Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                        Opinion filed December 13, 2017.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                                No. 3D17-705
                         Lower Tribunal No. 16-31886
                             ________________

                   The City of Miami Beach, Florida,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                  Florida Retail Federation, Inc., et al.,
                                    Appellees.

      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Peter R. Lopez,
Judge.

      Raul J. Aguila, City Attorney, and Donald M. Papy, Chief Deputy City
Attorney, and Robert F. Rosenwald, Jr., First Assistant City Attorney, for
appellant.

     Fisher & Phillips LLP, and Charles S. Caulkins, James C. Polkinghorn and
Candice Pinares-Baez (Fort Lauderdale); Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and
Amit Agarwal, Solicitor General, and Jonathan L. Williams, Deputy Solicitor
General (Tallahassee), for appellees.

     Ross & Girten, and Lauri Waldman Ross and Theresa L. Girten, for Talbot
“Sandy” D’Alemberte and other Legal Scholars as amicus curiae.

      Kozyak Tropin & Throckmorton LLP, and Corali Lopez-Castro; Craig E.
Leen, City Attorney for City of Coral Gables as amicus curiae.
     Entin & Della Fera, P.A., and Richard F. Della Fera and Alvin E. Entin (Fort
Lauderdale), for Main Street Alliance, as amicus curiae.

      Hunton & Williams LLP, and Michael J. Mueller, for The Academy of
Florida Management Attorneys, Inc., Associated Builders & Contractors, Inc. -
Florida East Coast Chapter, Associated Industries of Florida, and National
Federation of Independent Business, as amici curiae.


Before EMAS, SCALES and LINDSEY, JJ.

      SCALES, J.

      The City of Miami Beach (“City”), appellant and defendant below, appeals a

summary judgment in favor of Florida Retail Federation, Inc. and other plaintiffs1

(“Appellees”) that invalidated City’s minimum wage ordinance. We agree with the

trial court that section 218.077(2) of the Florida Statutes is a preemption statute

that expressly prohibits political subdivisions of the state from establishing a

minimum wage; and that Article X, Section 24 of the Florida Constitution,

approved by the voters in 2004, did not invalidate section 218.077’s preemption

provision.

      I.     Facts



1 In addition to Florida Retail Federation, the Appellees are Cefra, Inc., Florida
Chamber of Commerce, Inc., Gavin Shamrock, Inc., Start Again, Inc., and Florida
Restaurant and Lodging Association. Because the constitutionality of a state statute
is at issue in this case, the State of Florida intervened below, filed a response in
opposition to City’s motion for summary judgment, and filed a brief in this appeal
as an Appellee.

                                         2
      The relevant facts are not in dispute. In 2003, the Florida Legislature enacted

section 218.077 which established the federal minimum wage as the minimum

wage for the state of Florida. Subsection (2) of this statute preempted local

government ordinances that would seek to raise the minimum wage above the

federal wage amount.2

      The following year, in 2004, Florida’s voters passed a citizens’ initiative to

amend the Florida Constitution by adding Article X, Section 24 to it. This

amendment established a higher, statewide minimum wage than the federal

minimum wage. Included in this amendment was the following subsection (f):

      This Amendment provides for payment of a minimum wage and shall
      not be construed to preempt or otherwise limit the authority of the
      state legislature or any other public body to adopt or enforce any other
      law, regulation, requirement, policy or standard that provides for
      payment of higher or supplemental wages or benefits, or that extends
      such protections to employers or employees not covered by this
      amendment. (Emphasis added.)




2 Section 218.077(2) reads, in its entirety, as follows: “Except as otherwise
provided in subsection (3), a political subdivision may not establish, mandate, or
otherwise require an employer to pay a minimum wage, other than a state or
federal minimum wage, to apply a state or federal minimum wage to wages exempt
from a state or federal minimum wage, or to provide employment benefits not
otherwise required by state or federal law.” Subsection (3)(a)1-3 excepts from
subsection (2)’s preemption certain specified situations and authorizes local
governments to establish a minimum wage other than a state or federal minimum
wage for: the local government’s employees, employees of contractors, and
employees of an employer receiving a tax abatement or a subsidy from the local
government. These exceptions are not implicated in this appeal.

                                         3
      Notwithstanding section 218.077(2)’s express restriction, City construed this

provision in the amendment as granting it authority to enact a minimum wage

higher than the one authorized by Article X, Section 24. Thus, in 2016, City

enacted into its code of ordinances “Article XVII - City Minimum Living Wage.”

City’s ordinance requires every employer subject to City’s business tax receipt

requirement to pay its workers City’s minimum wage if those workers are

otherwise covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act.

      In December of 2016, Appellees filed a two-count complaint against City

seeking to invalidate City’s minimum wage ordinance.3 The parties filed cross

motions for summary judgment and, on March 27, 2017, the trial court entered a

final summary judgment for Appellees.4 City timely appealed the trial court’s

summary judgment.

