Case: 19-50177     Document: 00515443863   Page: 1   Date Filed: 06/08/2020




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Fifth Circuit


                                 No. 19-50177
                                                                  FILED
                                                               June 8, 2020
                                                             Lyle W. Cayce
In the Matter of: FREDDIE LEE BROWN,                              Clerk

             Debtor

FREDDIE LEE BROWN, also known as Freddie L. Brown,

             Appellant

v.

MARY K. VIEGELAHN, Chapter 13 Trustee,

             Appellee



              Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                      for the Western District of Texas


Before SOUTHWICK, GRAVES, and ENGELHARDT, Circuit Judges.
LESLIE H. SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judge:
      A debtor filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 13. When the debtor sought
to confirm his plan, the trustee objected. The court would confirm the plan
only if the debtor chose one of two non-statutory conditions that the court
would then impose. Finding both conditions undesirable but not wanting his
case dismissed, the debtor agreed to one of the conditions and then appealed
to the district court. The district court sua sponte certified the appeal to this
court, and we accepted it. We VACATE the confirmation order and REMAND
for further proceedings.
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                                  No. 19-50177
              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Freddie Lee Brown filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in October of 2017
in the Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas. Chapter 13 allows
an individual to file for bankruptcy and “obtain a discharge of his debts if he
pays a portion of his monthly income in accordance with a court-approved
plan,” without liquidating his assets. Ransom v. FIA Card Servs., N.A., 

, 64 (2011). Brown filed his Chapter 13 plan, outlining a five-year
payment plan, which included monthly payments of $1,080, to pay in full his
secured creditors, and which included a promise to pay “approximately 100%”
of the claims of his unsecured creditors. The total of unsecured creditors’
claims was listed as $7,728.18.
      Chapter 13 Trustee Mary K. Viegelahn objected to Brown’s plan on
November 21, 2017. She cited as the basis for her objection: (1) the debtor’s
income was overstated on Schedule I; (2) the plan was not feasible under 11
U.S.C. § 1325(a)(6) because the debtor might not be able to make his payments
under the plan given that the debtor was behind on his post-petition mortgage
payments; and (3) the debtor had not included the income he received from the
Department of Veterans Affairs on Schedule I or Schedule B. The trustee
requested the court dismiss the case and find that the plan failed to meet the
standards in 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a).
      The trustee insisted that the debtor’s failure to disclose some income was
a violation of the requirement of good faith found in Section 1325(a)(3),
although she acknowledged that this inaccuracy was later corrected by
amendment. The trustee also objected based on Section 1325(a)(1), which
requires the plan to comply with all other applicable provisions of the
Bankruptcy Code. If the court nonetheless decided to confirm the plan, the
trustee urged the court to impose certain conditions.


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                                 No. 19-50177
      After Brown amended the schedules that had misstated his income and
failed to include his veterans benefits, his disposable monthly income — that
is, his income minus reasonably necessary expenses — was calculated to be
$2,191, as shown on Schedule J. Because his monthly payments under his
proposed Chapter 13 plan would be $1,080, that would leave $1,111 of excess
disposable income in Brown’s hands after all monthly payments had been
made.
      In early 2018, the bankruptcy court held two confirmation hearings at
which the trustee continued to object.        The trustee proposed multiple
conditions to address these objections. At the second hearing, the court told
the parties that it would confirm the plan but only if it imposed one of two
conditions. The judge let counsel confer with the debtor before choosing an
option.
      The first option would require the debtor to agree to divert all his
disposable income for the first seven months to pay the unsecured creditors.
After that time, he would begin paying a lesser amount. The debtor also would
maintain all his plan-modification rights under 11 U.S.C. § 1329.
      The second option would incorporate into the confirmation order what is
known as the Molina language, as follows:
      The plan as currently proposed pays a 100% dividend to unsecured
      claims. The Debtors shall not seek modification of this Plan unless
      said modification also pays a 100% dividend to unsecured claims.
      Additionally, should this Plan ever fail to pay a 100% dividend to
      unsecured claims the Debtors will modify the Plan to continue
      paying a 100% dividend. If the Plan fails to pay all allowed claims
      in full, the Debtors will not receive a discharge in this case.
Molina v. Langehennig, No. SA-14-CA-926, 

