NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 19a0559n.06

                                         No. 18-2002
                                                                                     FILED
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Nov 05, 2019
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                         DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk



 BERNARD MULDER,                                       )
                                                       )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                           )
                                                       )
 v.                                                    )
                                                              ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                       )
                                                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 LOCAL 705, INTERNATIONAL                              )
                                                              COURT FOR THE WESTERN
 BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, PENSION                     )
                                                              DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
 FUND,                                                 )
                                                       )
        Defendant-Appellee.                            )
                                                       )


BEFORE: MERRITT, MOORE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Bernard Mulder brought this

action under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), seeking interest on

a lump-sum payment of delayed pension benefits, additional benefits to which he alleges he is

entitled, and statutory penalties. Defendant-Appellee Local 705, International Brotherhood of

Teamsters, Pension Fund (Pension Fund) filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings and the

administrative record. The district court granted the Pension Fund’s motion, and Mulder appeals.

       We AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Mulder’s claim for additional benefits,

REVERSE the district court’s denial of Mulder’s claim for prejudgment interest and dismissal of

his claim for statutory penalties, and REMAND for further proceedings.
No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


                                                 I.

       The Pension Fund is a multi-employer defined-benefit pension plan governed by ERISA

and administered by a joint labor-management Board of Trustees. At all relevant times, the

Pension Fund has offered a “30 and Out” pension benefit that permits a participant who has accrued

at least 30 years of benefit-service credits to retire at any age and elect a $1,000 monthly benefit.

(R. 27, PID 652 ¶ 2.) Bernard Mulder is a fully vested participant in the Pension Fund as those

terms are defined in the Pension Fund’s plan documents.

       Mulder first applied for 30-and-Out benefits on November 25, 1986. The Pension Fund

denied his application on the basis that the “Pension Fund records show that no collective

bargaining agreement was signed after the expiration of [an earlier agreement with Mulder’s

employer],” and therefore Mulder had not acquired 30 full years of qualifying employment. (Id.

at PID 652–53.) In December 1990, in response to a request by Mulder, the Pension Fund sent

Mulder a booklet entitled “Pension Plus+.” (Id. at PID 653 ¶ 8.) Mulder again applied for 30-and-

Out benefits from the Pension Fund in September 1995. The Pension Fund approved Mulder’s

application for benefits, but, concluding that Mulder had accrued only 25.42 years of service

credits, awarded him an early deferred vested pension benefit of only $387.86 per month. The

letter approving Mulder’s application did not expressly state that his 30-and-Out benefits were

denied, and did not explain Mulder’s appeal rights.

       Years later, Mulder sought reconsideration of his benefits award. In September 2011,

Mulder sent a letter requesting “a copy of the 705 IBT summary benefits plan description,”

followed by a letter requesting a “Pension Determination Sheet.” (Id. at PID 654 ¶¶ 13–14).

Mulder asserts that the first request included a request for the PensionPLUS booklet. The Pension

Fund responded by sending Mulder an “Explanation of Benefits” form. (Id. ¶ 15.) On December



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16, 2011, the Mid-America Pension Rights Project sent the Pension Fund a letter on Mulder’s

behalf requesting “a detailed explanation” of how the benefit was calculated and supporting

documentation. (Id. ¶ 16.) This initiated a two-year process through which the Pension Fund

requested, and Mulder provided, additional information regarding Mulder’s work and military

service to determine whether he was entitled to a greater pension benefit.

       On January 24, 2014, the Pension Fund paid Mulder a lump-sum 30-and-Out pension

benefit in the amount of $235,446.52. This sum reflected 30 years of benefit-service credits

accrued between April 1956 and March 1987 and benefits from April 1, 1987 to December 31,

2013 in the amount of $1,000 per month, less the early deferred pension benefit payments already

received. The lump-sum payment did not, however, include interest for the time the benefits were

withheld.

