Case: 18-13181    Date Filed: 09/17/2020   Page: 1 of 21



                                                                        [PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 18-13181
                          ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-20969-UU


CHRISTIAN S. GHERARDI,
                                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                      versus

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC.,

                                                              Defendant-Appellee,

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         ________________________

                              (September 17, 2020)

Before MARTIN, GRANT, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
GRANT, Circuit Judge:
      Christian Gherardi won a substantial arbitration award against his former
employer, Citigroup Global Markets. Unhappy with its loss, Citi sought vacatur in
federal court. Citi argued that because Gherardi had been an at-will employee, the

arbitrators exceeded their powers by finding that he had been wrongfully
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terminated. The district court agreed. Gherardi’s appeal presents two questions of
contract interpretation. First, did the parties agree to arbitrate wrongful termination

disputes? Second, was Gherardi a purely at-will employee, or did some provision
in his agreements with Citigroup offer a way to contest his treatment? Our answer
to the first, much easier question relieves us of the need—and the authority—to
answer the second question. Citi and Gherardi agreed to arbitrate all disputes
about Gherardi’s employment. Under the Federal Arbitration Act, the merits of
Gherardi’s dispute were thus committed to the arbitrators. Citi does not get a

mulligan in federal court because it identifies a possible legal error in arbitration.
No doubt this is a tough rule, but it applies to employer and employee alike. The
district court erred by substituting its own legal judgment for that of the arbitrators.
We reverse its vacatur of the award.
                                           I.
      For roughly two decades, Christian Gherardi was a Miami-based broker and
investment advisor for Citi. By all accounts, he was a star performer. Over the last
five years of his employment, Gherardi never earned less than $750,000. But
despite his financial success, Gherardi had a few problems at the office.
      According to Citi, Gherardi engaged in “inappropriate and abusive behavior
towards colleagues.” In June of 2015, Gherardi received a “final warning” letter
reprimanding him for an incident where he was “aggressive towards a fellow
employee and shouted profane language.” Some five months later, Gherardi
emailed Citi’s Human Resources Department threatening to challenge the warning
letter in arbitration. Citi fired him some three days later.


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      Gherardi initiated arbitration against Citi. He argued that because Citi
feared that he would join a competitor firm—and take his 500–600 clients with

him—it tried to make him unemployable by firing him “for cause.” Among other
things, Gherardi brought claims for defamation based on Citi’s explanation of
termination, wrongful termination in violation of the anti-retaliation provision, and
wrongful termination in violation of “the common law of securities arbitration,
which provides that registered persons are not at-will employees.” He sought
$16.5 million in damages.

      At the time of Gherardi’s termination, he and Citi were parties to three
relevant agreements: the 2015 Citi U.S. Employee Handbook, an Employment
Arbitration Policy (appended to the Handbook), and a Dual Employment
Agreement. Within these three agreements, five provisions are especially relevant:
   • First, the Dual Employment Agreement said that Gherardi was an at-
     will employee. This meant that his employment could be “terminated
     at any time and for any reason or no reason, not otherwise prohibited
     by law, by any party.”
   • Second, the Handbook noted that “[e]xcept for the Employment
     Arbitration Policy, nothing contained in this Handbook, nor the
     Handbook itself, is a contract of employment.”
   • Third, the Arbitration Policy required “all employment-related
     disputes” between Gherardi and Citi to be arbitrated “under the
     auspices of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.”
   • Fourth, the Arbitration Policy said that it did not “constitute, nor should
     it be construed to constitute, a waiver by Citi of its rights under the
     ‘employment-at-will’ doctrine nor” did “it afford an employee or
     former employee any rights or remedies not otherwise available under
     applicable law.”




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    • Fifth, the Arbitration Policy stated that “[r]etaliation against employees
      who file a claim under this Policy, including claims regarding the
      validity of this Policy or any provision thereof, is expressly prohibited.”
       The arbitration panel unanimously awarded Gherardi nearly $4 million,
including $3,452,000 as compensatory damages for wrongful termination. The

panel did not make specific findings or explain its reasoning, but it was not legally
required to do so. Gherardi moved to confirm the award in federal district court.
Citi opposed confirmation and moved to vacate.1 The district court granted Citi’s

motion to vacate with respect to the wrongful termination portion of Gherardi’s
award. This appeal followed.
                                                II.
       The district court determined that the arbitrators “exceeded their powers, or
so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the
subject matter submitted was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). This was a legal
determination that we review de novo. See Wiregrass Metal Trades Council AFL-
CIO v. Shaw Envtl. & Infrastructure, Inc., 

, 1087 (11th Cir. 2016).
                                                III.

