UNITED STATES TAX COURT



              STEVEN YARI, Petitioner v.
    COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



Docket No. 13925-12L.                        Filed September 15, 2014.



       R assessed a penalty under I.R.C. sec. 6707A. R issued a
notice of intent to levy to collect this penalty. P requested a
collection due process hearing, challenging the collection action.
While the hearing was pending Congress retroactively changed the
manner in which I.R.C. sec. 6707A penalties are calculated. P
requested that R recalculate the penalty using the amount of tax
shown on subsequent amended returns. R decided the penalty should
not be changed, and P appealed this decision. The IRS Appeals
Office agreed that the penalty amount should not be changed, and R
issued a notice of determination sustaining the collection action. P
believes that the appropriate penalty calculation should use the actual
tax due, not the tax shown on the return on which he was obliged but
failed to disclose the reportable transaction. P seeks to change the
penalty from the current amount assessed, $100,000, to the minimum
under the statute, $5,000.

      Held: We have jurisdiction to consider the penalty.
                                          -2-

            Held, further, the penalty is calculated by reference to the
      amount of tax shown on the return with respect to which the taxpayer
      had a disclosure obligation.



      Steven R. Mather, for petitioner.

      Michael W. Tan, for respondent.



                                      OPINION


      WHERRY, Judge: This case is before us on a petition for review of a

Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Action(s) Under Section 6320

and/or 6330 (notice of determination) sustaining a notice of intent to levy with

respect to a penalty assessed for the 2004 tax year.1 The case presents an issue of

first impression as to whether section 6707A requires respondent to use the tax

shown on the return giving rise to the disclosure obligation or whether respondent

must use the tax as shown on subsequent, amended returns. We hold that

respondent may calculate the amount of the penalty using the tax shown on the

return giving rise to the violation of the disclosure obligation.


      1
      All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) of 1986, as
amended and in effect during the relevant period, and all Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, unless otherwise indicated.
                                        -3-

                                    Background

      This case was submitted fully stipulated pursuant to Rule 122. The parties’

stipulation of settled issues and stipulation of facts, with accompanying exhibits,

are incorporated herein by this reference. At the time he filed his petition,

petitioner resided in California.

      Petitioner formed Topaz Global Holdings, LLC (Topaz Global), on

December 22, 2000. Under the regulations, Topaz Global was a disregarded entity

for Federal income tax purposes. See sec. 301.7701-3, Proced. & Admin. Regs.

On December 23, 2002, petitioner formed Faryar, Inc., a Nevada corporation,

which elected to be treated as an S corporation for Federal income tax purposes.

Faryar entered into agreements with Topaz Global and other companies to provide

management services. We refer to Faryar’s relationship with these companies as

the management fee transaction.

      In 2002 petitioner opened a Roth individual retirement account (Roth IRA)

with an initial contribution of $3,000. The Roth IRA acquired all of the Faryar

stock for $3,000, making the Roth IRA the sole shareholder of the S corporation.2


      2
       Such a structure does not work for Federal income tax purposes because a
Roth IRA generally cannot be an eligible shareholder of an S corporation. Taproot
Admin. Servs., Inc. v. Commissioner, 

, 215 (2009), aff’d, 

(9th Cir. 2012).
                                        -4-

For the 2002 through 2007 tax years Faryar reported a total net income of

$1,221,778 in management fees and interest income less deductions. Because

Faryar was an S corporation, this income was not taxed at the corporate level, and

because the shareholder was a nontaxable entity, the income was not taxed at the

shareholder level. The practical effect of this transaction was twofold: it allowed

petitioner to effectively exceed the Roth IRA contribution limits and decreased the

amount of income petitioner otherwise would have reported from Topaz Global

because Topaz Global deducted the amounts paid to Faryar as management fees.

      The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has identified transactions such as the

one petitioner engaged in as abusive Roth IRA transactions. Notice 2004-8, 2004-

1 C.B. 333. The IRS has also identified these transactions as listed transactions,

potentially subjecting taxpayers who did not disclose participation in these

transactions on their Federal income tax returns to penalties.