       On September 26, 2014, Mulder, through his attorney, wrote the Pension Fund raising

additional concerns. Mulder asserted that he was entitled to interest on his lump-sum payment,

and requested documents establishing “the return on investment that the Pension Fund has secured

over [the] twenty six year period” that Mulder was denied full benefits, as well as “documents that

establish that Mr. Mulder’s Pension Fund was held separately from other funds for purposes of

investment.” (R. 16-3, PID 260.) The letter also stated, “we believe that the Pension Fund has

underpaid Mr. Mulder in the amount of $500.00 per month from April 1, 1987, through the

present,” and requested all pension plans, amendments to those plans, and pension books covering

that period. (Id.)

       The Pension fund responded on October 27, 2014, enclosing “Copies of the Local 705

I.B.T. Pension Plan documents in effect at the time Mr. Mulder left covered employment in 1986

and when he first commenced payment of his pension benefit in 1995,” as well as the summary



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plan description, the Pension Fund’s “Annual Funding Notices and Notice of Plan Status which

were sent to all participants and pension recipients,” and correspondence to and from Mulder. (R.

27, PID 655 ¶ 24.) Mulder again demanded interest on the lump-sum 30-and-Out pension benefit.

The Pension Fund did not respond.

       Mulder filed this action on December 22, 2016. In Count I, Mulder claimed unpaid interest

on the retroactive pension benefit payment, requesting an interest rate “equal to the return on

investment that the Pension Fund was able to earn” during this period. (R. 1, PID 4 ¶ 27.) In

Count II, Mulder claimed statutory damages under 29 U.S.C. § 1132 for the Pension Fund’s alleged

failure to provide documents establishing the Pension Fund’s return on investment.

       After the Pension Fund was served with Mulder’s complaint, it offered to process an appeal

of the non-payment of interest on his retroactive 30-and-Out payment. Mulder agreed. On April

7, 2017, Mulder’s counsel appeared in person, and Mulder appeared by telephone, at the Pension

Fund’s Board of Trustees meeting, and both were given the opportunity to present additional

argument in support of Mulder’s appeal. On April 13, 2017, the PensionPLUS booklet was

delivered to Mulder. This was the first time since 1990 that the Pension Fund provided the

PensionPLUS booklet. On May 3, 2017, the Pension Fund informed Mulder’s counsel that the

Board of Trustees denied Mulder’s appeal from the non-payment of interest. The Trustees stated

that Mulder’s “belated appeals, initiated 16 years after payments commenced, undermine the

actuarial soundness of the Pension Fund, which must be able to rely on the benefits in payment

that were not timely appealed.” (R. 24-1, PID 409.) The Trustees also stated that “[t]he record

before the Trustees does not confirm to their satisfaction that Mr. Mulder actually performed

covered work in 1956 and 1958.” (Id. at PID 410).




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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


       Mulder filed an amended complaint on June 1, 2017, adding to Count I a claim for an

additional pension benefit of $500 per month. Mulder argues that a document he received after

the administrative appeal indicates that he is entitled to $1,500 per month, rather than the $1,000

monthly benefit on which the lump sum was based. Mulder also added to Count II an allegation

that the Pension Fund failed to timely produce “the appropriate Summary Plan Descriptions for

the Plan.” (R. 16, PID 156.)

       The administrative record was filed on July 21, 2017. Mulder filed a motion for partial

judgment on the administrative record regarding his claim for prejudgment interest. The Pension

Fund moved for judgment on the administrative record and the pleadings on all claims. The district

court granted the Pension Fund’s motion, and this timely appeal followed.

                                                  II.

       ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B) provides, “A civil action may be brought . . . by a participant or

beneficiary . . . to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights

under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan[.]”

29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). Although the statute does not specifically provide for interest, we have

stated that “prejudgment interest may be awarded in an appropriate case under ERISA.” Rochow

v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 

, 374–76 (6th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (§ 1132(a)(1)(B) provides

for “recovery of benefits and attorney’s fees and, potentially, prejudgment interest”). The decision

whether to award interest in connection with a § 502(a)(1)(B) claim is left to the discretion of the

district court “in accordance with general equitable principles.” Schumacher v. AK Steel Corp.