, at *1 (W.D. Tex.
Dec. 10, 2015). Under this provision, Brown would not have to pay all his
disposable income into the plan, but his future ability to modify the plan would
be limited.
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                                  No. 19-50177
      Brown chose the Molina language. On March 12, 2018, the bankruptcy
court entered its order confirming the Chapter 13 plan and adopting the
Molina language. Although the court added the language, the court did not
grant the trustee’s objections or make any findings on whether the plan failed
to meet the statutory requirements. Instead, the order simply recited that the
“hearing having been held pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1324, no timely objection to
confirmation    having   been    filed,   the   trustee    having   recommended
confirmation,” the plan as filed was confirmed with the described
modifications. Brown requested that the bankruptcy court issue a certification
for the appeal to be taken directly to the Fifth Circuit, but the bankruptcy court
denied the request.
      Brown appealed the confirmation order to the district court. After the
parties fully briefed the case, the court sua sponte certified the appeal here.
The district court concluded that certification was appropriate because the
issue — namely, whether a bankruptcy court may impose the Molina language
on a Chapter 13 plan that complies with 11 U.S.C. § 1325 — was purely legal
and no binding Fifth Circuit or Supreme Court precedent existed.              Also
relevant was that district courts in the Fifth Circuit had approached inclusion
of such a condition in different ways. Finally, the district court found that the
issue would continue to arise in bankruptcy courts, making certification a
desirable means to advance resolution. 28 U.S.C. § 158(d). We later approved
Brown’s appealing here prior to a district court judgment.


                                 DISCUSSION
      We review a bankruptcy court’s factual findings for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo. Kennard v. MBank Waco, N.A., 

,
1457–58 (5th Cir. 1992). Mixed questions of law and fact are also reviewed de
novo. Bass v. Denney, 

, 1021 (5th Cir. 1999). The United States
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                                      No. 19-50177
Bankruptcy Code 1 instructs that “[t]he debtor shall file a plan” in a Chapter
13 bankruptcy. § 1321. When a Chapter 13 “plan complies with the provisions
of this chapter and with the other applicable provisions of this title,” the
bankruptcy court “shall confirm” the plan “[e]xcept as provided in
subsection (b).” § 1325(a). “Shall” is a mandatory word indicating a command.
See Foster v. Heitkamp (In re Foster), 

, 487 (5th Cir. 1982)
(confirmation of compliant plans is obligatory).
       There is an exception to that command, which states that upon a
trustee’s objection, “the court may not approve the plan unless, as of the
effective date of the plan—
             (A) the value of the property to be distributed under the plan
       on account of such claim is not less than the amount of such claim;
       or
             (B) the plan provides that all of the debtor’s projected
       disposable income to be received in the applicable commitment
       period beginning on the date that the first payment is due under
       the plan will be applied to make payments to unsecured creditors
       under the plan.
§ 1325(b)(1).
       Confirmation is a signal event under Chapter 13. It effectuates the plan
and leads to “a discharge of the debts listed in the plan if the debtor completes
the payments the plan requires.” United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa,

, 264 (2010) (citing §§ 1324, 1325, and 1328). Later modification
of payments under the plan can be sought. “At any time after confirmation of
the plan but before the completion of payments under such plan, the plan may
be modified, upon request of the debtor, the trustee, or the holder of an allowed
unsecured claim, to” increase or reduce the amount of payments. § 1329(a).
Plan modifications still must comply with Section 1325(a). § 1329(b)(1). When


       1 Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the “Code” and all statutory citations
are to the Bankruptcy Code, Title 11 of the U.S. Code.
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                                 No. 19-50177
a debtor has made all his payments under a plan, he can receive a discharge.
§ 1328.
      Also relevant to our analysis of this special provision is that a
bankruptcy court “may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary
or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title.” § 105(a). Further, the
Code should not be construed to prevent the court from “taking any action or
making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement
court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.”