      Petitioner and his wife signed and apparently filed a joint 2004 Federal

income tax return on October 17, 2005. This return did not disclose petitioner’s

participation in the Roth IRA transaction. Respondent audited petitioner’s returns

for 2002 and 2003 and, following his marriage in 2004, petitioner and his wife’s

returns for 2004 through 2007 and issued notices of deficiency to petitioner for his

2002 and 2003 tax years and to petitioner and his wife for the 2004 through 2007
                                        -5-

tax years. In these notices respondent determined that the management fee

transactions were not valid business transactions and should result in an excise tax

under section 4973. With respect to the 2004 tax year respondent determined that

petitioner and his wife should have included in income $482,912 from the

management fee transaction. According to respondent’s calculations, this

inclusion, along with corresponding computational adjustments, increased

petitioner and his wife’s tax liability by $135,215.

      Petitioner, his wife, and respondent settled these deficiency cases and

entered into a closing agreement in 2011. The closing agreement required

petitioner to include in his income certain amounts for each of the tax years and

provided that petitioner and his wife were not liable for the section 4973 excise

tax. The Court entered stipulated decisions in the deficiency cases that reflected

the parties’ closing agreement.

      During the course of the audit petitioner determined that he had made a

substantial error on his 2004 tax return because he incorrectly transferred

information from a Schedule K-1, Partner’s Share of Income, Deductions, Credits,

etc., to that return. Petitioner and his wife prepared an amended return (first

amended return) including $51 of taxable interest, $482,912 of income as

determined by respondent, deductions of $1,270,448 claimed on Schedule E,
                                         -6-

Supplemental Income and Loss, and $23,625 in itemized deductions. The first

amended return resulted in a negative taxable income.

      Petitioner and his wife filed a second amended return for the 2004 tax year

during the pendency of the deficiency cases. This second amended return claimed

a net operating loss carryback from the 2008 tax year of $2,856,026. On both

amended returns petitioner and his wife reported the $482,912 from the

management fee transaction as income. The stipulated decision entered by the

Court for the 2004 tax year reflected the adjustments made in the first and second

amended 2004 tax returns.

      Respondent also assessed a section 6707A penalty of $100,000 for the 2004

tax year based on his belief that petitioner had failed to disclose his participation

in a transaction identified in Notice 

, as a listed transaction.

Respondent assessed this penalty on September 11, 2008.

      Respondent sent petitioner a final notice of intent to levy on February 9,

2009. Petitioner timely requested a collection due process (CDP) hearing. During

the pendency of the hearing on September 27, 2010, Congress amended section

6707A to change the method of calculating the penalty. Small Business Jobs Act

of 2010 (SBJA), Pub. L. No. 111-240, sec. 2041(a), 124 Stat. at 2560. This

change was effective retroactively for penalties assessed after December 31, 2006,
                                         -7-

and therefore the CDP hearing was suspended in October 2010 so

respondent could reconsider the calculation of the penalty.3 Respondent’s revenue

agent declined to change the penalty, and petitioner requested review by the IRS

Appeals Office (Appeals), which also declined to modify the penalty. Petitioner

did not request any collection alternatives during the CDP hearing, and counsel for

petitioner requested that the settlement officer issue a notice of determination.

Consequently, the settlement officer complied and issued the notice of

determination sustaining the collection action.

      Petitioner concedes that the Roth IRA transactions he engaged in were listed

transactions under Notice 

, for the purposes of the section 6707A

penalty. He admits that he is liable for a penalty but challenges the calculation of

the penalty.

                                     Discussion

I.    Jurisdiction

      The parties assume we have jurisdiction over the penalty issue in this case.

But the Court has an independent obligation to determine whether it has

jurisdiction over a case, and the parties cannot simply stipulate jurisdiction or

      3
       The parties scarcely mention, much less substantively discuss, this
midhearing “time-out” and apparent referral to the IRS examination function. We
therefore will not further comment on these events.
                                        -8-

waive jurisdictional defects. Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 

, 514 (2006);

Charlotte’s Office Boutique, Inc. v. Commissioner, 

, 102 (2003), aff’d,

(9th Cir. 2005). Therefore, we begin our analysis with the

jurisdictional question.

      The Tax Court is a court of limited jurisdiction and may exercise

jurisdiction only to the extent authorized by Congress. Adkison v. Commissioner,

, 1052 (9th Cir. 2010), aff’g on other grounds 

(2007).

But, we “have jurisdiction to determine whether we have jurisdiction.” Smith v.

Commissioner, 

, 426 (2009). In Smith we also held that we did not

have jurisdiction to redetermine section 6707A penalties in a petition for

redetermination of a deficiency notice. 

Because the section 6707A

penalty did not fit the statutory definition of a deficiency and because the

Commissioner could assess and collect the penalty without issuing a statutory

notice of deficiency, we lacked deficiency jurisdiction to redetermine the penalty.