Ret. Accumulation Pension Plan, 

, 685–86 (6th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). “An

award of prejudgment interest in the ERISA context is compensatory, not punitive, and a finding

of wrongdoing by the defendant is not a prerequisite to such an award.” 

.



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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


An interest award should “simply compensate a beneficiary for the lost interest value of money

wrongfully withheld from him or her.” Rybarczyk v. TRW, Inc., 

, 985 (6th Cir. 2000).

                                                  A.

       As an initial matter, the Pension Fund asserts that Mulder’s claim for interest fails because

§ 1132(a)(1)(B) allows for recovery of benefits due under a plan, but here Mulder seeks only the

interest on his benefits, which is not itself a benefit listed in the plan. See Flint v. ABB, Inc., 

, 1329–30 (11th Cir. 2003) (declining to “recogniz[e] a claim for interest under

§ 502(a)(1)(B)”); Clair v. Harris Trust & Sav. Bank, 

, 497 (7th Cir. 1999)

(“[Plaintiffs] want the interest they could have earned had they been paid the money in a timely

fashion and invested it, but interest is not a benefit specified anywhere in the plan, and only benefits

specified in the plan can be recovered in a suit under section 502(a)(1)(B).”). But see Dobson v.

Hartford Fin. Servs. Grp., Inc., 

, 395–96 (2d Cir. 2004).

       We have not squarely addressed whether § 1132(a)(1)(B) permits a standalone claim for

prejudgment interest, but our prior cases present no barrier to Mulder’s interest claim. In Rochow,

we determined that a plaintiff could not seek equitable relief under § 1132(a)(3) in addition to

remedies under § 1132(a)(1)(B) when the plaintiff could point to only a single injury caused by

wrongfully withheld 

. Central to our holding was the proposition that

§ 1132(a)(1)(B) offers a means to obtain complete redress for ERISA plaintiffs injured by withheld

benefits by permitting a district court to award attorney’s fees and prejudgment interest. 

Rochow thus implies that, when a plaintiff is not made whole by the overdue payment of

benefits, the plaintiff may seek prejudgment interest in a § 1132(a)(1)(B) suit.

       In any event, Mulder also challenges the amount of the benefit awarded by the Pension

Fund, and therefore the district court’s review necessarily encompassed the question whether



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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


Mulder was made whole by the lump-sum payment and, in turn, whether Mulder was entitled to

interest.

                                                 B.

        The district court determined that Mulder was not entitled to prejudgment interest on his

30-and-Out benefits primarily because of Mulder’s sixteen-year delay in seeking relief:

                On the one hand, it is true that Mulder did not have the interest value of the
        money he was underpaid over the years. On the other hand, Mulder did not alert
        the Pension Fund to the underpayment for at least sixteen years, when he requested
        information in September 2011. Despite Mulder’s lengthy delay, the Trustees
        cooperated with Mulder and the Mid-America Pension Rights Project over the next
        two years to compile information and reach the determination to award Mulder a
        retroactive lump sum to compensate him for thirty years of benefit service credit
        accrued between April 1956 and March 1987.

                The Sixth Circuit has observed that “[r]elieving defendants from the
        payment of prejudgment interest would create an incentive for insurers to delay
        payment and would undercompensate victims by forcing them to absorb expenses
        incurred as a result of the delay.” Tiemeyer[v. Cmty. Mut. Ins. Co.], 

,
        1102–03 (6th Cir. 1993) (quoting Rivera v. Benefit Trust Life Ins. Co., 

, 697 (7th Cir. 1991)). In the case at bar, however, the cause for delay is equally
        shared by both the Pension Fund, which did not initially grant Mulder a 30-and-Out
        benefit, and Mulder, who waited at least sixteen years to even broach the issue. The
        Court finds that the equitable remedy of prejudgment interest is not necessary here
        to disincentivize the insurer or equalize the competing duties of payment and
        appealing an adverse decision.