                                                A.
       Litigation is our default adjudicative process, but it is not the only possible
process. Private arbitration has existed at least since the Roman Empire. See

Pandects of Justinian, Bk. 4, Title 8. In the United States, though arbitration has
long been available, we have historically seen “widespread judicial hostility to

1
  In addition to the ground for vacatur discussed below, Citi argued that the award should be
vacated because of the partiality of one of the arbitrators. The district court denied vacatur on
this ground, and it is not at issue on appeal.


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arbitration agreements.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 

, 339
(2011); see, e.g., The Atlanten, 

, 937 (2d Cir. 1918), decree aff’d, 

, 316 (1920) (breach of arbitration agreement results in nominal damages);
Wood v. Lafayette, 

, 489–90 (N.Y. 1871) (arbitration agreement can be
unilaterally revoked); Taylor v. Sayre, 

, 650 (N.J. 1855) (courts can
correct an arbitrator’s legal error). Eventually, the political branches tired of the
courts’ uneven enforcement practices. In 1925, Congress passed the Federal
Arbitration Act, which said that written arbitration contracts were “valid,

irrevocable, and enforceable.” 9 U.S.C. § 2.
          Under the FAA, federal courts have limited authority to vacate or modify an
arbitration award. 2 Vacatur is allowed “only in very unusual circumstances,” and

those “very unusual circumstances” are described in the statute.3 First Options of
Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 

, 942 (1995). The first three—corruption or
fraud, bias, and procedural misconduct—are not at issue in this appeal. See 9
U.S.C. § 10(a)(1)–(3). The court below relied on the fourth and final enumerated
circumstance, which permits vacatur if “the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or
so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the

subject matter submitted was not made.”

    Modification, not relevant here, is governed by 9 U.S.C. § 11.
3
  Like several of our sister circuits, we previously recognized a variety of non-statutory grounds
for vacatur, including “manifest disregard of the law.” Scott v. Prudential Sec., Inc., 

, 1017 (11th Cir. 1998); see Montes v. Shearson Lehman Bros., 

, 1461 (11th
Cir. 1997). But based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Hall Street, we have since held that
these judicially-created grounds violate the FAA. See Frazier v. CitiFinancial Corp., LLC, 

, 1324 (11th Cir. 2010) (applying Hall St. Assocs., LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 

,
586 (2008)).


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      Following Supreme Court precedent, we have interpreted § 10(a)(4)’s
language narrowly—very narrowly. The essential principles of our review, though

often recited, are worth repeating. Judicial review of arbitration decisions is
“among the narrowest known to the law.” Bamberger Rosenheim, Ltd. v. OA Dev.,
Inc., 

, 1286 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting AIG Baker Sterling Heights,
LLC v. Am. Multi-Cinema, Inc., 

, 1001 (11th Cir. 2007)). Arbitrators
do not exceed their powers when they make errors, even “a serious error.” Stolt-
Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 

, 671 (2010). That means,

however difficult it may be, “we must defer entirely to the arbitrator’s
interpretation of the underlying contract no matter how wrong we think that
interpretation is.” 

; see also Inversiones y
Procesadora Tropical INPROTSA, S.A. v. Del Monte Int’l GmbH, 

,
1303 (11th Cir. 2019). In fact, under our current scheme, an arbitrator’s actual
reasoning is of such little importance to our review that it need not be explained—
the decision itself is enough. See O.R. Sec., Inc. v. Prof’l Planning Assocs., Inc.,

, 747 (11th Cir. 1988).
      This rule can be a tough pill to swallow for a losing party subjected to what
seems like a legally questionable interpretation. And courts are understandably
protective of our interpretative authority. But we have good reason to defer to the
arbitrator’s reasoning, even when it is different than our own. Arbitration
agreements are contracts where the bargain is for the arbitrator’s construction of
the underlying agreements, rather than for any particular outcome. See Oxford




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Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 

, 569 (2013); United Steelworkers of Am.
v. Enter. Wheel & Car Corp., 

, 599 (1960).