We noted, however, that “we would presumably have jurisdiction to

redetermine a liability challenge asserted by * * * [the taxpayers] in a collection

due process hearing.” 

n.6. We now turn presumption into conviction

and aver our jurisdiction.
                                            -9-

      We begin by noting that section 6707A allows a taxpayer to request the

Commissioner to rescind all or part of the penalty that is imposed because of a

violation with respect to a reportable transaction other than a listed transaction if

rescission would promote compliance with the Code and effective tax

administration. Sec. 6707A(d)(1). Congress explicitly denied taxpayers the

ability to seek judicial review of the Commissioner’s rescission decision. Sec.

6707A(d)(2). The provision prohibiting judicial review applies only to

subsection (d) of section 6707A and does not otherwise preclude our jurisdiction

to review this penalty under section 6330. See H.R. Rept. No. 108-548 (Part 1), at

262 n.233 (2004) (stating that this provision contained in the American Jobs

Creation Act of 2004 (AJCA), Pub. L. No. 108-357, 118 Stat. 1418, “does not

limit the ability of a taxpayer to challenge whether a penalty is appropriate (e.g., a

taxpayer may litigate the issue of whether a transaction is a reportable transaction

(and thus subject to the penalty if not disclosed) or not a reportable transaction

(and thus not subject to the penalty))”).

      Section 6330(d)(1) as amended by the Pension Protection Act of 2006, Pub.

L. No. 109-280, sec. 855(a), 120 Stat. at 1019, expanded the Court’s review of

collection actions to include collection actions where the underlying tax liability

consists of penalties not reviewable in a deficiency action. See Williams v.
                                         - 10 -

Commissioner, 

, 58 n.4 (2008); Callahan v. Commissioner, 

, 48 (2008). In a CDP hearing a taxpayer may challenge “the existence or

amount of the underlying tax liability for any tax period if the person did not

receive any statutory notice of deficiency for such tax liability or did not otherwise

have an opportunity to dispute such tax liability.” Sec. 6330(c)(2)(B). In his

hearing petitioner challenged the amount of the underlying tax liability that

resulted from the section 6707A penalty. See Callahan v. 

(“We have interpreted the phrase ‘underlying tax liability’ as including any

amounts a taxpayer owes pursuant to the tax laws that are the subject of the

Commissioner’s collection activities.”). Petitioner has not had an opportunity to

dispute the amount of the penalty, and consequently, we have jurisdiction to

redetermine the amount of the penalty.

II.   Standard of Review

      Ordinarily, our review of the determinations in a CDP hearing is for abuse

of discretion. Sego v. Commissioner, 

, 610 (2000); Goza v.

Commissioner, 

, 181-182 (2000). But when the underlying tax

liability is properly at issue, we review the determination de novo. Sego v.

Commissioner, 

; Goza v. Commissioner, 

.
                                         - 11 -

Petitioner challenges respondent’s determination as to the amount of the penalty,

and thus, we review that determination de novo.

III.   6707A Penalty

       Section 6707A(a) imposes a penalty on “[a]ny person who fails to include

on any return or statement any information with respect to a reportable transaction

which is required under section 6011 to be included with such return or

statement”. The amount of the penalty before the SBJA depended on whether the

transaction was a reportable transaction or a listed transaction. Sec. 6707A(b)

(2006), amended by SBJA sec. 2041(a). For reportable transactions other than

listed transactions, it was $10,000 for natural persons and $50,000 for others, and

for listed transactions, it was $100,000 for natural persons and $200,000 for

others. 

applied regardless of whether the listed or reportable

transaction is respected for Federal income tax purposes. Petitioner concedes he

engaged in a listed transaction and that he failed to properly disclose his

participation.

       The penalty for failing to disclose a listed transaction on a return after

enactment of the SBJA is “75 percent of the decrease in tax shown on the return as

a result of such transaction (or which would have resulted from such transaction if

such transaction were respected for Federal [income] tax purposes).” Sec.
                                        - 12 -

6707A(b)(1). In the case of individuals, the statute prescribes minimum and

maximum penalties for failing to disclose a listed transaction of $5,000 and

$100,000, respectively. Sec. 6707A(b)(2) and (3). The parties disagree as to what

return and what amount of tax we should use in calculating the tax. Petitioner

urges us to use the amended returns to determine the decrease in tax, and

respondent says we must look to the original return. These disparate positions

stem from a fundamental disagreement as to what the phrase “decrease in tax

shown on the return as a result of the transaction” means. To resolve this dispute,

we must examine and interpret the statute.4

      The starting point for interpreting a statute is its plain and ordinary meaning

unless such an interpretation “would produce absurd or unreasonable results”.

