Case: 14-12722   Date Filed: 08/31/2015   Page: 1 of 6


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 14-12722
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-20510-KMW-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

CLIFFORT VARISTE,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (August 31, 2015)

Before HULL, JULIE CARNES and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                Case: 14-12722       Date Filed: 08/31/2015       Page: 2 of 6


       Cliffort Variste appeals from his convictions and 75-month sentence for

access device fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(2), and aggravated identity

theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). Variste contends (1) the district

court abused its discretion by admitting IRS agent Karyn Calabrese’s testimony

about indicators of fraud on Variste’s tax returns as lay opinion testimony and (2)

the district court clearly erred by concluding Variste’s offense involved more than

fifty victims. As the parties are familiar with the facts, we weave them into the

discussion only as necessary. Upon review, we affirm.

1. Calabrese’s testimony

       Calabrese, a special agent with the IRS’s Criminal Investigations unit,

participated in the IRS’s investigation of Variste and reviewed the tax returns filed

under Variste’s electronic filer identification number (EFIN). 1 Calabrese prepared

a summary of some of the information from the returns and testified about several

indicators of fraud she noticed when reviewing them. The district court allowed

Calabrese’s testimony about these fraud indicators as lay opinion testimony under

Federal Rule of Evidence 701. On appeal, Variste argues the district court erred in

allowing Calabrese’s testimony as lay opinion testimony. Variste contends

Calabrese’s testimony was expert testimony and, as such, the district court should

have evaluated its admissibility under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and the

       1
         An EFIN is a number assigned by the IRS to a tax preparer that enables the tax preparer
to file multiple returns.
                                               2
                Case: 14-12722   Date Filed: 08/31/2015    Page: 3 of 6


factors set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 

(1993).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Calabrese’s

testimony about indicators of fraud on Variste’s tax returns as lay opinion

testimony under Rule 701. See United States v. Jayyousi, 

, 1102

(11th Cir. 2011) (“We review the district court’s ruling regarding the admissibility

of the agent’s lay testimony under Rule 701 for a clear abuse of discretion.”). Rule

701 allows a lay witness to offer opinion testimony if it is “(a) rationally based on

the witness’s perception; (b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s

testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and (c) not based on scientific,

technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.” See Fed.

R. Evid. 701.

      Calabrese’s testimony satisfied Rule 701’s requirements for lay opinion

testimony. First, her testimony was based on her personal review of the tax returns

filed under Variste’s EFIN. Second, her testimony about the fraud indicators

helped the jury better understand the significance of the commonalities in the tax

returns. Third, Calabrese’s testimony was not the type of specialized testimony

that needed to be admitted under Rule 702 because it was based on a summary of

documents related to the case, the jury could have reviewed the documents itself

and noticed the commonalities among the returns filed under Variste’s EFIN, and


                                          3
              Case: 14-12722     Date Filed: 08/31/2015   Page: 4 of 6


the opinions given by Calabrese related to the summary that she prepared. See

United States v. Hamaker, 

, 1331-32 (11th Cir. 2006) (concluding a

financial analyst from the Federal Bureau of Investigation gave lay testimony when

he summarized thousands of financial documents, compared time sheets to payroll

entries, and testified a fraud victim was billed for work that was performed for

someone else, because “while [the agent’s] expertise and the use of computer

software may have made him more efficient at reviewing [the company’s] records,

his review itself was within the capacity of any reasonable lay person”); see also

United States v. Hill, 

, 841 (11th Cir. 2011) (“Rule 701 does not

prohibit lay witnesses from testifying based on particularized knowledge gained

from their own personal experiences.”). Therefore, the district court did not abuse

its discretion by admitting Calabrese’s testimony as lay opinion testimony under

Rule 701.

2. Number of Victims

      Next, Variste contends the district court erred in applying a four-level

enhancement under United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.)

§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(B) because it found the offense involved more than 50 victims.

According to Variste, the actual number of victims was 44 because his family

members and friends who did not suffer losses and who voluntarily provided their

information to him do not qualify as victims within the meaning of the Guidelines.


                                          4
              Case: 14-12722     Date Filed: 08/31/2015    Page: 5 of 6


      The district court did not err, much less clearly err, in concluding Variste’s

offense involved more than 50 victims. See United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 1305 (11th Cir. 2013) (reviewing the district court’s calculation of the

number of victims for clear error). When calculating the number of victims for

fraud offenses involving the unlawful use of others’ means of identification, a

victim is either a person who suffered an actual loss from the offense or a person

“whose means of identification was used unlawfully or without authority.” United

States v. Baldwin, 

, 735 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1,

comment. (n. 4(E)). “The district court’s factual findings for purposes of

sentencing may be based on, among other things, evidence heard during trial,

undisputed statements in the PSI, or evidence presented during the sentencing

hearing.” United States v. Ndiaye, 

, 1300 (11th Cir. 2006)

(quotation omitted).

      Substantial evidence supported the district court’s conclusion that Variste

used means of identification from more than 50 victims without their authority. At

sentencing, Variste conceded that at least 43 of the 52 tax returns filed under his

EFIN were unauthorized returns. Additionally, Variste did not object to paragraph

13 of the PSI, which stated Variste filed at least 17 other fraudulent tax returns

under an unindicted co-conspirators EFIN. See United States v. Shelton, 

, 1330 (11th Cir. 2005) (unobjected-to-facts in PSI are deemed admitted).


                                          5
               Case: 14-12722     Date Filed: 08/31/2015    Page: 6 of 6


Furthermore, Variste did not object to Exhibit 30C, which contained e-mails from

his phone confirming that returns were sent under the co-conspirators EFIN.

Given the totality of the record, the district court did not error, clearly or otherwise,

in concluding there were more than 50 victims.

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM Variste’s convictions and sentence.




                                            6