Case: 14-11405   Date Filed: 11/14/2014   Page: 1 of 10


                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]



          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                           No. 14-11405
                       Non-Argument Calendar
                     ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-00634-RLV

PNC BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION,
SUCCESSOR TO RBC BANK (USA),
f.k.a. RBC Centura Bank,


                                                             Plaintiff-Appellee,


                                versus


GVTG, LLC,
THOMAS C. GENTRY,
GENE VENESKY,


                                                      Defendants-Appellants.

                     ________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Georgia
                    ________________________

                          (November 14, 2014)
                 Case: 14-11405      Date Filed: 11/14/2014     Page: 2 of 10


Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

         GVTG, LLC (GVTC), Thomas Gentry, and Gene Venesky (collectively “the

defendants”) appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

PNC Bank, N.A. (PNC) in a diversity suit for breach of contract. For the reasons

that follow, we affirm.

                                               I.

         In July 2004, PNC’s predecessor-in-interest, RBC Centura Bank, 1 executed

a promissory note (the Note) evidencing a $1,035,000 commercial loan to the

defendants. GVTG, the Borrower, agreed to repay the loan in full in addition to

any accrued interest, with the outstanding balance of the Note immediately due and

payable upon default. Defendants Gentry and Venesky each executed a

Commercial Guaranty, individually guaranteeing payment of all sums due under

the Note. The Note was renewed on three separate occasions, with the parties

signing a “Change in Terms Agreement” at each renewal. The Note eventually

matured on December 31, 2012.

         As relevant to this appeal, the Note contained the following provisions: 2

         GOVERNING LAW. This Note shall be governed by, construed and
         enforced in accordance with federal law and the laws of the State of


1
    PNC purchased RBC Centura Bank in 2012 and is the present holder of the Note.
2
    Each “Change in Terms Agreement” contained virtually identical provisions.
                                              2
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014    Page: 3 of 10


      South Carolina. This Note has been accepted by Lender in the State
      of South Carolina.

      CHOICE OF VENUE. If there is a lawsuit, Borrower agrees upon
      Lender’s request to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of
      Charleston County, State of South Carolina.

The Note, as well as each “Change in Terms Agreement,” also called for an

award of attorney’s fees to the Lender in the event of collection of “not less

than fifteen percent (15%) of the amount owing on this Note.”

      After GVTG defaulted under the terms of the Note, PNC filed suit against

the defendants in the Northern District of Georgia, seeking the recovery of

$1,034,722.83 in unpaid principal, accrued interest of $9,010.71 as of February 26,

2013, with additional interest to accrue until judgment, as well as late fees in the

amount of $51,981.17. PNC also sought “attorneys’ fees equal to 15% of the

outstanding principle and accrued interest.” The defendants responded by filing a

motion to dismiss, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(3), seeking to enforce the

choice-of-venue clause in the Note and litigate the dispute in South Carolina. The

district court denied the motion, concluding that the venue provision was a

permissive rather than a mandatory clause. Because PNC had elected not to file

suit in South Carolina, dismissal was not proper under the terms of the forum-

selection clause.




                                           3
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014    Page: 4 of 10


      After the defendants failed to timely respond to PNC’s motion for summary

judgment, the district court issued a show-cause order. The defendants in turn

moved the court for a stay so that they could depose James H. White, PNC’s Asset

Resolution Manager. They also argued that a stay would be beneficial to allow the

parties an opportunity to reach a settlement. The court rejected both arguments

and denied the request for a stay. The court then granted PNC’s motion for

summary judgment, highlighting that although the defendants disputed the specific

amount of late fees and accrued interest, they had failed to submit any evidence to

challenge PNC’s calculations.

      In the instant appeal, the defendants argue that: (1) venue was not proper in

federal court because the parties had contractually agreed to litigate all disputes in

a South Carolina state court; (2) the district court erred by granting attorney’s fees

in accordance with South Carolina law, even though PNC cited to Georgia law in

its complaint; and (3) the grant of summary judgment was in error because PNC

did not properly authenticate the amounts due for late fees and accrued interest,

and the defendants had insufficient time to complete discovery.

                                          II.

      This appeal involves multiple standards of review. We review a district

court’s ruling under Rule 12(b)(3) “with some measure of deference.” Estate of

Myhra v. Royal Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 

, 1238-39 (11th Cir. 2012).

                                           4
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014    Page: 5 of 10


“This court reviews an award of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion;

nevertheless, that standard of review still allows us to closely scrutinize questions

of law decided by the district court in reaching a fee award.” Villano v. City of

Boynton Beach, 

, 1304 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). We

review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing all facts and

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Allison

v. McGhan Med. Corp., 

, 1306 (11th Cir. 1999). Summary

judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 

district courts broad discretion over the management of pre-trial activities,

including discovery and scheduling.” Johnson v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Ga.,

, 1269 (11th Cir. 2001).

                                          III.

   A. Choice-of-Venue Provision

      The defendants first argue that the district court erred by denying their

motion to dismiss based on improper venue because the parties contractually

agreed to litigate the dispute in a South Carolina state court.

      Under general contract principles, the plain meaning of a contract’s language

governs its interpretation. Belize Telecom, Ltd. v. Belize, 

, 1307 &

n.11 (11th Cir. 2008). “The court must look at the contract as a whole, the parties,

                                           5
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014   Page: 6 of 10


and the purpose of the agreement to best determine the intent of the parties in

interpreting the agreement.” Slater v. Energy Servs. Grp. Int’l, Inc., 

, 1330 (11th Cir. 2011). This court and others often characterize forum-

selection clauses as either “permissive” or “mandatory.” 

clause

authorizes jurisdiction in a designated forum but does not prohibit litigation

elsewhere,” whereas “[a] mandatory clause . . . ‘dictates an exclusive forum for

litigation under the contract.’” 