      So if even serious interpretive error does not justify vacatur under § 10(a)(4),
that invites an obvious question: what does? Vacatur is permitted only when an
arbitrator “strays from interpretation and application of the agreement and
effectively dispenses his own brand of industrial justice.” Major League Baseball
Players Ass’n v. Garvey, 

, 509 (2001) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Here are some illustrative examples: awarding relief on a statutory claim

when the arbitration agreement allows only for arbitration of contractual claims,
see Paladino v. Avnet Comput. Techs., Inc., 

, 1061 (11th Cir. 1998);
failing to give preclusive effect to an issue already (and properly) decided by a
court, see Kahn v. Smith Barney Shearson Inc., 

, 933 (11th Cir. 1997);
and forcing a party to submit to class arbitration without a contractual basis for
concluding that the party agreed to it, see 

.
      As these examples show, a motion under § 10(a)(4) can hardly be thought of
as “appealing” the award in the traditional sense. An arbitration agreement is
better thought of as a sort of choice-of-forum clause, and a motion to confirm an
arbitration award is very nearly like asking a court to recognize and enforce the
judgment of a different court. In that context, so long as the rendering court had
jurisdiction, “the court in which execution is sought will not look behind the
judgment and reopen the case on the merits.” Jack H. Friedenthal, Mary Kay
Kane, Arthur R. Miller, Civil Procedure § 15.7 (5th ed. 2015); see also V.L. v.
E.L., 

, 1020 (2016) (recognition of judgment not required if


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rendering court did not have jurisdiction). Similarly, in § 10(a)(4) cases, our
review is quasi-jurisdictional: a check to make sure that the arbitration agreement

granted the arbitrator authority to reach the issues it resolved. Parties who agree to
arbitrate their disputes “opt out of the court system,” so when a party has second
thoughts after learning the outcome (as the loser usually does), the options in
federal court are limited. Wise v. Wachovia Sec., LLC, 

, 269 (7th Cir.
2006). A traditional merits appeal is not available; the decision can be challenged
“not on the ground that the arbitrators made a mistake but that they violated the

agreement to arbitrate.”

under § 10(a)(4), then, is “whether the arbitrator (even
arguably) interpreted the parties’ contract, not whether she got its meaning right or
wrong.” 

(punctuation altered) (quoting 

); see also 

(quoting Comput. Task Grp.,
Inc. v. Palm Beach Cty., 

, 943 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001)) (“[T]he
test for whether an arbitrator exceeds his authority is whether the arbitrator had the
power, based on the parties’ submissions or the arbitration agreement, to reach a
certain issue, not whether the arbitrator correctly decided that issue.”). We honor
the parties’ bargain by enforcing the award if it “even arguably” construes or
applies the agreement. 

(citation omitted). A unanimous
Supreme Court recently reconfirmed this principle: “a court may not rule on the
potential merits of the underlying claim that is assigned by contract to an arbitrator,
even if it appears to the court to be frivolous.” Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer &
White Sales, Inc., 

, 529 (2019) (citation and internal quotation marks


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omitted). In short, if an agreement assigns a dispute to arbitration, the arbitrators
do not exceed their authority when they resolve that dispute—regardless of the

outcome.
      Our respect for arbitration (a respect that is demanded by the FAA) means
that some interpretive errors will go uncorrected. But if it were any other way, the
efficiency gains of arbitration would be destroyed and arbitration would become
“merely a prelude to a more cumbersome and time-consuming judicial review
process.” Hall St. Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 

, 588 (2008)

(citation omitted). When parties choose arbitration, we cannot override their
decision by prioritizing our own answer over that of the arbitrator they selected.
And we are called to accept that the costs of allowing interpretive errors to stand
are “far outweighed by the general benefits that accrue . . . from giving arbitral
awards a strong presumption of finality.” Wallace v. Civil Aeronautics Bd., 

, 864 (11th Cir. 1985).
                                            B.
      These principles underlying § 10(a)(4) direct the outcome here. Citi and
Gherardi agreed to mandatory arbitration for “all employment-related disputes,
whether initiated by [Gherardi] or by Citi.” The Arbitration Policy also directed
that “any dispute as to the arbitrability of a particular claim . . . shall be resolved in
arbitration.” Gherardi’s wrongful termination claim was “employment-related,” so
it was validly submitted to the arbitrators. Because Gherardi’s claim was
“assigned by contract” to arbitrators, we have no power to rule on the “merits of
the underlying claim” for wrongful termination unless they strayed from