      II.   Analysis5

      City’s principal argument is that the trial court erred by not concluding that

the 2004 amendment to the Florida Constitution, which added Article X, Section

3 Count one of the complaint sought a declaration that the ordinance was invalid
because it was preempted by Section 218.077 of the Florida Statutes, and Count
two sought injunctive relief based upon the same claim.
4 Appellees voluntarily dismissed their injunctive relief claim below pending the
result of this appeal.
5 The trial court’s summary judgment is based on an interpretation of a
constitutional provision. Therefore, our review is de novo. Benjamin v. Tandem
Healthcare, Inc., 

, 570 (Fla. 2008).

                                         4
24, including subsection (f), nullified the preemption provision of section 218.077.

City argues that the 2004 amendment was in “direct response” to the Legislature’s

enactment of section 218.077 in 2003, and the trial court also erred by failing to

give effect to the circumstances surrounding the adoption of this constitutional

provision. Conversely, Appellees argue that the plain language of the constitutional

amendment does not affect the Legislature’s express constitutional authority to

preempt, by law, municipal powers.

        As the trial court did, we focus on the text of the relevant constitutional

provisions, construing their meaning in the same manner as we would construe a

statute. Graham v. Haridopolous, 

, 603 (Fla. 2013). If the language

of a constitutional amendment is clear and unambiguous, then we must enforce it

as written. 

constitutional amendment is a product of a citizens’

initiative approved by Florida voters pursuant to Article XI, section 3 of the

Florida Constitution. As such, its explanatory history is limited, which can

complicate a court’s effort to determine the intent of the formulators of the

proposed amendment and the voters who encountered it in stark print in voting

booths. See 

; Zingale v. Powell, 

, 282

(Fla. 2004). There is, however, no better perspective on intent than from an explicit

text.




                                         5
      Further, when we examine City’s argument that Article X, Section 24(f)

nullifies the statute’s preemption provision, we must observe that the statute itself

enjoys a presumption of correctness. Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v. Am. Bus. USA

Corp., 

, 911 (Fla. 2016) (explaining that “in all constitutional

challenges,” statutes enjoy a “presumption of correctness and all reasonable doubts

are to be resolved in favor of constitutionality”). Indeed, it is without dispute that

Article VIII, Section 2(b) of the Florida Constitution6 authorizes the Legislature to

preempt municipal powers. Masone v. City of Aventura, 

, 495 (Fla.

2014) (“[M]unicipal ordinances must yield to state statutes.”); and further, that the

Legislature’s enactment of section 218.077 was within the Legislature’s

constitutional authority.

      In this case, it is clear that the relevant provision of the amendment contains

no language expressly nullifying or limiting the statute’s preemption provision.

Rather, the relevant provision of the amendment states that the amendment both

“provides for payment of a minimum wage” and “shall not be construed to

preempt or otherwise limit the authority of the state legislature or any other public

body” to adopt a higher minimum wage. Art. X, § 24(f), Fla. Const. Thus, a plain

reading of the text of section 24(f) tells us that this constitutional provision (i) does


6Article VIII, Section 2(b) reads, in relevant part: “Municipalities . . . may exercise
any power for municipal purposes except as otherwise provided by law.”
(Emphasis added.)

                                           6
not directly preempt City’s higher minimum wage, but also (ii) does not nullify or

limit the effectiveness of section 218.077(2), in which the Legislature, through its

power to preempt municipal regulation via statute,7 sought to prohibit political

subdivisions from establishing their own minimum wage.

       Certainly, had the drafters of Article X, Section 24 wanted to restrict the

Legislature’s ability to prohibit a municipality from adopting its own minimum

wage ordinance, they could have employed clear and direct language to achieve

that purpose. For whatever reason, the drafters of the provision chose not to

incorporate such language in the text of the amendment and we decline City’s

invitation to do so by judicial fiat.

       We conclude that the 2004 constitutional amendment did not nullify the

State’s wage preemption statute, which indeed does prohibit local minimum wage

ordinances such as the one enacted by City in 2016. Further, we reject the City’s

argument that the 2003 statute and the 2004 constitutional amendment cannot be

read in harmony. As we have explained, Article X, Section 24 and Florida Statutes

section 218.077 can stand together without one toppling the other.

       III.   Conclusion



7 Although compelling in their concern that preemption statutes such as section
218.077 are eroding local government home rule, the two amicus curiae briefs
essentially pose political issues to this Court, which are outside of this Court’s
purview.

                                         7
      Because section 218.077(2) of the Florida Statutes prevents a municipality

from adopting its own minimum wage, and the 2004 amendment to the Florida

Constitution does not nullify or limit this statute, we affirm the trial court’s

summary judgment invalidating City’s 2016 minimum wage ordinance.

      Affirmed.




                                       8