105 provides the courts with powers in equity, those powers cannot “override
explicit mandates” of the Code. See Law v. Siegel, 

, 421 (2014).
This is because a court cannot “carry out” the Code while simultaneously
violating it.

consider Brown’s argument that the imposed Molina condition
violated Sections 1325 and 1329. Also before us are the trustee’s arguments
that the bankruptcy court properly imposed the condition and that Brown’s
Chapter 13 plan did not satisfy the requirements of Section 1325.


I.    Section 1325
      A.     Whether the plan complied with Section 1325(a)
      According to the trustee, this court does not need to answer the new
question of whether a bankruptcy court may impose non-statutory conditions
when a plan satisfies Section 1325(a) and (b). Instead, the trustee argues that
Brown’s plan did not comply with the requirements of Section 1325(a). Thus,
the bankruptcy court would not be subject to Section 1325(a)’s mandatory
language about confirming the plan, and the court would be within its
authority to confirm the plan only with the Molina language. Specifically, the
trustee argues that Brown’s Chapter 13 plan was defective under Section
1325(a)(1), (3), (6), and (7). We will examine those arguments.
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                                 No. 19-50177
      Section 1325(a)(1) requires that a plan comply with “other applicable
provisions” of the Code beyond Chapter 13. The trustee argues that Brown’s
plan failed to comply with provisions applicable to the trustee’s duties,
specifically, Sections 1302 and 704. Section 1302 imposes the duties on a
Chapter 13 trustee and incorporates by reference most of the duties listed in
Section 704.    § 1302(b)(1).   One of those duties is that the trustee “be
accountable for all property received.” § 704(a)(2). Here, the trustee argues
she had a duty under the Bankruptcy Code to preserve the estate and the
added condition in the plan better allowed her to fulfill that duty.
      “The trustee in Chapter 13 exists to preserve the bankruptcy estate for
creditors.” Barron v. Countryman, 

, 594 (5th Cir. 2005). The
trustee has specific statutory grants of responsibility and power to achieve her
goals.

general duty to preserve the estate does not override
specific provisions of the Code.    Several Code provisions support that the
trustee’s estate-preservation duty is not implicated here. First, the trustee is
“accountable for all property received.” § 704(a)(2) (emphasis added). Brown’s
excess disposable income, though, is not property that the trustee received, so
the trustee cannot have a statutory duty to preserve it. Further, Section
1325(b)(1) is disjunctive and does not require a debtor to pay all his disposable
income into his plan. § 1325(b)(1)(A). Similarly, Section 1322 requires that a
Chapter 13 plan “provide for the submission of all or such portion of future
earnings or other future income of the debtor to the supervision and control for
the trustee as is necessary for the execution of the plan.”            § 1322(a)(1)
(emphases added). Because Brown’s plan proposed to pay creditors in full but
also allowed him to maintain some disposable income each month, turning over
his excess disposable income was not necessary to execute the plan. Whatever
a trustee’s duty to preserve the estate, it is not that a trustee must control a
Chapter 13 debtor’s excess disposable income.
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                                  No. 19-50177
      The trustee also argues that Brown did not act in good faith as required
by the Code. § 1325(a)(3), (7). The crux of the trustee’s argument is that Brown
acted in bad faith because his proposed plan makes “creditors bear the risk of
default should there be a future change in the Debtor’s circumstances.”
According to the trustee, Brown is seeking to “manipulate the Code” by
maintaining over $1,000 of excess monthly disposable income while the overall
debt to unsecured creditors is just over $7,000. The trustee also identifies
Brown’s initial failure to disclose his veterans benefits as income as evidence
of bad faith.
     Relying on a nonprecedential opinion, the trustee argues that the
bankruptcy court was not required to state that it had considered all the factors
in making a good-faith finding under Section 1325(a). Suggs v. Stanley (In re
Stanley), 224 F. App’x 343, 347 (5th Cir. 2007).        In Stanley, though, the
bankruptcy court had made a finding of good faith.

true that the
Stanley bankruptcy court did not explicitly state that it considered all the facts
cumulatively, but that court had considered each indicator of bad faith raised
by the trustee.

concluded that the “fair import” of the Stanley
court’s analysis was that it properly evaluated the totality of the circumstances
surrounding good faith.

result, we upheld the bankruptcy court’s
finding.

