UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                       Before
                        CAMPANELLA, HERRING, and PENLAND
                              Appellate Military Judges

                            UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                        v.
                        Private E2 THOMAS J. WATFORD
                          United States Army, Appellant

                                   ARMY 20150549

                            Headquarters, Fort Stewart
              John T. Rothwell and John S. T. Irgens, Military Judges
             Colonel Peter R. Hayden, Staff Judge Advocate (pretrial)
        Major Mark D. Nee, Acting Staff Judge Advocate (recommendation)
      Lieutenant Colonel Brian J. Chapuran, Staff Judge Advocate (addendum)

For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel Melissa R. Covolesky, JA; Major Andres Vazquez,
Jr., JA (on brief and brief in response to specified issue); Major Christopher Coleman,
JA; Captain Patrick J. Scudieri, JA (on reply to brief in response to specified issue).

For Appellee: Colonel Mark H. Sydenham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel A.G. Courie III,
JA; Major Michael E. Korte, JA (on brief and brief in response to specified issue).

                                    30 January 2017

                              ----------------------------------
                               SUMMARY DISPOSITION
                              ----------------------------------

PENLAND, Judge:

       Adhering to well-established notice pleading requirements, we affirm, inter
alia, appellant’s conviction for enticing a minor to transmit visual depictions of
herself engaged in sexually explicit conduct, in violation of Title 18, United States
Code, § 2551(a) (Sexual Expoitation of Children), though the government
unintentionally alleged this misconduct violated § 2551A (Selling or Buying of
Children) of the same title.

      A military judge sitting as a general court martial convicted appellant,
pursuant to his pleas, of one specification of receiving child pornography and one
WATFORD—20150549

specification of sexual exploitation of a minor, 1 in violation of Article 134 of the
Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 934 [hereinafter UCMJ]. The
convening authority approved the adjudged sentence of a bad-conduct discharge,
confinement for twelve months, total forfeitures, and reduction to the grade of E-1.
In accordance with the military judge’s decision regarding Article 13, UCMJ,
punishment in the case, the convening authority credited appellant with thirty days
against the sentence to confinement.

      We review this case under Article 66, UCMJ. Appellant assigns one error,
unreasonable multiplication of charges, which merits neither discussion nor relief.
See United States v. Schweitzer, 

, 136 (C.A.A.F. 2009). We have
considered appellant’s submissions pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982); beyond his complaint regarding the incorrect codal reference,
they merit neither discussion nor relief.

      In his initial brief, appellate defense counsel wrote in a footnote:

             The government charged PV2 Watford with enticing a
             minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the
             purpose of producing a visual image, in violation of 18
             U.S.C. § 2251A, however, that statute prohibits the selling
             or buying of children for sexual exploitation. The statute
             that should have been charged is 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a).

       This footnote was correct, but the specification’s error prompted us to specify
an issue:

             WHETHER SPECIFICATION 2 OF THE CHARGE FAILS
             TO STATE AN OFFENSE, WHERE 18 U.S.C. § 2251A
             (SELLING OR BUYING OF CHILDREN) DOES NOT
             CRIMINALIZE THE CHARGED MISCONDUCT. 2




1
  This specification was tried as a clause three offense under Article 134, UCMJ;
however, it incorrectly cited 18 U.S.C. § 2551A as the relevant federal criminal
statute.
2
  Specification 2 of The Charge alleged appellant did “entice or persuade Ms. [MD],
a minor, to engage in sexually explicit conduct with the intent that such minor
engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing visual depiction of
such conduct, to wit: two digital photographs in violation of 18 U.S.C. Section
2251 A.”



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WATFORD—20150549

       To summarize the parties’ responses, on one hand, appellant now contends the
specification’s incorrect statutory citation renders it fatally defective; on the other
hand, the government characterizes the issue as a “scrivener’s error” and emphasizes
appellant and his counsel clearly understood he was pleading guilty to, inter alia,
violating 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) and, thereby, Article 134, UCMJ.

      In resolving this problem, we need not craft a new “scrivener’s error”
exception to the fundamental requirement that the government’s charging instrument
must state an offense. We are, however, persuaded by the government’s reliance on
United States v. Sell, 3 U.S.C.M.A. 202, 206, 

, 206 (1953):

             The rigor of old common-law rules of criminal pleading
             has yielded, in modern practice, to the general principle
             that formal defects, not prejudicial, will be disregarded.
             The true test of the sufficiency of an indictment is not
             whether it could have been made more definite and
             certain, but whether it contains the elements of the offense
             intended to be charged, and sufficiently apprises the
             defendant of what he must be prepared to meet; and, in
             case any other proceedings are taken against him for a
             similar offense, whether the record shows with accuracy to
             what extent he may plead a former acquittal or conviction.

       Given this fundmental principle, we resolve the specified issue against
appellant. While it cited the incorrect statute, the disputed specification alleged,
expressly or by necessary implication, each element necessary to state an offense
under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). At arraignment, government counsel described the
specification as “enticing or persuading a minor to engage in sexually explicit
conduct, in violation of 18 United States Code, Section 2251(a).” 3 The stipulation
of fact associated with the pretrial agreement listed the elements applicable to 18
U.S.C. § 2251(a). The inquiry pursuant to United States v. Care, 18 U.S.C.M.A.
535, 541, 

, 253 (1969), focused on the correct elements as well.
Notwithstanding the specification’s inexactitude, the record contains no reason to
doubt either the government’s intent to charge appellant under 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a)
or appellant’s knowing, voluntary, and intelligent guilty plea thereto.

       As to Specification 2 of The Charge, we AFFIRM so much of the finding of
guilty as provides appellant:

             Did, at or near Fort Stewart, Georgia, on or about 20
             February 2014, entice or persuade Ms. [MD], a minor, to


3
  The parties’ and military judges’ post-trial errata took no exception to this
statutory citation.


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WATFORD—20150549

          engage in sexually explicit conduct with the intent that
          such minor engage in sexually explicit conduct for the
          purpose of producing visual depiction of such conduct, to
          wit: two digital photographs in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
          2251(a).

    The remaining findings of guilty and the sentence are AFFIRMED.

    Senior Judge CAMPANELLA and Judge HERRING concur.

                                    FOR
                                     FOR THE
                                         THE COURT:
                                             COURT:




                                    MALCOLM H.
                                    MALCOLM       H. SQUIRES
                                                      SQUIRES,JR.
                                                               JR.
                                    Clerk of
                                    Clerk  of Court
                                              Court




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