Union Carbide Corp. v. Commissioner, 

, 384 (1998). Undefined

words take their “ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.” Hewlett-Packard

Co. & Consol. Subs. v. Commissioner, 

, 264 (2012). We interpret

statutes “‘in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory


      4
        The regulations are of no help here, as they merely parrot the statutory
language. Sec. 301.6707A-1(a), Proced. & Admin. Regs. The IRS released these
final regulations in 2011 with the explicit proviso that the regulations “do not give
further guidance on how the amount of the penalty is computed” and stated that it
intended to “provide guidance” at a “later time.” T.D. 9550, 2011-47 I.R.B. 785,
786.
                                         - 13 -

scheme.’” FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 

, 133

(2000) (quoting Davis v. Mich. Dep’t of Treasury, 

, 809 (1989)).

Where the statute is clear and unambiguous, we need not resort to other tools of

statutory interpretation. BedRoc Ltd., LLC v. United States, 

, 183

(2004). If the statute is silent or ambiguous, we may employ “‘traditional tools of

statutory construction’”, United States v. Home Concrete & Supply, LLC, 566

U.S. ___, ___, 

, 1844 (2012) (quoting Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v.

Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 

, 843 n.9 (1984)), including

legislative history, to ascertain congressional intent, Burlington N. R.R. Co. v.

Okla. Tax Comm’n, 

, 461 (1987); Intermountain Ins. Serv. of Vail,

LLC v. Commissioner, 

, 222-223 (2010), rev’d, 

(D.C.

Cir. 2011), vacated and remanded, 566 U.S. ___, 

(2012).

      Petitioner urges us to interpret the statute as calculating the penalty using

the tax savings produced by the listed transactions. He says we should ignore the

tax reported on the return with respect to which he was required to report the listed

transaction. Instead, petitioner asks us to focus on the returns prepared years after

the reporting obligation arose. He urges us to look at the plain language of the

statute, its place in the statutory scheme, and to the legislative history.

Respondent, on the other hand, says that the plain meaning of the statute does not
                                        - 14 -

support petitioner’s position and urges us to compute the tax with reference only

to the tax shown on the original tax return. In his view, we disregard the returns

prepared during the audit, the mistakes on the prior return, and the correct tax

owed by petitioner when calculating the penalty. To be clear about the stakes, if

we adopt petitioner’s reading of the statute, the penalty would be the statutory

minimum, or $5,000; if we hold for respondent, the penalty will stand as

$100,000.

      We think the statute is clear and unambiguous: The penalty is calculated

with reference to the “tax shown on the return”. Sec. 6707A(b). When we look to

the penalty provision as a whole, it is clear that Congress has penalized the failure

to disclose participation in a listed or otherwise reportable transaction on the

return or other information statement giving rise to the disclosure obligation. If

the taxpayer fails to report the transaction on that return or information statement,

then the penalty is based on the tax shown on that return or information statement,

not some other, later filed return or some hypothetical tax. Congress did not say

that the penalty should be calculated by reference to tax shown on a return; it did

not say to calculate the penalty using the tax required to be shown; and it did not

say to calculate the penalty using the decrease in tax resulting from participation in

the transaction. Congress very clearly linked the penalty to the tax shown on a
                                        - 15 -

particular return--the return giving rise to the reporting obligation. Absent a

“‘clearly expressed legislative intent to the contrary’”, we will regard the clear and

unambiguous language of the statute as conclusive.5 Reves v. Ernst & Young, 

, 177 (1993) (quoting United States v. Turkette, 

, 580

(1981)). The plain meaning of the statute does not support petitioner’s position.

      Petitioner also contends that the legislative history supports his position, but

he fails to point to any actual legislative history. In any event, the documentary

evidence referencing the penalty provision does not support petitioner’s position.

