DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                           SAMUEL RANDALL,
                              Appellant,

                                     v.

                          STATE OF FLORIDA,
                               Appellee.

                              No. 4D17-2012

                           [February 13, 2019]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Dennis D. Bailey, Judge; L.T. Case No. 15-11948CF10A.

  Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Jeffrey L. Anderson, Assistant
Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

   Ashley B. Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Deborah Koenig,
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.

WARNER, J.

   Appellant challenges his conviction as a principal for manslaughter
with a deadly weapon. He contends that the trial court erred in denying
his motion for judgment of acquittal when the State failed to prove that he
intended the crime to be committed or that he did any act to assist in the
crime. We agree and reverse the conviction and sentence.

   At trial, the State presented evidence that in the early morning hours
on May 17, 2015, a witness found the victim bleeding profusely behind a
building close to the bus station in Fort Lauderdale. The victim died of his
wound. No physical evidence implicating any person was recovered from
the scene.

   Officers handed out flyers with the victim’s picture asking for
information. A woman, Michelle, informed the police of her interaction
with the victim.
   Michelle was at the bus station on the evening before the crime,
ingesting drugs and looking for more drugs. “Taz,” a drug dealer she knew,
was there. He told her that there was a guy looking for a girl, and the guy
would pay. Taz then introduced her to the victim. Michelle and the victim
agreed that the victim would buy her drugs and something to eat in
exchange for sex. The victim purchased the drugs from Taz and took
Michelle to get something to eat. Then the two went down an alleyway,
and she found a cardboard box to lie on. She began rolling a cigarette,
and the victim began grabbing her and demanding that she hurry up. She
started to walk towards the bus terminal to look for a condom, and the
victim yelled at her and demanded the drugs back if she would not have
sex with him. This disturbed Michelle.

   At the terminal, Taz asked her why she was shaken up, and she told
him that the victim grabbed her and she didn’t feel safe. Taz asked the
defendant, Samuel Randall, who was an acquaintance of both Taz and
Michelle, to walk with him to the alley to talk to the victim and to tell him
not to be so rough with Michelle. She was going to do what she had agreed
to do, but he should not be so rough with her. Michelle denied that there
was any discussion of robbing the victim.

   Taz and Randall went back down the alley to confront the victim.
Michelle smoked some more drugs and left the area after a while when no
one returned. She did not go back and have sex with the victim.

    The police conducted two interviews of Randall, which the jury heard.
In his first statement, Randall said that he was at the bus terminal when
Taz called to him and told him to come with him. Michelle had said that
the victim had put his hands on her and taken her money. They walked
to the area where she had been. The victim approached Randall and Taz.
Taz hit the victim, and then the victim swung at Randall, who hit the victim
back. Then Taz cut the victim with a knife. Randall told police, “all of a
sudden, I seen blood, and a lot of it and the dude fell back” and hit the fire
hydrant. He described the knife that Taz had. He denied that he stabbed
the victim.

   Police took a second statement from Randall. This time Randall said
that he went with Taz to confront the victim about putting his hands on
Michelle and taking her money. Taz asked the victim where the money
was that he took from Michelle. The victim said she was lying. Taz “got
up on him,” meaning that Taz hit the victim. Randall said that they “went
to tussling” and throwing hands. The victim swung at Randall, and
Randall hit the victim back. Then the victim swung at Taz, and Taz hit


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him back. At that point, Randall saw Taz pull a knife and cut the victim.
Randall said that he panicked and ran back to the terminal. Randall saw
his cousin and went to his cousin’s house.

   The State proceeded on the theory that Randall was a principal to
manslaughter. The defense moved for a judgment of acquittal on the
grounds that the State had offered no evidence either that Randall had
intended the crime be committed or that he had done any act to assist Taz
in its commission. The trial court denied the motion, and the jury
convicted Randall of manslaughter. This appeal follows.

    A motion for judgment of acquittal is reviewed de novo. Pagan v. State,

, 803 (Fla. 2002); Hobart v. State, 

, 199 (Fla.
2015). On motion for judgment of acquittal, the court must determine
whether there is competent substantial evidence to support a conviction.
The State has the burden of proving by competent substantial evidence
the elements of the offense. Butler v. State, 

, 340-41 (Fla.
4th DCA 1998). In moving for a judgment of acquittal, the defendant
admits all facts adduced and every conclusion favorable to the State that
a jury may reasonably infer from the evidence, but if the State fails to prove
each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, then it has not
presented a prima facie case. Fitzpatrick v. State, 

, 507
(Fla. 2005); see Beasley v. State, 

, 657, 659 (Fla. 2000).

   In its case against appellant, the State charged him with manslaughter
as a principal. In order to convict him as a principal to the manslaughter,
the State had to prove two elements: 1) that the defendant had the
conscious intent that the crime be committed; and 2) that the defendant
did “some act to assist the other person in actually committing the crime.”
Staten v. State, 

, 624 (Fla. 1988). Randall argues that
merely having knowledge that Taz was committing the crime and mere
presence at the scene are insufficient to establish participation. See
Messer v. State, 

, 529 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (noting that mere
knowledge that an offense is being committed is not the same as
participation with criminal intent, and mere presence at the scene is not
sufficient to establish participation).

