19‐326‐cv
Greer v. Mehiel

                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                  SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A
PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED
BY COUNSEL.


              At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 17th day of March, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:            DENNY CHIN,
                    RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
                    WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
                                         Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x


STEVEN E. GREER, M.D.,
                    Plaintiff‐Counter‐Defendant‐Appellant,

                                  ‐v‐                                              19‐326‐cv

DENNIS MEHIEL, an individual, ROBERT
SERPICO, an individual, BATTERY PARK CITY
AUTHORITY, a New York State authority,
                                        Defendants‐Appellees,


HOWARD P. MILSTEIN, an individual, STEVEN
ROSSI, an individual, JANET MARTIN,
an individual, MILFORD MANAGEMENT, a New
York corporation, MARINERS COVE SITE B
ASSOCIATES, a New York corporation,
                              Defendants‐Counter‐Claimants.

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x

FOR PLAINTIFF‐COUNTER‐                                       STEVEN ERIC GREER, M.D., pro se, Port Saint
DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT:                                         Lucie, Florida.

FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES:                                    NOAM BIALE (Michael Tremonte and Michael
                                                             W. Gibaldi, on the brief), Sher Tremonte LLP,
                                                             New York, New York.


                    Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (Nathan, J., Cott, M.J.).

                    UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                    Plaintiff‐counter‐defendant‐appellant Steven E. Greer, proceeding pro se,

appeals the district courtʹs orders granting in part defendantsʹ motions to dismiss,

granting summary judgment in favor of defendants, and denying his motion for relief

from judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). Greer sued the

Battery Park City Authority (the ʺBPCAʺ), two BPCA officials (the ʺBPCA Defendantsʺ),

and several private individuals and corporations (the ʺLandlord Defendantsʺ), claiming,

inter alia, that they conspired to deprive him of his First Amendment rights.

Specifically, Greer alleged that the Landlord Defendants and BPCA Defendants

conspired, because of posts he made about the BPCA on his website, to (1) not renew


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his lease and evict him from his apartment and (2) ban him from public BPCA meetings.

The district court granted in part the motions to dismiss, allowing Greerʹs First

Amendment retaliation claim and First Amendment equal access claim to move

forward but, as relevant here, dismissing his equal access claim as to defendant Robert

Serpico and the retaliation and equal access claims as to defendant Dennis Mehiel. The

district court later granted summary judgment to defendants and denied Greerʹs Rule

60(b) motion. After summary judgment, Greer and the Landlord Defendants entered

into a stipulation of settlement; thus, this appeal concerns only the claims against the

BPCA and BPCA Defendants. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying

facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

I.     Dismissal

               We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim.

Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 

, 152 (2d Cir. 2002). A complaint must plead

ʺenough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,ʺ Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 

, 570 (2007), and ʺallow[] the court to draw the reasonable

inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged,ʺ Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009). The district court must construe the complaint liberally, ʺaccepting

all factual allegations in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in

the plaintiffʹs favor.ʺ 

.




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              The district court properly dismissed the retaliation claim against Mehiel

and the equal access claim against both Serpico and Mehiel. ʺIt is well settled that . . . to

establish a defendantʹs individual liability in a suit brought under § 1983, a plaintiff

must show, inter alia, the defendantʹs personal involvement in the alleged constitutional

deprivation.ʺ Grullon v. City of New Haven, 

, 138 (2d Cir. 2013). Greerʹs

second amended complaint did not allege any involvement by Serpico in the BPCAʹs

decision to ban Greer from meetings and did not allege any involvement by Mehiel in

either the decision not to renew his lease or the decision to ban him from the meetings.

The complaint alleged that ʺ[d]efendantsʺ made those decisions without specifying

which of the eight different defendants were involved. Appellantʹs Br. at 20. Such a

vague reference did not sufficiently put the defendants on notice about the specific

claims against each of them.

              On appeal, Greer also argues that dismissal was improper because Mehiel

later admitted during discovery that he had personally made the decision to ban Greer

from the meetings. That later admission, however, does not affect the district courtʹs

decision on a motion to dismiss, which was properly based solely on the allegations in

the complaint. To the extent Greer argues that the district court should have allowed

Greer to amend the complaint based on that admission ‐‐ after the close of discovery

and during briefing for summary judgment ‐‐ the district court did not abuse its

discretion in finding that such a request for amendment was untimely. See Grochowski


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v. Phoenix Constr., 

, 86 (2d Cir. 2003) (denial of leave to amend is generally

reviewed for abuse of discretion). ʺWhile generally leave to amend should be freely

granted, it may be denied when there is a good reason to do so, such as futility, bad

faith, or undue delay.ʺ Kropelnicki v. Siegel, 

, 130 (2d Cir. 2002) (citation

omitted). As the BPCA Defendants argue, they would have been prejudiced by such a

late amendment because they had proceeded through discovery on the understanding

that the equal access claim was against only the BPCA (and not Mehiel individually).

See McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 

, 202 (2d Cir. 2007) (holding that the

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend where ʺdiscovery

had closed, defendants had filed for summary judgment, and nearly two years had

passed since the filing of the original complaintʺ).

II.    Summary Judgment

              We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, ʺresolv[ing] all

ambiguities and draw[ing] all inferences against the moving party.ʺ Garcia v. Hartford

Police Depʹt, 

, 126‐27 (2d Cir. 2013). ʺSummary judgment is proper only

when, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non‐movant, ʹthere is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.ʹʺ Doninger v. Niehoff, 

, 344 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(a)).




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       A.     Retaliation

              ʺTo state a First Amendment retaliation claim, a plaintiff must show that:

(1) he has a right protected by the First Amendment; (2) the defendantʹs actions were

motivated or substantially caused by the plaintiffʹs exercise of that right; and (3) the

defendantʹs actions caused the plaintiff some injury.ʺ Ragbir v. Homan, 

, 66

(2d Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks, brackets and citation omitted). Even where

such a showing is made, however, ʺa defendant may be entitled to summary judgment

if he can show dual motivation, i.e., that even without the improper motivation the

alleged retaliatory action would have occurred.ʺ Scott v. Coughlin, 

, 287‐88

(2d Cir. 2003) (citing Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 

, 287

(1977)). To succeed on this defense, the defendant bears the burden of showing that ʺit

would have taken exactly the same action absent the improper motive.ʺ 

              The district court did not err in granting summary judgment for

defendants on Greerʹs First Amendment retaliation claim. The sole evidence in the

record purportedly showing that an improper motive played any part in the decision

not to renew Greerʹs lease came from the deposition testimony of two BPCA

employees ‐‐ one who stated he believed that Serpico pressured Steven Rossi, a

Landlord Defendant, to not renew Greerʹs lease after seeing Serpico ʺsmirk[]ʺ when

directly asked if he had ʺanything to do withʺ the non‐renewal, Dist. Ct. Dkt. No. 440‐9

at 7, and another who stated that Serpico was angered by Greerʹs website and regularly


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discussed that website at the BPCA office. Of course, even assuming Serpico ʺsmirkedʺ

and regularly discussed Greerʹs website, that is hardly concrete evidence that Serpico

and others sought to punish Greer for exercising his First Amendment rights, or that

Serpico had the wherewithal to influence the Landlord Defendants into not renewing

Greerʹs lease.

                 In contrast to this speculative testimony, the evidence that defendants

would have ʺtaken exactly the same action absent [an] improper motive,ʺ 

‐‐ i.e., declined to renew Greerʹs lease regardless of his blog posts ‐‐ was

overwhelming. The undisputed evidence showed that Greer was routinely 30 or even

60 days late with his rent payments. Greerʹs own emails and copies of rent checks

showed he was late with his rent payments in at least eight months throughout 2012

and 2013. Although Greer adamantly disputed the evidence that showed his arrears, he

did not present any evidence contradicting that evidence; instead, the emails he

submitted (showing disputes about amounts owed) supported defendantsʹ contention

that he was frequently late in making payments. These emails also showed Greer

repeatedly making excuses for his late payments, including that he ʺmistakenlyʺ wrote a

check from a recently closed account. Dist. Ct. Dkt. No. 381 Ex. 17. Indeed, defendantsʹ

evidence showed that by the time the eviction lawsuit against Greer commenced, he

was $10,887 in arrears. Defendants further submitted competent evidence, in the form

of Legal Action Status Reports, showing that they had taken ʺlegal actionʺ against


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tenants who were behind in rent payments. Although Greer challenged that evidence,

he did so only in a conclusory manner, and, despite the opportunity to conduct

discovery, he did not identify any other tenant who was similarly in frequent arrears

who was not subjected to legal action.