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interpretation of the contract and dispensed their “own brand of industrial justice.”
Henry 

(citation and internal quotation mark omitted);

(citation omitted).
      This is not a case where the arbitrators flagrantly defied the terms of the
parties’ contract. The Dual Employment Agreement, of course, said that Gherardi
could be “terminated at any time and for any reason or no reason.” So one
question for the arbitrators was whether anything in the Arbitration Policy called
that otherwise clear language into question. Gherardi argues yes: he says the

Arbitration Policy’s anti-retaliation provision created an exception to the
background rule of at-will employment. Citi responds that any question about
whether the anti-retaliation provision created an exception to the at-will nature of
Gherardi’s employment is answered on the previous page, which states that the
Arbitration Policy “doesn’t constitute . . . a waiver” of Citi’s rights under the at-
will doctrine.
      The ordinary rule in contract interpretation is that an “interpretation giving
reasonable meaning to all provisions of a contract is preferred to one which leaves
a part useless or inexplicable.” In re FFS Data, Inc., 

, 1304 (11th
Cir. 2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Restatement (Second)
of Contracts § 202, comment d (1980) (“Where the whole can be read to give
significance to each part, that reading is preferred.”). The arbitrators may have
thought it implausible that the anti-retaliation provision was intended only as
aspirational language. Cf. 

–89 (arbitrators are
empowered to find implied terms in a contract, even if they seem to contradict the


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contract’s express terms). The district court obviously thought not. But the legal
merits of the dispute were the arbitrators’ concern, not the district court’s or ours.

       We offer the brief merits evaluation above only to illustrate that the contract
language was “open to interpretation.” 

. Because the
dispute’s resolution was contractually assigned to the arbitrators and they arguably
construed the contract, that is enough. As Gherardi correctly points out, Citi’s
argument boils down to a claim “that the arbitrators misinterpreted the governing
contract.” This is a far cry from a valid claim that the arbitrators “exceeded their

powers.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). Because the arbitrators’ decision was an
interpretation of the contract, rather than an expansion of the arbitrable issues, it
stands on appeal.
                                    *      *      *
       In valid arbitration agreements, the parties opt out of the public courts and
delegate judgment to a private third party. The resulting decision binds all parties
equally—employers and employees, plaintiffs and defendants, winners and losers.
Citi chose to sign an arbitration agreement with Gherardi. It must now live with
the results.
       REVERSED and REMANDED.




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MARTIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
      The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., permits a party to
seek vacatur of an arbitration award on the ground that the arbitrators exceeded

their powers.

District Court found, correctly I believe, that the
arbitrators acted outside of their authority in the arbitration brought by Christian
Gherardi against his former employer, Citigroup Global Markets (“Citi”). The

majority concludes that because the parties agreed to arbitrate all employment-
related disputes, the arbitration panel did not exceed its authority in awarding
wrongful termination damages. But a general recognition of the parties’ agreement
to arbitrate is just the starting point for the Court’s inquiry. The majority opinion
fails to enforce the limits the parties expressly agreed to place on any arbitration of
their employment related disputes. For that reason, I dissent to the majority

opinion.
                                           I.
      As the majority recounts, Mr. Gherardi was employed by Citi as a broker
and investment advisor based in Miami for about two decades. Toward the end of
his employment, Mr. Gherardi faced complaints about his inappropriate behavior.
In June 2015, Citi gave him a “final warning” and reprimanded him for aggression

toward a fellow employee. Five months later, Mr. Gherardi informed Citi’s human
resources department of his intention to challenge the warning letter in arbitration.
Citi fired Mr. Gherardi three days after he gave this notice and before he could
commence the threatened arbitration. Then Mr. Gherardi initiated arbitration
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proceedings to challenge, among other things, the termination itself.
      The arbitration panel ultimately awarded Mr. Gherardi nearly $4 million,

including $3,452,000 in compensatory damages for wrongful termination. Mr.
Gherardi moved to confirm the award in federal district court. Citi opposed this
motion and moved, in turn, to vacate the award.

