United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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                                  No. 06-1212
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Wayne Payne; Dorene J. Payne,           *
                                        *
            Appellants,                 *
                                        *      Appeal from the United States
      v.                                *      Tax Court.
                                        *
Commissioner of Internal Revenue,       *             [UNPUBLISHED]
                                        *
            Appellee.                   *

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                               Submitted: December 29, 2006
                                   Filed: January 9, 2007
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Before WOLLMAN, HANSEN, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.

       Wayne and Dorene Payne appeal the Tax Court's1 judgment finding them liable
for tax deficiencies totaling $157,088, and fraud penalties totaling $117,815.25,
related to underreported income for the tax years 1993, 1994, and 1995. We affirm.

      The Paynes owned and operated a roofing business known as HRDC
Construction, which operated as a partnership in 1993 and 1994 and as a Subchapter


      1
       The Honorable Joseph R. Goeke, United States Tax Court Judge.
S Corporation in 1995. The Paynes owned 100% of the business, either jointly or
individually, for each year at issue. Mr. Payne worked on the job sites and Mrs. Payne
worked in the business's office. They also employed a bookkeeper, Cari Enerson, and
employed professional tax return preparers to prepare the partnership returns for 1993
and 1994, the S Corporation return for 1995, and their joint personal tax returns for
each of the years at issue. Because HRDC operated as either a partnership or an S
Corporation during the relevant time, all of its income flowed through to the Paynes'
personal tax returns.

       HRDC recorded its sales in a sales journal and in an accounts receivable
journal. HRDC provided written bids to customers and performed the work agreed
upon in the bid after the customer signed the bid and provided a 50% down payment.
Small jobs outside of the bid sometimes arose during the performance of the work.
The customer generally paid the employees directly for these small jobs, referred to
at HRDC as "extras" and recorded in an "extras" journal. Checks for the "extras" were
usually cashed at a Money Exchange and were not deposited into HRDC's business
account. The Paynes told Vern Gunderson, their professional tax return preparer, that
all of HRDC's income went through its business bank account. Mr. Gunderson used
the bank records, which did not include the income from the "extras," to calculate the
income included on HRDC's tax returns.

       HRDC's tax returns for 1993, 1994, and 1995 were audited in 1997. Mr. Payne
originally denied receiving any "extras" income, stating that all "extras" income went
to the employee performing the job. He also denied cashing any HRDC checks at the
Money Exchange, surmising that his employees must have stolen the checks and
cashed them. Mr. Payne eventually admitted cashing checks for the "extras" income
and pleaded guilty in 2001 to filing a false tax return for his 1994 individual federal
income tax return. The Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency to the Paynes on
April 17, 2003, related to the 1993, 1994, and 1995 returns. The Paynes filed a
petition in the United States Tax Court contesting the deficiencies and penalty

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assessments. Following a bench trial, the Tax Court upheld the IRS's calculation of
underreported income and fraud penalties, except for the fraud penalties related to
unreported deposits to the Paynes' personal bank accounts. The Paynes appeal.

      We review the tax court's fact-findings for clear error and its legal conclusions
de novo. Bean v. Comm'r, 

, 556 (8th Cir. 2001). The reasonableness of
the method used by the Commissioner to reconstruct a taxpayer's records is a fact-
finding subject to review for clear error, Day v. Comm'r, 

, 537 (8th Cir.
1992), as is a finding of fraud, Morse v. Comm'r, 

, 832 (8th Cir. 2005).

       The Commissioner's determination of a tax deficiency is presumed to be
correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the Commissioner's
determination of taxable income is arbitrary or erroneous. 

.2 The
Commissioner must calculate taxable income using the accounting method generally
used by the taxpayer unless the taxpayer's method of accounting does not "clearly
reflect [his] income," 26 U.S.C. § 446(b), in which case the Commissioner may
reconstruct the taxpayer's income using any method which, in the Commissioner's
opinion, accurately reflects the taxpayer's income, 

taxpayer files
income tax returns which substantially understate income, an assessment of deficiency
is 'necessarily an estimate.' As long as the reconstruction method is 'reasonable and
logical,' [the taxpayer] may not complain of its inevitable inaccuracies." Page v.
Comm'r, 

, 1347 (8th Cir. 1995) (internal citations omitted).

      The Tax Court did not err in accepting the Commissioner's use of HRDC's sales
journal to calculate HRDC's income. The Paynes argued to the Tax Court that the


      2
      Section 7491 of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 7491, which shifts the
burden to the Commissioner in some circumstances, does not apply because the
examination of the tax returns commenced prior to § 7491's effective date. See
Toberman v. Comm'r, 

, 988 n.3 (8th Cir. 2002).


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sales journal for any given year included contracted jobs for which they had not yet
been paid and that therefore those jobs should not have been included in their cash
basis income. The Tax Court rejected use of the accounts receivable journal, as
advocated by the Paynes, because it was "disorganized, illegible in places, and,
according to Mrs. Payne's testimony, incomplete." (Add. at 15.) The court found the
sales journal, by contrast, to clearly and legibly list the amounts charged for jobs in
1994. The Paynes further failed to clarify the entries in the accounts receivable
journal or explain which jobs or amounts included in the sales journal should have
been excluded from the 1994 gross income calculation. Without an accurate cash-
based journal from which to calculate income, the Tax Court did not clearly err in
upholding the Commissioner's use of the more complete sales journal to reconstruct
HRDC's income.

       Likewise, the Tax Court did not clearly err in upholding the fraud penalties.
"Because fraudulent intent is rarely established by direct evidence, it may be
established through circumstantial evidence." McGraw v. Comm'r, 

, 971
(8th Cir. 2004). While there was conflicting evidence about whether the Paynes told
Ms. Enerson not to disclose the cashed checks to the tax preparers, credibility
determinations are for the trier of fact. Senda v. Comm'r, 

, 1047 (8th
Cir. 2006) (credibility determinations made by a tax court "are nearly unreviewable").
Mr. Payne also told the return preparers that HRDC "put everything in the bank"
(Appellee's Br. at 7); he lied to the revenue agent by stating that 100% of the "extras"
income went to the employee performing the work; and he denied cashing checks at
the Money Exchange. Mr. Payne also pleaded guilty to filing a false tax return. This
evidence provided ample support for a finding of fraudulent intent. See 

(considering "badges of fraud" such as substantially understated and
unexplained income for several years, providing incomplete information to a tax
return preparer, and being convicted of filing a false tax return).

      The Tax Court's judgment is affirmed.
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