(R. 38, PID 753.) The district court further explained that the Trustees’ decision not to award

interest to Mulder was not arbitrary or capricious because Mulder did not appeal the 1987 denial

or the 1995 award of reduced benefits, and therefore he had not sufficiently protected his rights to

justify the harm that the Pension Fund would incur by paying the interest.

        Although we have noted that prejudgment interest awards serve to deter pernicious conduct

by pension funds, the principal reason courts award interest in ERISA cases is to make the

pensioner whole. Our precedent teaches repeatedly that awards of prejudgment interest are

compensatory, rather than punitive. See 

. Accordingly, except in cases

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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


of extreme prejudice, the court should focus on the position the parties would be in absent the

withholding, and identify what rate of interest, if any, is necessary to put the parties roughly in that

position.   See, e.g., Ford v. Uniroyal Pension Plan, 

, 618 (6th Cir. 1998)

(“Prejudgment interest is not intended to penalize the trustee but serves as compensation for the

use of money withheld. Hence, such an award must be made with an eye toward putting the plan

in the position it would have occupied but for the breach.” (quoting Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons

Contractors, Inc., 

, 286 (2d Cir. 1992))). To that end, the factors we consider in

evaluating a claim for interest generally focus on the loss sustained by the pensioner and the

appropriate allocation of funds to compensate for the loss, not on the culpability of the fund. In

Schumacher, we enumerated a non-exclusive list of such factors, including “the remedial goal to

place the plaintiff in the position that he or she would have occupied prior to the wrongdoing; the

prevention of unjust enrichment on behalf of the wrongdoer; the lost interest value of money

wrongly withheld; and the rate of 

–87. These factors all serve ERISA’s

remedial purposes. 

(“An award that fails to make the plaintiff whole due to an inadequate

compensation for her lost use of money frustrates the purpose of ERISA’s remedial scheme.”).

       Here, the district court abused its discretion by declining to award Mulder any interest

based on its finding that “the cause for delay is equally shared by both the Pension Fund, which

did not initially grant Mulder a 30-and-Out benefit, and Mulder, who waited at least sixteen years

to even broach the issue.” (R. 38, PID 753.) The district court gave a passing acknowledgment to

Mulder’s loss of the use of his money, but failed to examine with any particularity the extent of

his injury. The district court did not, for example, determine the rate of inflation over the period

Mulder was deprived of his money, estimate the increase in the cost of living, or consider any other

potential measures of Mulder’s economic injury.           Nor did it take into account the Fund



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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


administrator’s duty “to maintain records with respect to each of his employees sufficient to

determine the benefits due,” 28 U.S.C. § 1059(a)(1), or any enrichment to the Fund resulting from

the use of the money. And the Fund’s mere assertion that belated appeals undermine its actuarial

soundness is devoid of factual support. As a result, the district court was unable to conclude

whether the lump sum, on its own, adequately put Mulder or the Fund in the positions they would

have occupied had the Pension Fund paid Mulder’s pension benefits when due. We have

previously found that the failure to consider such factors warranted remand. See 

(“Because an award of prejudgment interest is compensatory rather than punitive,

the district court should have considered the position of the Class rather than the conduct of GM

in arriving at a resolution of this issue. Thus, the denial of prejudgment interest on the damages

award is remanded with instructions to support an award or denial of prejudgment interest with

findings of fact incorporating its reasons for its decision.”). Remand is similarly warranted here.

                                                III.

       Mulder next claims he is entitled to a $500 increase in his monthly 30-and-Out benefit. In

support, Mulder cites an undated informational booklet published by the Pension Fund that states:

       PensionPLUS provides a 50% increase in the monthly benefit paid to members who
       retire at any age for whom the fund has received a minimum of 30 years of
       contributions on his or her behalf. Any member who chooses to retire under this
       provision will now be eligible for a minimum benefit of $1,500 a month as
       compared to the current $1,000 monthly benefit.

