alleged). From this amount, the PSI subtracted a total
of $43 million, representing $39 million in payments made to investors and $4
million for LCI’s assets when its operations ceased.
Starting with a base offense level of six, see U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(2), the PSI
added (1) 24 levels because Cladek’s loss amount was greater than $50 million and
less than $100 million, pursuant to § 2B1.1(b)(1)(M); (2) six levels, pursuant to
§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(C), because Cladek’s offense involved more than 250 victims; and
(3) four levels because Cladek was the organizer or leader of a “criminal activity
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that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive,” pursuant to
§ 3B1.1(a). Cladek’s total offense level, therefore, was 40.
Cladek’s criminal history category of I and total offense level of 40
produced an advisory guidelines range of 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment.
Because the highest statutory maximum penalty for Cladek’s offenses was 240
months’ imprisonment, the PSI recommended that the sentence on one of Cladek’s
offenses be imposed consecutively to the extent necessary to produce a combined
sentence equal to the total punishment called for by the guidelines. See id.
§ 5G1.2(d).
B. Cladek’s Objection to the Loss Amount
At sentencing, Cladek objected to the PSI’s calculation of the loss amount
enhancement. First, Cladek argued that the PSI’s loss amount was inaccurate
because it did not take into account “non-criminal acts that resulted in the loss to
the company”—specifically the economic downturn during the 2007 to 2009
period. Cladek’s attorney urged that Cladek’s estimated gain of $16.7 million,
rather than the amount of loss she caused, should be used to calculate her offense
level. See id. § 2B1.1, app. n.3(B).
Cladek also contended that the PSI was incorrect in stating that LCI received
approximately $112 million from investors between 2005 and 2010. Cladek’s
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attorney noted that the government’s trial evidence, specifically LCI’s bank
records, showed that LCI received approximately $90 million in investments.
The government responded that the $112 million figure was “arrived at by
reference to Lydia Cladek’s own accounting documents which she created to send
to her accountant.” Acknowledging the discrepancy between the PSI and the trial
evidence, the government stated that the $90 million figure introduced at trial was
“a conservative [estimate]” that was “based entirely upon bank records,” and did
not take into account the balance sheets Cladek created. The government
maintained that the $112 million figure was actually correct. 1 As for Cladek’s
argument about “legitimate business losses,” the government contended that LCI
could not have suffered legitimate losses, as it “was not a legitimate business” and
was instead a “scheme to defraud from the very beginning.”
The district court overruled Cladek’s objections to the amount of the loss
and the 24-level increase to her offense level. The district court found that LCI
received an amount between $93 million and $112 million over the course of the
fraud. After subtracting the $39 million paid to investors and the $4 million
1
The district court also called on the probation officer to explain the discrepancy between
the PSI’s $112 million investment amount and the trial evidence’s $90 million figure. The
probation officer stated that the PSI’s figure was based on the 2,443 promissory notes LCI
issued, and thus represented “the total investments pledged.” On the other hand, LCI’s bank
records for that period showed only $90 million in deposits. The probation officer could not
account for the $22 million variation.
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leftover when LCI ceased operations, the district court arrived at a loss amount of
greater than $50 million and less than or equal to $69 million.
The district court explained that it believed this greater than $93 million
figure to be “a reasonable number” because it “capture[d] what Ms. Cladek was
promising . . . to investors . . . . And then . . . the $39 million figure shows what
was actually paid out. And then the $4 million figure is what was left at the time
the business was raided.” The district court reiterated that its loss amount was only
“a reasonable estimate” and “a construct.” In light of this loss amount, the district
court determined that the PSI correctly added 24 levels to Cladek’s offense level. 2
C. Cladek’s Objection to the Role Increase
Cladek’s other objection at issue in this appeal was to the four-level
increase, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a), for being the organizer or leader of a
criminal activity involving five or more participants “or that was otherwise
extensive.” (emphasis added) Cladek’s attorney argued that Cladek’s scheme did
not “require any additional work other than Ms. Cladek . . . just transferring funds
from LCI into the professional account, making purchases of property.” He
suggested, “That doesn’t require any extensive action on anybody’s part.”
