[DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                          SEPTEMBER 7, 2007
                             No. 06-15987                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                       ________________________

                 D. C. Docket No. 06-00121-CR-LSC-JEO

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

HUSAIN ABDUL ALIM,

                                                Defendant-Appellant.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Alabama
                      _________________________

                           (September 7, 2007)

Before DUBINA, BLACK and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Husain Alim appeals his conviction and sentence for trafficking in

counterfeit goods, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2320, 2322. We address the issues

raised on appeal in turn.

                                              I.

       Alim first contends the district court erred when it denied his motion to

suppress after finding (1) the plain view exception to the Fourth Amendment’s

warrant requirement applied to a search of the first storeroom in his business and

(2) he voluntarily consented to a search of the second storeroom. “Review of a

district court’s denial of a motion to suppress is a mixed question of law and fact.”

United States v. Smith, 

, 1290 (11th Cir. 2006), cert. denied 127 S.

Ct. 990 (2007). When properly preserved, we review a district court’s factual

findings for clear error, and construe those facts in the light most favorable to the

prevailing party.1 

the district court’s application of law de novo.

Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure

against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. C ONST. A MEND. IV. A search

       1
         Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 59(b), a defendant’s failure to object to a magistrate’s order
recommending denial of suppression within ten days of being served with a copy of the
recommended disposition “waives a party’s right to review.” See Fed. R. Crim. P. 59(b)(2). We
assume arguendo, particularly since the government did not argue to the contrary, that Alim’s
objection, filed in response to the district court’s order adopting the magistrate’s report and
recommendation denying suppression, although untimely, was sufficient to preserve for appellate
review issues with respect to the denial of his suppression motion.

                                              2
generally is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment when it is supported by a

warrant or when the search falls within an established exception to the warrant

requirement. United States v. Prevo, 

, 1345 (11th Cir. 2006). One

such exception, the “plain view” doctrine, allows a warrantless seizure where

“(1) an officer [was] lawfully located in the place from which the seized object

could be plainly viewed and [had] a lawful right of access to the object itself; and

(2) the incriminating character of the item is immediately apparent.” 

. For an item’s incriminating character to be “immediately apparent,”

the police merely need probable cause to believe that the item is contraband. Texas

v. Brown, 

, 1542-43 (1983). Probable cause, in turn, “merely

requires that the facts available to the officer would warrant a man of reasonable

caution in the belief . . . that certain items may be contraband . . . ; it does not

demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more likely true than false. A

practical, nontechnical probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all

that is required.” 

(internal quotations and citations omitted).

       The district court did not err in finding that the warrantless search of the first

storeroom was constitutional under the “plain view” exception to the Fourth

Amendment’s warrant requirement. Although federal authorities, including a

Customs official (Wesley Anthony) and an official trained in identifying



                                             3
counterfeit items (Wayne Grooms), were not in possession of a warrant when they

entered Alim’s business, it was undisputed that they were lawfully located in the

retail area of the business when they viewed counterfeit merchandise in the first

storeroom through a window.

      Moreover, the incriminating character of the merchandise in the first

storeroom was “immediately apparent.” Anthony and Grooms had probable cause

to believe that the merchandise was contraband in light of the uncontroverted

testimony at the suppression hearing that: (1) Grooms had twenty years of

experience in identifying counterfeit products, and had received training from

various trademark holders in identifying fake products; (2) Grooms was able to

identify visually some of the counterfeit merchandise; (3) Grooms already had

observed a large volume of counterfeit merchandise in the retail area; and

(4) Anthony and Grooms both believed, based on their visual observations, that the

merchandise in the first storeroom was “consistent and the same type of

merchandise [for sale in the retail area] which . . . had already been determined to

be counterfeit.”

      Accordingly, the “plain view” exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant

requirement applied, and the warrantless search of the first storeroom and

corresponding seizure of the counterfeit merchandise in that storeroom were



                                          4
constitutional. See 

(enumerating “plain view” test);

(noting that probable cause satisfies the

“immediately apparent” requirement of the “plain view” test).

       Voluntary consent provides another exception to the warrant requirement of

the Fourth Amendment. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 

(1973). A

district court’s determination as to the voluntariness of a person’s consent to a

search is a factual finding that will not be disturbed absent clear error. See United

States v. Purcell, 

, 1281 (11th Cir. 2001). “In assessing

voluntariness, the inquiry is factual and depends on the totality of the

circumstances. . . . In evaluating the totality of the circumstances underlying

consent, the court should look at several indicators, including the presence of

coercive police procedures, the extent of the defendant’s cooperation with the

officer, the defendant’s awareness of his right to refuse consent, the defendant's

education and intelligence, and the defendant’s belief that no incriminating

evidence will be found.” 

of intimidation, threats, abuse

(physical or psychological), or other coercion is a circumstance weighing in favor

of upholding what appears to be a voluntary consent.” United States v. Jones, 

, 730 (5th Cir. 1973).2


       2
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 

, 1209 (11th Cie. 1981) (en banc), this Court
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to close

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       Consent is not voluntary if it is “a function of acquiescence to a claim of

lawful authority . . . .” United States v. Blake, 

, 798 (11th Cir. 1989).

Rather, “[t]o be considered voluntary, consent ‘must be the product of an

essentially free and unconstrained choice.’” United States v. Zapata, 

, 1241 (11th Cir. 1999) (quoting United States v. Garcia, 

, 360

(11th Cir.1989)).

       We found an absence of undue coercion where a defendant was arrested at

gunpoint and forced to lie on the ground near the roadway, and the defendant

consented to the search of his car and suitcase while the officer still had his gun

drawn. See United States v. Espinosa-Orlando, 

, 513 (11th Cir.