(R. 16-5, PID 269.) The booklet states that these benefits are “for active members who retire on

or after February 1, 1990.” (Id. at PID 268.)

       The district court dismissed this claim on waiver grounds because Mulder did not appeal

his 1995 benefits determination within the plan’s 60-day appeal window. Mulder first mentioned

the additional $500 benefit in his 2014 letter to the Pension Fund after receiving the lump-sum

award. Mulder did not raise this claim in an administrative appeal, and added the claim to this
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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


action in his amended complaint. The district court also noted that Mulder failed to develop any

argument in support of his claim for additional benefits despite the district court’s specific

instructions to do so.

       In the alternative, the district court determined that Mulder’s claim was time-barred.

ERISA does not provide a limitations period for § 1132(a)(1)(B) claims, so courts “fill the statutory

gap using federal common law.” Patterson v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 

, 762 (6th Cir.

2017) (citing DelCostello v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 

, 158 (1983)). When a plan does

not define a limitations period, we apply the “most analogous state statute of limitations.” 

We have held that § 1132(a)(1)(B) claims fall under the six-year statute of limitations for

Michigan breach-of-contract actions. 

v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co.,

, 776 (6th Cir. 2001)). See Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5807 (2018). We apply the

discovery rule to determine when a limitations period begins, according to which “the limitations

period begins to run when the plaintiff discovers, or with due diligence should have discovered,

the injury that is the basis of the action.” 

–64 (citation omitted). “Thus,

clear and unequivocal repudiation of benefits, whether through formal or informal means, causes

the claim to accrue for statute-of-limitations purposes.” 

(citation omitted). The district

court found that the Mulder’s claim began to accrue in September 1995 when he was awarded the

early deferred vested pension benefit, reasoning that he was on notice at that point that the Pension

Fund would not be awarding him full benefits.

       Mulder offers several reasons why we should reach the merits of his claim for additional

benefits. First, he argues that the waiver of his claim for additional benefits should be excused

because the Pension Fund did not provide the document explaining the higher benefit—the

PensionPLUS benefit booklet—until after his administrative appeal concluded. According to



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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


Mulder, he could not have claimed a benefit of which he was unaware. Second, he argues that the

claim is not time-barred because the statute of limitations was not triggered by his 1995 benefit-

determination letter. Mulder asserts the 1995 letter did not clearly deny him his 30-and-Out

benefits, and did not contain any language regarding his appeal rights. 1 Mulder contends that the

limitations period did not begin to accrue until he received his lump-sum 30-and-Out pension

benefit on December 30, 2013.

         Contrary to Mulder’s assertions, the record simply does not show that the Pension Fund

withheld the document. In fact, the parties’ Joint Statement of Undisputed Material Fact states

that the PensionPLUS booklet was sent “[i]n response to a request from Mulder, in December

1990.” (R. 27, PID 653 ¶ 8.) A December 7, 1990, letter to Mulder from the Pension Fund states,

“Pursuant to your recent request, we have enclosed the following booklets,” and listed the “Pension

Plus + Booklet” as an enclosure. (R. 24-1, PID 320.) Although the PensionPLUS booklet was not

in the administrative record, the letter indicating that it was sent to Mulder was. As a result, his

claim that he was unaware of the higher benefit until 2014 appears contradicted by the record.

         Further, because Mulder never raised this issue before the Trustees, the claim is

administratively unexhausted. See Hitchcock v. Cumberland Univ. 403(b) DC Plan, 

,

560 (6th Cir. 2017).