      We usually review a bankruptcy court’s finding of good faith for clear
error, Sikes v. Crager (In re Crager), 

, 675–76 (5th Cir. 2012), but
we apply de novo review when good-faith findings are based on incorrect law,
In re Elmwood Development Co., 

, 510 (5th Cir. 1992). Here,
though, there were no findings on the Section 1325(a) requirements
whatsoever. Even when the bankruptcy court summarized the proceedings,
the bankruptcy court did not mention anything about good or bad faith. We
are therefore unable to say, as we did in Stanley, that it was the “fair import”
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                                  No. 19-50177
of the bankruptcy court’s analysis that it properly analyzed the good-faith
factors at all, much less cumulatively.      Moreover, to the extent that the
bankruptcy court made a finding of bad faith, it was based on incorrect law.
We observe the sensible rule that “debtors are not in bad faith merely for doing
what the Code permits them to do.” Beaulieu v. Ragos, 

, 227 (5th
Cir. 2012).    We thus reject the trustee’s view that maintaining excess
disposable income is inherently bad faith and manipulation of the Code.
      In addition, the trustee argues that the plan was not feasible because
Brown would not be able to comply with its terms. § 1325(a)(6); 

. In determining whether a plan is feasible, among relevant factors
is “the degree of responsibility of the debtor, as evidenced by his past dealings
with his creditors, and the reasons contributing to the debtor’s need for a
Chapter 13 plan may be significant.”        

.     We also
explained that “the bankruptcy court, in deciding whether to confirm the plan,
must determine whether the debtor will be able to make those payments and
to comply with the plan.”

(emphasis added). Here, the bankruptcy
court made no finding on feasibility.
      Unless Brown’s plan fell short of the Section 1325(a) criteria, the court
was required to confirm the plan, subject to subsection Section 1325(b). See

. We have analyzed the claimed shortcomings under
Section 1325(a) and rejected them. To conclude, we next consider de novo
whether Brown’s plan complied with Section 1325(b)(1).


      B.      Whether the plan complied with Section 1325(b)(1)
      When a trustee objects to confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan, the
bankruptcy court may not confirm the plan unless (A) the full value of the
claim is to be paid under the plan, or (B) the plan provides that all the debtor’s
disposable income will go toward payments. § 1325(b)(1)(A)–(B). The trustee
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                                   No. 19-50177
argues that the statute does not give a choice between the two ways of
complying with Section 1325(b)(1). Instead, subsection (B) sets the minimum
payment for debtors whose income is above the applicable state’s median, as
calculated under Section 1325(b)(3).
      Specifically, the trustee argues that the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention
and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”), Pub. L. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23,
amended the Code so that an above-median debtor’s minimum payment for a
Chapter 13 plan is his monthly disposable income, under subsection (b)(1)(B).
The trustee cites Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 1007, which states
that Chapter 13 debtors must file statements of monthly incomes and calculate
their disposable income. FED. R. BANKR. P. 1007(b)(6). She also emphasizes
that BAPCPA was passed “to promote the rights of creditors.”
      The trustee’s interpretation of Section 1325(b)(1) runs counter to the
plain text, which is where we begin and end. See BedRoc Ltd., LLC v. United
States, 