Inc. v. Redan, 

,

1262 n.24 (11th Cir. 1999)).

      The forum selection clause at issue here, found in the July 2004 note, reads

as follows: “CHOICE OF VENUE. If there is a lawsuit, Borrower agrees upon

Lender’s request to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of Charleston County,

State of South Carolina.” The guaranties executed by Gentry and Venesky

contained virtually identical clauses to that in the Note. Based on the plain

meaning of the language at issue, the forum selection clause is permissive, as

opposed to mandatory, because the terms of the agreement allow the Lender to

make an election. 

. Thus, the clause permits suit—upon

PNC’s election—in Charleston County and requires that the defendants submit to

suit there, but it does so without precluding litigation in any other forum. See 

case, PNC opted to file suit in another forum, and nothing in the

contract language prohibits such a choice. To give the language a different effect

                                          6
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014       Page: 7 of 10


would “unjustifiably diminish[]” its importance. Snapper, 

(discussing a forum selection clause that, by its terms, gave a creditor a choice of

fora). Accordingly, the district court properly denied the defendants’ motion to

dismiss based on improper venue.

   B. Attorney’s Fees

      The defendants next argue that the district court erroneously awarded PNC

attorney’s fees under South Carolina law despite PNC moving for fees under

Georgia law. They highlight that Georgia and South Carolina calculate the award

of attorney’s fees in breach-of-contract suits differently.

      In the first instance, PNC never moved for attorney’s fees pursuant to

Georgia law. In its complaint, PNC notified the defendants “in writing that the

provisions in the Note relating to attorneys’ fees and legal costs will be enforced,

pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 13-1-11[.]” But that statute does not create a right to fees.

Instead, it governs the enforcement of contractual rights. See O.C.G.A. § 13-1-

11(a) (“Obligations to pay attorney’s fees upon any note or other evidence of

indebtedness . . . shall be valid and enforceable and collectable as a part of such

debt if such note or other evidence of indebtedness is collected by or through an

attorney after maturity”). Here, PNC’s entitlement to attorney’s fees stems from

the terms of the Note, which call for attorney’s fees in an amount of “not less than

fifteen percent (15%)” of the outstanding principle in the event of a collection.

                                           7
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014   Page: 8 of 10


      In diversity cases, the choice-of-law rules of the forum state determine what

law governs, American Family Life Assurance Co. of Columbus, Georgia v. United

States Fire Co., 

, 830 (11th Cir. 1989), and under Georgia law

“contract actions are regulated by the law of the state where the contract was made

when matters of execution, interpretation, or validity are at issue,” Wallace v.

Harrison, 

, 489 (Ga. Ct. App. 1983). Here, the Note was

“accepted” in South Carolina and thus, the laws of that state govern our analysis.

      As such, we turn to consider whether a contractual provision awarding a

fixed percentage of attorney’s fees is enforceable under South Carolina law. We

conclude that it is. See, e.g., Dedes v. Strickland, 

, 137 (S.C. 1992)

(holding that “[w]ith regard to [] notes which provide for attorneys’ fees at a

specific rate in the event collection becomes necessary, it is a well established

principle of law that where there is a contract providing for such, the amount of

attorneys fees is governed by the contract.”); Citizens & S. Nat’l Bank of S.C. v.

Easton, 

, 641 (S.C. 1993) (reversing the denial of fees on the

ground that language in the note and guaranties awarded “reasonable attorney’s

fees of 15% of the outstanding principal and interest”). Thus, the district court did

not err in awarding PNC attorney’s fees in accordance with the terms of the Note.

   C. Accrued Interest and Late Fees



                                          8
              Case: 14-11405     Date Filed: 11/14/2014    Page: 9 of 10


      Lastly, the defendants allege that PNC “did not discharge its burden of

authenticating its calculations for late fees and accrued interest” in its motion for

summary judgment. Additionally, they contend that they should have been granted

additional time to depose White, PNC’s Asset Resolution Manager.

      Here, the defendants do not dispute the principal balance due, the

methodology for computing interest, or the payments on the Note as listed in

PNC’s business records. Rather they claim that PNC listed two different figures

for the amount of accrued interest due on the Note. Specifically, they highlight

that $130,660 “appeared on five pages of PNC Bank’s business records,” and this

number did not match up with the $131,783.45 figure listed in White’s affidavit

attached to PNC’s summary judgment motion. But the $130,660 figure is labeled

as the “G/L balance” in PNC’s original business records and represents an internal

accounting notation denoting certain write-offs to the loan balance. Thus, it does

not pertain to the accrued interest on the Note. Similarly, although the defendants

challenge PNC’s calculation of late fees, they offer nothing to dispute the

methodology for computing late fees. See Cordoba v. Dillard’s, Inc., 

, 1181 (11th Cir. 2005) (explaining that speculation or conjecture from a party

cannot create a genuine issue of material fact).

      We are also unpersuaded by the defendants’ allegation that they did not have

an adequate opportunity to depose White. They fail to offer any explanation as to

                                           9
             Case: 14-11405      Date Filed: 11/14/2014    Page: 10 of 10


why they did not conduct any discovery during the four-month discovery period.

Moreover, the defendants never moved to reopen discovery in the district court

even after PNC attached White’s affidavit to its motion for summary judgment. As

such, the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to stay its ruling on

PNC’s summary judgment motion.

      AFFIRMED.




                                           10