           1
             Mulder asks us to take judicial notice of the 1995 benefit determination letter and his 2013 letter notifying
him of his lump-sum award, which are not in the administrative record and were not reviewed by the district court.
He argues that these letters demonstrate that the Pension Fund failed to put him on notice of his appeal rights, and,
moreover, were in violation of federal regulations regarding ERISA adverse-benefit determinations. The current
regulations, which were in effect at the time of the 2013 letter, require that adverse benefit determinations provide
“[a] description of the plan’s review procedures and the time limits applicable to such procedures, including a
statement of the claimant’s right to bring a civil action . . . following an adverse benefit determination on review.” 29
C.F.R. § 2560.503-1 (2001). The 1995 regulations required that the plan administrator provide written notice that
includes “[a]ppropriate information as to the steps to be taken if the participant or beneficiary wishes to submit his or
her claim for review.” 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(f)(4) (1995). Although Mulder alleges that the letters violate the
regulation, he does not appear to assert the regulatory violation as a distinct claim; rather, he contends only that the
letters failed to put him on notice of his appeal rights, and therefore his claim should not be deemed waived. Because
Mulder’s claim for benefits fails on other grounds, however, we deny the motion for judicial notice.

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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


         But even were we to reach the merits of this claim, the record shows that Mulder retired

too early to claim entitlement to the higher benefit. The PensionPLUS booklet, on which Mulder

bases his claim, explained that the $1,500 rate was available to “active members who retire on or

after February 1, 1990, at the $76 contribution rate.” (R. 16-5, PID 268.) The Pension Fund’s

December 7, 1990 letter reiterated that the plan improvements in the PensionPLUS booklet “apply

only to those participants whose covered employment ended on or after” February 1, 1990. (R.

24-1, PID 320.) Although the plan in effect at the time of the 1995 application is not in the record,

the 2014 plan documents confirm that pensioners who retire before February 1, 1990 are not

entitled to the $1,500 monthly benefit: “Participants who Retire from Covered Employment

between April 1, 1985 and January 31, 1990 and who Retire under a Collective Bargaining

Agreement or Participation Agreement with a contribution rate of at least $63.00 per week, shall

be entitled to the following monthly Service Pension: . . . $1,000.00.” (R. 24-3, PID 564.) Mulder

stated in his affidavit that he retired in 1987, and his 1995 benefit application states that his last

day of covered employment was May 10, 1986. At oral argument, the parties did not dispute that

Mulder retired prior to 1990, and Mulder has offered no convincing argument explaining why he

is entitled to the additional benefits.2 Mulder is therefore not entitled to the higher benefit. The

district court properly dismissed this claim, and we affirm.

                                                          IV.

         Count II of Mulder’s complaint seeks statutory penalties under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c)(1) for

the Pension Fund’s alleged failure to timely produce documents. Specifically, Mulder alleges that

he requested “documents establishing the return on investment for the Pension Fund from April 1,


         2
           Mulder argues that the PensionPLUS booklet stated that the additional benefits are available “to many
participants who retired between February 1, 1987, and February 1, 1990.” (R. 16-5, PID 268.) However, the quoted
language clearly refers to a separate benefit adjustment related to cost-of-living increases and is unrelated to the $500
monthly increase for members who retire after February 1, 1990.

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No. 18-2002, Mulder v. Local 705, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Pension Fund


1987 through January 24, 2014,” which were allegedly never provided, and the PensionPLUS

booklet, which was not provided until after this action commenced. (R. 16, PID 156.) The district

court dismissed Mulder’s claim for return-on-investment information, and Mulder does not appear

to appeal that decision here. Thus only the claim regarding the PensionPLUS benefit-improvement

booklet remains.

       ERISA requires the administrator of an ERISA plan “to maintain records with respect to

each of his employees sufficient to determine the benefits due or which may become due to such

employees.” 29 U.S.C. § 1059(a)(1). ERISA authorizes a penalty of up to $110 per day when a

plan fails to provide certain documents that are requested by a beneficiary. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c)(1);

29 C.F.R. § 2575.502c-3. These documents include “the current plan document (including any

amendments thereto),” “the latest summary plan description of the plan,” funding notices, actuarial

reports, and financial statements. 29 U.S.C. § 1021(k)(1). If a plan administrator fails to furnish

a summary plan description, the plan participant may request one, § 1024(b)(4), and must allow

the administrator 30 days to comply with the request before seeking relief in court,

§ 1132(c)(1)(B).