, 183 (2004). Section 1325(b)(1) contains two disjunctive
elements.     If a trustee objects to confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan, the
bankruptcy “court may not approve the plan unless” the debtor complies with
option (A) “or” option (B). § 1325(b)(1). Generally, “or creates alternatives.”
ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN A. GARNER, READING LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF
LEGAL TEXTS 116 (2012). Subsection (b)(1) is not ambiguous textually. The
trustee’s interpretation works only if “or” is completely read out of the
subsection.    We conclude a debtor does not need to comply with both
subsection (b)(1)(A) and (b)(1)(B). § 1325(b)(1)(A)–(B).
      Next, we consider whether Brown’s plan complied with Section
1325(b)(1)(A). The trustee argues that, even if subsection (b)(1)(B) does not
establish the minimum payment, Brown’s plan still did not satisfy
subsection (b)(1)(A).      Brown     proposed     paying     unsecured    creditors
“approximately 100% of allowed claims.” The trustee expresses skepticism at
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                                  No. 19-50177
the word “approximate,” noting that the “Debtor’s plan did not guarantee
payment in full. By its own terms, it only proposed to pay an approximate
100%.” Brown informs us, though, and the trustee does not dispute, that
“approximate” comes from a mandatory standing order of this particular
Bankruptcy Court.
      The option provided in subsection (b)(1)(A) states that “the value of the
property to be distributed under the plan on account of such claim is not less
than the amount of such claim,” as of the effective date of the plan.
§ 1325(b)(1)(A).   The plan would pay unsecured creditors “approximately
100%,” which is as close to “in full” as the standing order allows a plan to state.
The plan did not propose to pay “less than the amount of such claim.” Thus,
the plan complied with subsection (b)(1)(A), and the bankruptcy court was not
prohibited by that section from confirming the plan. § 1325(b)(1).


      C.    Whether the imposed condition violates Section 1325
      We now consider whether imposing the Molina language violated Section
1325(a) and (b). Brown starts with the premise that his Chapter 13 plan
complied with Section 1325(a). Brown argues that because Section 1325(a)
lists specific criteria that a Chapter 13 plan must meet, the court did not have
discretion to add additional conditions.      According to Brown, this lack of
discretion is implied by the mandatory nature of the word “shall” and by the
negative-implication canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius. See NLRB
v. SW Gen., Inc., 

, 940 (2017).
      Section 1325(a) mandates the confirmation of compliant Chapter 13
plans, but it does not address what a bankruptcy court may include in its
confirmation order. The caselaw demonstrates differences of opinion among
courts.    Compare Petro v. Mishler, 

, 378 (7th Cir. 2002)
(disagreeing with the conclusion that a court can require a Chapter 13 plan
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                                     No. 19-50177
compliant with 1325(a) to meet additional requirements), with Martinez v.
Viegelahn, 

, 494 (W.D. Tex. 2017) (Section 1325 does not prohibit
judicially imposed conditions), and In re Walker, 

, 1000 (E.D. Va.
1994) (bankruptcy court has power to impose conditions under Section 105).
What we do know is that Section 105(a) speaks in quite broad terms of a
bankruptcy court’s authority, but it “does not authorize the bankruptcy courts
to create substantive rights that are otherwise unavailable under applicable
law or constitute a roving commission to do equity.” United States v. Sutton,

, 1308 (5th Cir. 1986) (footnote omitted). The bankruptcy court
did not link the imposition of the Molina language with furthering another
Code provision, and indeed, our understanding of the trustee’s arguments is
that she is relying on equity to support the provision.
      The transcript of the hearing on the plan supports that the bankruptcy
court would not have confirmed the plan without an extra condition. Between
two undesirable options, 2 the debtor chose the Molina language.                     That
language restricted modification.            The restrictions are these: (1) any
modification had to pay “a 100% dividend to unsecured claims,” (2) the debtor
had to modify the plan should he “fail to pay a 100% dividend to unsecured
claims,” and (3) there would be no discharge unless all allowed claims were
paid in full.
       We will not make any broad rulings here about whether a bankruptcy
court may impose conditions on a compliant Chapter 13 plan. Nor will we now
adopt the debtor’s blanket rule that satisfying the Section 1325(a) criteria



      2 Brown argues that the alternative condition he did not accept, which would have
required him to pay all his disposable income for the first seven months of the plan, would
have made superfluous the requirement that “the value of the property to be distributed
under the plan on account of such claim is not less than the amount of such claim.”
§ 1325(b)(1)(A). The confirmation order, though, did not force Brown to proceed under
subsection (b)(1)(B). We will not analyze the proposed condition that is not before us.
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                                   No. 19-50177
always     precludes   court-imposed    conditions    on     a    bankruptcy     plan.
Nevertheless, the Molina provision arguably contravened Section 105(a) by its
failure to further some other provision of the Code. We are reluctant to so hold,
though, because the bankruptcy court did not articulate or analyze whether
some provision of the Code was being upheld by the Molina provision. We do
hold that, at a minimum, the provision was not “necessary or appropriate to
carry out” any part of the Code identified in this appeal.
        Instead of basing our holding on a potential violation of Section 1325(a),
though, we consider ourselves on firmer footing to resolve the case on the
following analysis concerning Section 1329.