Congress initially enacted section 6707A with a flat penalty of $100,000 for

individuals with respect to listed transactions. AJCA sec. 811(a), 118 Stat. at

1575. There was no variable minimum and no variable maximum and no 75% of


      5
        We observe that the process of divining the legislative intent underlying a
statute’s language and structure, while subject to canons of construction and well-
established methodologies, is hardly an exact science. Compare, e.g., Halbig v.
Burwell, No. 14-5018, __ F.3d __, 

, at *13-*17 (D.C. Cir. July
22, 2014) (having found sec. 36B unambiguous, concluding that weight of
legislative history, including overall congressional policy goals, did not override
statute’s plain meaning, which was that tax credits were unavailable to participants
in health insurance exchanges established by the Federal Government), vacated
and rehearing en banc granted, __ F.3d __, 2014 WL __ (D.C. Cir. Sept. 4, 2014),
with King v. Burwell, No. 14-1158, __ F.3d __, 

, at *9-*10 (4th
Cir. July 22, 2014) (having found sec. 36B ambiguous, concluding that legislative
history did not support either plausible interpretation, and deferring to agency’s
determination that statute permitted tax credits for participants in Federal health
insurance exchanges, as consistent with overall congressional policy goals).
                                       - 16 -

tax savings calculation. Congress added the current calculation as part of the

SBJA, likely because of concern that an inflexible penalty would create harsh

results. See H.R. Rept. No. 111-447, at 15 (2010).

      Unfortunately, no direct legislative history exists to explain the change.

What we do have is the rationale behind an almost identical amendment included

in a bill that never became law.6 H.R. 4849, 111th Cong., sec. 111 (2010). The

House passed H.R. 4849 partly out of concern for the potential inequities an

inflexible penalty may create. H.R. Rept. No. 111-447, supra at 15. Congress had

heard from the National Taxpayer Advocate that the potential magnitude of the

penalties had an overly harsh impact on individuals and small businesses. 

The tax advisers may not have told these taxpayers of the reporting

obligation, and the penalties, for an individual conducting business through an S

corporation, could reach $300,000 per year for a listed transaction that yielded

little or no tax benefit. See National Taxpayer Advocate, 2008 Annual Report to

Congress (Vol. One), at 342-343, 419-421 (2008); see also sec. 6707A(b)(2)




      6
        The only difference between the enacted and proposed amendments was
the inclusion in the proposed amendment to sec. 6707A(b)(2) of the additional
words “for any taxable year” between the words “transaction” and “shall not
exceed”.
                                          - 17 -

(2004) (imposing a $200,000 penalty on nonindividual taxpayers for failing to

disclose a listed transaction).

         Transactions that span multiple tax years magnify the effect as the reporting

obligation exists for each return. National Taxpayer Advocate, 2008 Annual

Report to Congress (Vol. One), at 420 (2008). The House Ways and Means

Committee explained that the new penalty calculation would “provide a

mechanism for establishing a penalty amount that will be proportionate to the

misconduct to be penalized, without discouraging compliance with the

requirement to disclose reportable transactions.” H.R. Rept. No. 111-447, supra

at 16.

         Petitioner believes other legislative history inextricably links the penalty

calculation to the tax savings. He points to the Joint Committee on Taxation’s

general explanation, also known as the Blue Book, to bolster his position. See

Staff of J. Comm. on Taxation, General Explanation of Tax Legislation Enacted in

the 111th Congress, at 476-480 (J. Comm. Print 2011). The Joint Committee

explained that Congress desired to spare small businesses and individuals

“unconscionable hardship * * * as a result of the magnitude of the penalty” where

the penalty “exceed[ed] the tax savings claimed on these returns”. 

Contrary to petitioner’s position, the Blue Books are not legislative history,
                                         - 18 -

though they can sometimes be relevant if persuasive. United States v. Woods, 571

U.S. ___, ___, 

, 568 (2013). In any event, we remain unconvinced

that the combined import of the Blue Book and the earlier bill override our prior

conclusions as to the statute’s plain meaning.

      It is clear that in the earlier bill Congress intended to blunt the effect of

section 6707A for taxpayers who failed to disclose a transaction but nonetheless

did not benefit much from that transaction. But it is equally clear that Congress

was concerned with the “tax reported on the participant’s income tax return as a

result of participation in the transaction”, not the tax required to be shown. H.R.

Rept. No. 111-447, supra at 16. It is also clear that what Congress intended to

penalize is the failure to disclose participation, not the tax savings produced by the

transaction. 

That Congress linked the penalty to the tax savings does

not change the fact that the culpable act here is the failure to disclose.