               On this record, no reasonable juror could conclude that a ʺsmirk[]ʺ and

office chit chat transformed what would otherwise have been routine landlord

conduct ‐‐ declining to renew the lease of a tenant who repeatedly failed to make

timely rent payments ‐‐ into First Amendment retaliation. See Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill.

of Mineola, 

, 499 (2d Cir. 2001) (ʺAlthough all inferences must be drawn in

favor of the nonmoving party, mere speculation and conjecture is insufficient to

preclude the granting of [a summary judgment] motion.ʺ).1 Accordingly, the dismissal

of Greerʹs First Amendment retaliation claim is affirmed.

                       B.      Equal Access

               The district court properly held that Greerʹs equal access claim against the

BPCA failed as a matter of law. The BPCA is a ʺpublic benefit corporationʺ created by

New York state law. See In re World Trade Ctr. Lower Manhattan Disaster Site Litig., 

, 109‐10 (2d Cir. 2018). It therefore can be held liable under § 1983 only if the




1       Notably, in a related state court litigation concerning Greerʹs eviction, a state court ruled
that Greerʹs apartment was unregulated and that, accordingly, the Landlord Defendants were
under no obligation to renew Greerʹs lease. See, e.g., Dime Sav. Bank of N.Y., FSB v. Montague St.
Realty Assocs., 

, 1342 (N.Y. 1997).
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alleged constitutional deprivation is the result of a ʺpolicy or custom.ʺ Patterson v.

County of Oneida, 

, 226 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Monell v. Depʹt of Soc. Servs., 

, 692‐94 (1978)); see also Dangler v. N.Y.C. Off Track Betting Corp., 

,

142‐43 (2d Cir. 1999) (applying Monell to claims against another public benefit

corporation). To hold a governmental entity liable for a decision by a government

official, the plaintiff must show that the official has ʺfinal policymaking authorityʺ with

respect to ʺthe particular conduct challenged in the lawsuit.ʺ Roe v. City of Waterbury,

, 37 (2d Cir. 2008). ʺWhether an official has final policymaking authority is a

legal question, determined on the basis of state law.ʺ 

district court correctly determined, Greer failed to demonstrate a

genuine issue of material fact as to whether Mehiel ‐‐ who made the decision to ban

Greer from public BPCA meetings ‐‐ had final policymaking authority with respect to

that ban. Although Greer correctly points to N.Y. Pub. Auth. Law § 1973(7) ‐‐ which

provides that final policymaking authority may be delegated to an individual BPCA

board member or officer ‐‐ Greer failed to present evidence that the BPCA in fact

delegated such authority to Mehiel. Instead, the BPCA Defendants presented evidence

that such final authority had not been delegated to Mehiel, as Mehiel affirmed that the

BPCA board could have reviewed his decision (but chose not to). See City of St. Louis v.

Praprotnik, 

, 127 (1988) (plurality opinion) (ʺ[W]hen a subordinateʹs decision

is subject to review by the municipalityʹs authorized policymakers, they have retained


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the authority to measure the officialʹs conduct for conformance with their policies.ʺ

(emphasis omitted)). Further, Greerʹs argument that Mehiel, as CEO, must have had

final policymaking authority is unpersuasive; although CEOs may have such authority

in typical private corporations, Greer provided no evidence that the CEO of the BPCA ‐‐

a public benefit corporation ‐‐ had such authority. We therefore affirm the grant of

summary judgment to the BPCA on this claim.

III.   Rule 60 Motion

              We review the denial of Rule 60(b) motions for abuse of discretion. Gomez

v. City of New York, 

, 423 (2d Cir. 2015). ʺA district court is said to abuse its

discretion if it bases its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous

assessment of the evidence. . . .ʺ 

marks omitted). Rule 60(b) is ʺa

mechanism for ʹextraordinary judicial reliefʹ invoked only if the moving party

demonstrates ʹexceptional circumstances.ʹʺ Ruotolo v. City of New York, 

, 191

(2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Paddington Partners v. Bouchard, 

, 1142 (2d Cir. 1994)).

Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Greer failed to

demonstrate ʺexceptional circumstancesʺ warranting relief. 

              We review discovery rulings for abuse of discretion. DG Creditor Corp. v.

Dabah, 

, 79 (2d Cir. 1998). We likewise conclude that the magistrate judge

and the district court did not abuse their discretion in their discovery rulings.


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                                      *   *    *

             We have considered Greerʹs remaining arguments and conclude they are

without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district

court.

                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                       Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Courts




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