II.     Section 1329
        Brown argues that the Molina language violates Section 1329 of the
Code by limiting the debtor’s ability to modify the plan.             Section 1329(a)
provides: “At any time after confirmation of the plan but before the completion
of payments under such plan, the plan may be modified, upon request of the
debtor, the trustee, or the holder of an allowed unsecured claim, to” adjust
payments, schedules, or the distribution of those payments to different
creditors. § 1329(a)(1)–(4).
        Brown relies on the district court’s reasoning in Martinez. 

.
Martinez was another Chapter 13 case in which a district court reviewed a plan
confirmed by the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court had added the
Molina language, and the district court had to decide whether that violated
Section 

. Martinez found that, despite bankruptcy courts’
broad equitable powers under Section 105, the Molina language contravened
Section 1329.

The court explained: “The purpose of Section 1329
is to allow modification of a confirmed plan should circumstances change
during the life of the plan.”

Although the court recognized that a
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                                  No. 19-50177
trustee has some competing duties to protect the unsecured creditors, the court
observed that the solution was simple: “Should Debtors later seek modification
of their Chapter 13 Plan Order under Section 1329, Debtors will still have to
meet all of the requirements listed under Section 1325(a), including the
requirement of good faith.”

The court vacated the conditional
Molina language and affirmed the remainder of the confirmation order.

         According to the trustee, though, Brown still may seek modification
under the Molina language. The trustee argues that Martinez got it wrong
because it “misunderstood the impact of the Molina language on the debtors.”
This argument is different than what the trustee argued to the bankruptcy
court.     At the confirmation hearings, she acknowledged that the Molina
language allows a debtor to modify his plan but “not to amend to pay less than
100 percent.” In her appellate briefing, however, the trustee argues that under
the Molina language, “debtors were not prohibited from modifying the plan to
pay less than 100%. . . . The debtors were only required to pay 100% to obtain
a discharge. A discharge is merely a privilege and not a right.”
         The Molina language states: “The Debtor(s) shall not seek modification
of the Plan unless said modification also pays a 100% dividend to unsecured
claims.” Consequently, any future modifications cannot downwardly adjust
the amount to be paid to unsecured creditors. Even the bankruptcy court
seemed to recognize that this condition limited Brown’s rights under Section
1329. When giving a choice between the two conditions, the court stated to
debtor’s counsel: “I understand your argument about 1329, that’s why I’m
giving you the difficult, admittedly, choice.       If you’re concerned about
preserving 1329, I’m going to balance it against paying the unsecured claims.”
(emphasis added).


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                                  No. 19-50177
        We are persuaded by the Martinez court’s reasoning that the Molina
language violates Section 1329.      Further, if the trustee is correct in her
appellate briefing that Brown may modify the plan to pay less, but that the
Molina language would still preclude him from receiving discharge, then the
condition violates Section 1328. Under Section 1328(a), a debtor who has made
“all payments under the plan” may receive discharge of certain debts.
§ 1328(a). Under the trustee’s interpretation of the Molina language, a debtor
could modify the plan to pay less than 100% to unsecured creditors, but a
debtor who did so would not be able to receive discharge, despite making “all
payments under the plan,” § 1328(a). The Molina language is better read,
though, as limiting a debtor’s ability to request certain modifications.
        Although we hold today that conditions prohibiting certain modifications
of Chapter 13 plans violate Section 1329, we note that this dispute seems in
some ways much ado about nothing. Modifications of Chapter 13 plans must
meet the same standards as a plan when first proposed. § 1329(b)(1). If, post-
confirmation, a debtor in bad faith requests a modification of the plan, it is
within the bankruptcy court’s discretion to deny that request.             Still, a
bankruptcy court should not limit Section 1329’s availability based on
speculation about an as-of-yet non-existent request to modify a Chapter 13
plan.
        We VACATE the confirmation order and REMAND to the bankruptcy
court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.




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