Furthermore, the 2010 change linked the penalty not to the tax savings calculated

with the benefit of hindsight but rather to the tax savings as claimed on the tax

return. In this vein, even the Blue Book fails to persuade as the Joint Committee


      7
       See also Staff of J. Comm. on Taxation, General Explanation of Tax
Legislation Enacted in the 108th Congress, at 361 (J. Comm. Print 2005)
(discussing the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-357, sec.
811, 118 Stat. at 1575, including “[r]easons for [c]hange”).
                                        - 19 -

explained the change as aimed at “achiev[ing] proportionality between the penalty

and the tax savings that were the object of the transaction,” and not to the actual

tax saved. Staff of J. Comm. on Taxation, General Explanation of Tax Legislation

Enacted in the 111th Congress, supra at 479.

      We note also section 6651(a)(2), which imposes an addition to tax for

failure “to pay the amount shown as tax on any return specified [by parts of the

Code]”. At first glance, this addition to tax would ignore the correct tax liability,

and a taxpayer who reported a tax greater than the actual tax due would suffer.

But section 6651(c)(2) ameliorates this potentially harsh result by providing: “If

the amount required to be shown as tax on a return is less than the amount shown

as tax on such return, subsections (a)(2) and (b)(2) shall be applied by substituting

such lower amount.”

      Congress obviously knows how to link a penalty or an addition to tax to the

tax required to be shown on the return and has done so. Consequently, the fact

that it did not do so in section 6707A tends to bolster our holding that the penalty

applies to the amount shown on petitioner’s first filed return.8 See Marx v. Gen.

      8
        We note that, here, petitioner amended his first filed return after the date
prescribed for filing a return for the 2004 tax year. We do not express an opinion
as to the result had he filed his first amended return before that date. See
Goldstone v. Commissioner, 

, 116 (1975) (where taxpayers sought to
                                                                         (continued...)
                                       - 20 -

Revenue Corp., 568 U.S. ___, ___, 

, 1177 (2013) (declining to

read into 15 U.S.C. sec. 1692k(a)(3) a limitation on the ability of courts to award

costs under rule 54 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in part because other

“[s]tatutes confirm that Congress knows how to limit a court’s discretion * * *

when it so desires”).9 Congress did not do so in section 6707A, instead opting to

impose the penalty as a percentage “of the decrease in tax shown on the return as a

result of such transaction (or which would have resulted from such transaction if

such transaction were respected for Federal tax purposes).” Sec. 6707A(b)(1).

Without a subsection analogous to section 6651(c)(2), we calculate the penalty by

reference to the tax shown on the return and do not consider the amount required

to be shown.

      Section 6707A imposes a strict liability penalty. See H.R. Rept. No. 111-

447, at 13. While it may be harsh in situations where a taxpayer mistakenly


      8
       (...continued)
avoid a credit’s recapture in a later year by amending the return on which the
credit was claimed, holding that the Commissioner was entitled to reject the
amended return and recapture the credit in the later year but observing that courts
had upheld the validity of amended returns in other circumstances, such as where
the amended returns were filed before the filing deadline for the subject tax year).
      9
       We note also that a net operating loss carryback from a subsequent tax year
does not reduce the tax required to be shown on the return for purposes of
calculating the sec. 6651(a)(2) addition to tax. See Vines v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 2009-267, slip op. at 15, aff’d, 418 Fed. Appx. 900 (11th Cir. 2011).
                                        - 21 -

overstates his tax, such is the result of the plain meaning of the statutory

language.10 Legislative history does not indicate a clear congressional intent to the

contrary, and we therefore find that the settlement officer did not err in the

calculation of the penalty.

      The Court has considered all of petitioner’s contentions, argument, requests,

and statements. To the extent not discussed herein, we conclude that they are

moot, irrelevant, or without merit. To reflect the foregoing,


                                                       Decision will be entered

                                                 for respondent.




      10
         A court’s “obligation to avoid adopting statutory constructions with absurd
results is well-established” and can, in rare cases, override the literal meaning of
unambiguous statutory language. Halbig v. Burwell, __ F.3d at __, 

, at *10 (citing Public Citizen v. DOJ, 

, 454-455 (1990)).
See generally John F. Manning, “The Absurdity Doctrine”, 116 Harv. L. Rev.
2387 (2003). The statutory construction we adopt here does not, in petitioner’s
case, yield “‘an outcome so contrary to perceived social values that Congress
could not have intended it.’” See Halbig v. Burwell, __ F.3d at __, 

, at *10 (quoting United States v. Cook, 

, 891 (D.C. Cir.
2010)). Different facts--such as, for example, a mere scrivener’s error in a decimal
place, resulting in tax shown on the return of ten or even one hundred times the
facially correct amount--might entail a different analysis.