2
The district court did state that it rejected the government’s position that LCI was never
a legitimate business. However, the rejection of this argument did not factor into the district
court’s guidelines calculation or sentence.
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The district court denied this objection as well. The district court pointed
out that, in determining whether a criminal activity is extensive, it could consider
“all persons involved during the course of the entire offense . . . , including
outsiders who provided unknowing services.” The district court noted that the
government needed to prove the existence of at least one other knowing participant
and found that the evidence established “Ms. Reyes’[s] conspiratorial
participation.” Further, the district court acknowledged that “there may well have
been others who could have been unindicted co-conspirators.”
D. Sentence
Based on these rulings, the district court determined that the PSI correctly
calculated Cladek’s total offense level of 40, her criminal history category of I, and
her advisory guidelines range of 292 to 365 months. In light of “the amount of
loss” and “the brazenness of” Cladek’s crimes, “the lack of insight, . . . [and]
concern for future potential criminal conduct,” the district court determined that “a
significant sentence is required by law.”
The district court imposed concurrent sentences of 240 months’
imprisonment on thirteen of Cladek’s offenses and a consecutive sentence of 125
months’ imprisonment on Cladek’s fourteenth offense, resulting in a total 365-
month sentence. The district court followed the same procedure when it sentenced
Cladek to supervised release, imposing concurrent three-year supervised release
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terms on thirteen of Cladek’s offenses, followed by a consecutive three-year
supervised release term on Cladek’s fourteenth offense, yielding a total of six years
of supervised release.
IV. SENTENCING ISSUES
On appeal, Cladek argues that the district court erred in overruling her
objections to the loss amount and role increases in her offense level calculation.
As explained below, Cladek’s arguments fail.
We review de novo the district court’s interpretation and application of the
guidelines. United States v. Lee, 427 F.3d 881, 892 (11th Cir. 2005). We review
only for clear error the factual findings the district court used to calculate a
defendant’s guidelines range, such as loss amount or whether the defendant was
subject to a role increase. Id.; see also United States v. Martinez,
584 F.3d 1022,
1025 (11th Cir. 2009); United States v. Maxwell,
579 F.3d 1282, 1305 (11th Cir.
2009).
A. Loss Amount Enhancement
Under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1), in fraud cases like Cladek’s, 24 levels are
added to a defendant’s offense level when the loss is greater than $50 million and
less than $100 million. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1). “Loss” refers to the greater of
“actual loss or intended loss.” Id., cmt. n.3(A). Here, the district court determined
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Cladek’s actual loss, which refers to “the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm
that resulted from the offense.” Id., cmt. n.3(A)(i).
A district court “need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss,” as that
court “is in a unique position to assess the evidence and estimate the loss based
upon that evidence.” Id., cmt. n.3(C); See United States v. Campbell, ___ F.3d
___, 12-11952,
2014 WL 4338404 at *12 (11th Cir. Sept. 3, 2014) (affirming
district court’s loss calculation under the Sentencing Guidelines). Accordingly,
this Court must give deference to a district court’s loss calculation, and a district
court’s “reasonable estimate . . . will be upheld on appeal.” United States v.
Gupta,
463 F.3d 1182, 1200 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotations omitted). However, a
district court may not base a loss calculation on “mere speculation.”
Id. Instead,
the district court “must make factual findings sufficient to support the
government’s claim of the amount of fraud loss attributed to a defendant in a PSI.”
Id.
Here, the district court made factual findings sufficient to support its
determination that Cladek’s loss was greater than $50 million and less than or
equal to $69 million. The district court explained the figures and calculations it
used to reach the loss amount. Of course, there was some uncertainty at sentencing
as to how much money LCI received from investors. However, the district court
found that, even assuming that the number was as low as one dollar more than $93
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million, the guidelines calculation would be the same. In light of the evidence of
LCI’s income—gleaned from LCI’s own business records—the district court had a
reasonable basis for finding that LCI received greater than $93 million from
investors, and we therefore must defer to the district court’s loss calculation. See
id.