    The State failed to prove either element to convict Randall as a principal
to the crime. There was no evidence that Randall and Taz had the intent
to commit any crime when they confronted the victim in the alley. The
only evidence showed that they were simply trying to protect Michelle.
Although the State argued that Taz and Randall were going to commit a
robbery, there was no proof to support that theory. Neither Michelle nor


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Randall testified that any robbery was discussed.        Both Michelle’s
testimony and Randall’s statements concurred that Taz and Randall were
only going to confront the victim about grabbing Michelle and taking her
money.

    While the State did present proof that the victim had money on him
earlier in the evening, and his wallet and money were missing when he
was found the next morning, there is no evidence that either Randall or
Taz took the wallet. The State improperly relies on multiple stacked
inferences to make its case. See Rocker v. State, 

, 904-05,
908 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (holding that to reach the conclusion that the
evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction as a
principal, the jury would have to impermissibly stack inferences); Kennedy
v. State, 

, 423 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001) (quoting another source)
(“An impermissible pyramiding of inferences occurs where at least two
inferences in regard to the existence of a criminal act must be drawn from
the evidence and then stacked to prove the crime charged; in that scenario,
it is said that the evidence lacks the conclusive nature to support a
conviction”). The State inferred that the victim was robbed because he
was found with no money late at night, and he previously had money
earlier in the evening. The State then stacked a second inference that Taz
and Randall intended to rob the victim when they confronted him. But
other inferences can be drawn from the facts. There was evidence that the
victim was drinking and had purchased drugs, so he may have spent his
money before he went into the alley. Another equally likely inference is
that someone other than Taz took the money, as the victim was not found
until hours after the incident. There was no evidence to support the State’s
inferences. The only direct evidence was Michelle’s testimony that they
had no discussion of robbing the victim. Based upon these multiple
inferences, the State’s evidence was insufficient to show that Randall had
any intent to commit a crime.

    The State’s evidence that Randall committed any act to assist in the
crime is also lacking. The State had to prove that Randall intended that
an act constituting culpable negligence be committed and that he did some
act to assist in that crime, not that Randall intended that the victim be
stabbed. “Culpable negligence is consciously doing an act or following a
course of conduct that the defendant must have known, or reasonably
should have known, was likely to cause death or great bodily injury.” Fla.
Std. Jury Inst. (Crim.) 7.7.       The only evidence was that Randall
accompanied Taz to tell the victim not to rough up Michelle. There is
nothing to show that Randall should reasonably have known that this was
likely to cause death or great bodily harm. And although the State asserts


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that “[t]here is ample evidence to show that [Randall] took actions to aid
Taz when he went with him to confront the victim and punched the victim,”
the evidence did not show that he was aiding Taz in the manslaughter or
in robbing the victim. The only evidence of what occurred came from
Randall’s statements. Randall recited that Taz and the victim began to
tussle, and the victim swung at Randall. He told the police that he hit the
victim only after the victim swung at him. The victim also swung at Taz,
which is when Taz pulled his knife and cut the victim.

   This case is similar to Hedgeman v. State, 

(Fla. 2d DCA
1995). There, the victim owed Hedgeman ten dollars. 

There had
been two altercations between the victim and Hedgeman involving this
debt in which Hedgeman, Daniel White, and another person were involved.

night of the murder, the victim had gone to a neighbor’s
apartment. 

and two other males also had gone
there. 

the victim. 

conflicting testimony as
to whether Hedgeman had been in the apartment during the shooting, but
after the shooting, Hedgeman had kicked the dying victim. 

convicted of second degree murder. 

the Second District
reversed, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he
was a principal to the crime. 

to convict him as a principal,
the State had to prove that he “intended the crime be committed and did
some act to assist the other person in actually committing the crime.” 

no evidence that Hedgeman fired the gun or that he knew that
White intended to kill the victim. 

no evidence that White
planned to kill the victim and that Hedgemen knew of his plans. 

was conflicting evidence on whether Hedgeman was in
the room when the shots were fired. 

“was no evidence that
Hedgeman took any action prior to or during the shooting to aid,
encourage, or participate in White’s act of shooting the victim.” 

act of kicking the victim did not contribute to the cause of
death. 

this case, there is no evidence that Randall intended or
knew that Taz intended to commit any crime or to involve himself in an
altercation of any kind. There is no evidence that Taz was intending to cut
the victim with his knife before the victim attempted to hit him. In short,
there is no evidence that Randall stabbed the victim, that he knew Taz was
going to stab the victim, or that he intended Taz to stab the victim.

   Because the State failed to prove that Randall was a principal to the
crime of manslaughter, the trial court erred in denying the motion for
judgment of acquittal. We thus reverse, direct that the conviction and


                                    5
sentence be vacated, and that a judgment of acquittal be entered and
defendant be discharged.

  Reversed and conviction and sentence vacated.

DAMOORGIAN and KUNTZ, JJ., concur.

                         *        *        *

  Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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