       Because a district court has discretion in deciding whether to assess penalties under

§ 1132(c)(1), we review such decisions for abuse of discretion. Crosby v. Rohm & Haas Co., 

, 427–28 (6th Cir. 2007).

       Mulder asserts that the Pension Fund failed to provide him with the PensionPLUS booklet,

despite his multiple requests, until it was sent via email on April 13, 2017. Although Mulder refers

to the PensionPLUS booklet as a summary plan description (SPD) in the briefing below and in his

appellate briefs, Mulder conceded at oral argument that the PensionPLUS booklet was not an SPD




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and instead argued that the booklet was a “material modification” of the plan that the Pension Fund

was required to disclose under ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. § 1022(a).

         The Pension Fund argued below that the claim for penalties was time-barred because it was

made after the two-year statute of limitations for Michigan civil-forfeiture claims expired. See

Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5809. The Pension Fund also argued that the claim was made against

the wrong party. According to the Pension Fund, Mulder’s § 1132(c)(1) claim must be made

against the plan administrator—in this case, the Board of Trustees. See Caffey v. Unum Life Ins.

Co., 

, 584 (6th Cir. 2002) (“It is well established that only plan administrators are

liable for statutory penalties under § 1132(c)(1).”). Because Mulder charged the Pension Fund

itself with violating § 1132(c), the Fund asserts that Mulder cannot recover under that provision.

         The district court, however, did not base its ruling on either of the Pension Fund’s

arguments. Rather, the district court dismissed Count II on the ground that, as a matter of fact, the

Pension Fund had sent Mulder copies of all the documents he had requested. The district court

cited a letter from Mulder dated September 26, 2014, in which he requested information from the

Pension Fund, and an October 27, 2014, response in which the Pension Fund enclosed the SPD

and other plan documents. The district court concluded that the record contradicted Mulder’s

claim:

         To the extent that Mulder now claims that his request for a penalty is based not only
         on the Pension Fund’s failure to provide return-on-investment information but also
         on the Pension Fund’s delay in providing the Summary Plan Description, such
         claim is not supported by the record. . . . The Pension Fund sent a letter to Mulder’s
         attorney dated October 27, 2014, stating that among its enclosures were “[c]opies
         of the Local 705 I.B.T. Pension Plan documents . . . along with the Summary Plan
         Descriptions.” In short, Count II is also properly dismissed.

(R. 38, PID 756.)




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       The district court appears to have misunderstood Mulder’s argument; he does not claim

that the Pension Fund failed to provide him with the full SPDs, but rather that the PensionPLUS

booklet was wrongfully withheld. Although Mulder refers to the booklet as a “Summary Plan

Document” in his briefing below, he is clearly describing the PensionPLUS booklet. He stated

that he is seeking penalties for “the Summary Plan Description that was wrongfully withheld . . .

that establishes the additional $500 per month benefit for 30 and Out participants.” (R. 37, PID

732.) The final clause of this sentence is critical, because the only document that addresses the

$500 additional benefit is the PensionPLUS booklet. And he cited the PensionPLUS booklet

directly in his reply brief to his motion for judgment on the administrative record.

       Because the district court erroneously decided Mulder’s claim for statutory penalties based

on whether the Pension Fund timely provided the SPD, rather than whether the Pension Fund

timely provided the PensionPLUS booklet, it abused its discretion in dismissing Count II, and we

remand for further consideration of the claim. We take no position on the timeliness of Mulder’s

claim, whether Mulder named the appropriate party, or whether the PensionPLUS booklet

constitutes a “material modification” for the purposes of ERISA’s disclosure requirements. We

leave these issues for the district court to determine in the first instance on remand.

                                                 V.

       For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE and REMAND with regard to Mulder’s claim

for prejudgment interest and statutory penalties, and AFFIRM as to Mulder’s claim for additional

benefits.




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