Cladek argues that the district court should have measured loss by looking to
the gain Cladek received—money diverted from LCI to her personal account
(which at sentencing she estimated was $16.7 million). But, a defendant’s gain
should be used as a substitute “only if there is a loss but it reasonably cannot be
determined.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(B) (emphasis added). This Court has
“cautioned against abandoning a loss calculation in favor of a gain calculation
where a reasonable estimate of the victims’ loss based on existing information is
feasible.” United States v. Bradley,
644 F.3d 1213, 1289 (11th Cir. 2011)
(quotation marks omitted, alterations adopted). We have done so because a
defendant’s gain “ordinarily underestimates the loss.”
Id.
Here, Cladek has not shown that it was infeasible to calculate the investors’
loss she caused. Cladek contends that the district court’s figure failed to take into
account legitimate business losses and that it double counted money that was never
withdrawn and reinvested when a promissory note matured. But, Cladek does not
state the extent of LCI’s market-inflicted losses, nor how much money was double
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counted. She simply asserts that the district court should have used the $16.7
million gain figure as a proxy for a loss that could not be calculated. But, even
assuming that there were some legitimate business losses and some double
counting, nothing in the record suggests that these factors caused the district
court’s loss calculation of approximately $69 million to be off by more than $50
million (the difference between the district court’s loss amount and Cladek’s gain
amount). Thus, this is an example of a case where the defendant’s gain
“underestimates the loss.” See id.
Accordingly, we must defer to the district court’s analysis. While the issues
Cladek raises may suggest de minimus discrepancies, they do not make the district
court’s calculation of Cladek’s loss amount anything other than a “reasonable
estimate.” See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(C).
We conclude that the district court did not err—much less clearly err—in its
fact findings and loss calculations and in increasing Cladek’s offense level by 24
levels pursuant to § 2B1.1.
B. Role Increase
Under § 3B1.1, a defendant’s offense level is subject to a four-level increase
when she “was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or
more participants or was otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). The district
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court found that Cladek was the organizer or leader of an “otherwise extensive”
criminal activity.
To receive a role increase under § 3B1.1, the defendant must have been the
organizer or leader of at least one or more criminally responsible participants. Id.,
cmt. nn.1–2. But, that criminally responsible participant “need not have been
convicted.”
Id., cmt. n.1. In determining whether a criminal activity was
“otherwise extensive,” once a court determines that there was at least one
criminally responsible participant, the court may take into account “all persons
involved during the course of the entire offense,” including outsiders who provided
“unknowing services.”
Id., cmt. n.3.
The district court did not clearly err in applying the § 3B1.1 role increase.
There was ample evidence to establish that Reyes was a participant in Cladek’s
fraud. As discussed, a reasonable jury could find, based on the trial evidence, that
Reyes formed an agreement with Cladek to accomplish an unlawful objective.
Once it was satisfied that Cladek was the leader of at least one criminally
responsible participant (Reyes), the district court could consider that there were
more than 100 LCI employees who provided “unknowing services” in furtherance
of Cladek’s fraud. Furthermore, LCI’s scheme was massive both in duration and
scope, involving the receipt of millions of dollars from investors over a ten-year
period. See United States v. Holland, 22 F.3d 1040, 1046 (11th Cir. 1994)
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(holding “there are a number of factors relevant to the extensiveness determination,
including the length and scope of the criminal activity as well as the number of
persons involved”). We cannot fathom how such a scheme could be labeled as
anything other than “extensive.”
Thus, we affirm the district court’s application of the four-level increase
under § 3B1.1.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we affirm Cladek’s convictions and 365-month
sentence. However, we vacate the consecutive three-year term of supervised
release on Count Fourteen and direct the district court on remand to amend
Cladek’s sentence to state that the three-year term of supervised release on Count
Fourteen shall run concurrently with the supervised release terms on Counts One
through Thirteen already imposed concurrently. See 18 U.S.C. § 3624(e); United
States v. Magluta, 198 F.3d 1265, 1283 (11th Cir. 1999), vacated in part on reh’g,
203 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2000) (“As Magluta and the government correctly point
out, ‘any term of supervised release imposed is to run concurrently with any other
term of supervised release imposed.’ ” (citing § 3624(e))); U.S.S.G., App. C,
amend. 507 (stating that § 3624(e) “requires multiple terms of supervised release to
run concurrently in all cases”).
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
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