1983). We also determined that a defendant’s consent to a search of his home was

voluntary, where his home was surrounded by fourteen agents, he was handcuffed,

and the officers refused his consent to a limited search of his home. See 

.

       The district court did not clearly err in finding that, in light of the totality of

the circumstances, Alim voluntarily consented to the search of the second

storeroom in the business.3 Alim did not offer any testimony at the suppression

of business on September 30, 1981.
       3
           Because Alim orally consented to a search of the business premises after the search of the
retail area and during the search of the first storeroom, and those searches were legal, we need only
address whether the consent was voluntary, without regard to whether the consent was tainted by

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hearing to show that the circumstances surrounding the search of his business were

unduly coercive, and the testimony from the suppression hearing belies such an

argument. Alim refused to execute the preprinted consent-to-search form at the

same time that he provided his oral consent to a search of the business premises

(excluding his “personal area”), thus, demonstrating that he was not merely

acquiescing to the actions of the officers.

       Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the assertion by one of the officers

that they had probable cause to search the first storeroom could be construed as a

claim of lawful authority, cf. Blake, this statement was limited to the first

storeroom, and the officers did have the lawful authority to search that storeroom.

It is significant that the officers were not even aware of the existence of the second

storeroom at the time this statement was made to Alim, and there is no record

evidence to suggest that any claim of lawful authority was made with respect to the

second storeroom when Alim consented to a search of the entire business premises

(excluding his “personal area”).

       Also, Anthony specifically testified that: (1) Alim was a United States




an initial illegality. See United States v. Ramirz-Chilel, 

, 752, n.9 (11th Cir. 2002).
This fact distinguishes the present case from the decision relied on by Alim, Florida v. Royer, 

(1983), where the Supreme Court concluded that a defendant had been illegally detained
when he gave his consent, and so “the consent was tainted by the illegality and was ineffective to
justify the search.”

                                                7
citizen and appeared to understand that he and the other investigator were asking

for his consent to search the building; (2) both his and the investigator’s guns were

concealed during that conversation; (3) no one threatened Alim to obtain his oral

consent; (4) Alim was not promised anything for his oral consent; and (5) Alim’s

movement was not restricted at any time. In this respect, this environment may be

reasonably viewed as less coercive than in Espinosa-Orlando, where the defendant

provided consent at gunpoint, or in Garcia, where the defendant was handcuffed at

the time he provided his consent. See 

; 

.

      Finally, although there were more officers present during the search of

Alim’s business than during the search of the defendant’s premises in Garcia, we

do not view this as sufficient to affect the outcome of this case.

      Accordingly, in light of the totality of the circumstances, the district court’s

conclusion that Alim voluntarily consented to the search of the second storeroom

was not clearly erroneous.

                                          II.

      Alim next argues the court erred by determining the amount of loss for

sentencing purposes based on the retail value of the infringed items rather than the

retail value of the counterfeit items. “Interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines is



                                           8
reviewed de novo, with factual findings reversible if clearly erroneous.” United

States v. Guerra, 

, 1291 (11th Cir. 2002). “Review of the district

court’s application of the Guidelines to the facts is for abuse of discretion.” 

who is convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 2320 is sentenced

pursuant U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3. According to that Guideline, “[i]f the infringement

amount . . . exceeds $5,000,” a court is instructed to “increase by the number of

levels from the table in § 2B1.1 (Theft, Property Destruction and

Fraud) corresponding to that amount.” U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3(b)(1). To determine the

infringement amount, the commentary to § 2B5.3 instructs a court is to use “the

retail value of the infringed item, multiplied by the number of infringing items,” if

the case involves, among other categories, an infringing item that “is, or appears to

a reasonably informed purchaser to be, identical or substantially equivalent to the

infringed item[.]” U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3, cmt. n.2(A)(i) (May 2000 amendments)

(emphasis added). In a case not covered by one of the enumerated categories in the

commentary notes, the infringement amount “is the retail value of the infringing

item, multiplied by the number of infringing items[.]” U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3, cmt.

n.2(B) (May 2000 amendments) (emphasis added).

      The district court did not clearly err at sentencing in finding that a

reasonably informed purchaser would believe that the infringing items were



                                           9
substantially equivalent to the genuine items, and so the retail value of the

infringed items, rather than of the infringing items, should be used to calculate

Alim’s offense level. Alim’s only evidence on this point came from his stepson,

Ibrahim, who testified that they sold the counterfeit items for substantially less than

the retail values of the genuine items. Ibrahaim also testified, however, that he

worked at the business and was unable to tell that the confiscated merchandise was

counterfeit. Furthermore, Grooms testified at sentencing that he was personally

familiar with the counterfeit items seized from Alim’s business and the genuine

versions of those items, and that a reasonably informed buyer would believe that

the items were the substantial equivalents of one another.

        Because this testimony supports the district court’s factual finding that the

counterfeit items would appear to a reasonably informed purchaser to be

substantially equivalent to the genuine versions of the items, the district court was

instructed by the Guidelines to use the retail value of the infringed items. See

U.S.S.G. § 2B5.3, cmt. n.2(A) (May 2000 amendments). Accordingly, the district

court did not err in this regard.4


        4
         We also reject Alim’s argument that the district court failed to articulate its reasoning for
using the retail value of the infringed items to calculate his offense level. The district court listened
to the parties’ arguments and testimony on the matter, and then expressly adopted the factual
findings of the PSI, which noted, among other things, that “the counterfeit items [were] substantially
equivalent to the actual items . . . .”


                                                   10
                                         III.

      The district court did not err in (1) finding the plain view exception to the

Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement applied to a search of the first

storeroom, (2) finding that Alim voluntarily consented to a search of the second

storeroom, and (3) calculating Alim’s offense level for sentencing purposes. Thus,

we affirm Alim’s conviction and sentence.

      AFFIRMED.




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