      The District Court vacated the award’s grant of compensatory damages for
wrongful termination. The District Court found that the arbitration panel acted
outside of its authority under § 10(a)(4) of the FAA, which empowers federal
courts to vacate arbitration awards if the arbitrators “exceeded their powers.” See
Gherardi v. Citigroup Glob. Mkts., Inc., 

, at *9–15 (S.D. Fla.
July 26, 2018). This is Mr. Gherardi’s appeal of that vacatur.

      A district court’s finding that arbitrators “exceeded their powers” under
§ 10(a)(4) is a legal determination reviewed by this Court de novo. Wiregrass
Metal Trades Council AFL-CIO v. Shaw Envtl. & Infrastructure, Inc., 

, 1087 (11th Cir. 2016).
                                         II.
      The FAA permits a district court to vacate an arbitration award if it finds

that “the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly executed them that a
mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made.”
9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). Those powers are, in turn, defined by the parties’ contractual

agreement to arbitrate. See Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 

, 682–83, 

, 1774 (2010) (“[A]n arbitrator derives his or her
powers from the parties’ agreement to forgo the legal process and submit their


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disputes to private dispute resolution.”). After all, an “arbitrator[] . . . has no
general charter to administer justice for a community which transcends the

parties,” but rather is “part of a system of self-government created by and confined
to the parties.” Steelworkers v. Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co., 

, 581, 80 S.
Ct. 1347, 1352 (1960) (quotation marks omitted); see also First Options of

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 

, 943, 

, 1924 (1995)
(“[A]rbitration is simply a matter of contract between the parties; it is a way to
resolve those disputes—but only those disputes—that the parties have agreed to
submit to arbitration.”). As with “any contract case, the parties’ intent is
controlling with regard to whether they agreed to arbitrate a particular dispute, and
determining intent is a question of law for the court.” Paladino v. Avnet Comput.

Techs., Inc., 

, 1058 (11th Cir. 1998) (quotation marks omitted).
      The majority opinion sets out the two questions of contract interpretation
presented by Mr. Gherardi’s appeal. The first is whether the parties agreed to
arbitrate wrongful termination disputes. The second is whether Mr. Gherardi was a
purely at-will employee. I take these questions in turn.
              A. The Parties Agreed to Arbitrate Employment Disputes

      No one disputes that these parties agreed to arbitrate employment-related
claims. At the time he was fired, Mr. Gherardi’s employment with Citi was
governed by the 2015 Citi U.S. Employee Handbook (the “Handbook”). The

Handbook says “[t]his Handbook contains a policy that requires you and Citi to
submit employment-related disputes to binding arbitration (see Appendix A).”
Appendix A of the Handbook is the Employment Arbitration Policy, which


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mandates arbitration of “all employment-related disputes” under the auspices of
the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.

      The majority opinion says all that is required of us is that we ask whether the
parties agreed to arbitrate. And the majority never looks into whether the
arbitration agreement limited the authority of the arbitrators in any other way. It is
true, as the majority says, that “Gherardi’s wrongful termination claim was
‘employment-related,’ so it was validly submitted to the arbitrators.” Maj. Op. at
9. But the question of arbitrability is distinct from the scope of arbitral powers

under § 10(a)(4). See Oxford §Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 

, 569 &
n.2, 

, 2068 & n.2 (2013) (noting that “question[s] of arbitrability . .
. include certain gateway matters, such as whether parties have a valid arbitration
agreement at all or whether a concededly binding arbitration clause applies to a
certain type of controversy,” and are distinct from questions of whether an
“arbitrator acts outside the scope of his contractually delegated authority [in]

issuing an award” under § 10(a)(4) (quotation marks omitted and alterations
adopted)).
      I believe it is also our obligation to inquire into whether the Employment

Arbitration Policy governing this dispute limited arbitral powers in deciding
employment-related disputes. This inquiry requires us to assess, as the majority
puts it, whether the arbitrators “violated the agreement to arbitrate.” Maj. Op. at 8

(quoting Wise v. Wachovia Sec., LLC, 

, 269 (7th Cir. 2006)
(quotation marks omitted)).




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      Two principles govern our examination of the extent of the arbitrators’
powers given by the parties’ arbitration agreement. The first principle is whether

“the arbitrator (even arguably) interpreted the parties’ contract, not whether he got
its meaning right or wrong.” Sutter, 569 U.S. at 

. “Only if
the arbitrator acts outside the scope of his contractually delegated authority—

issuing an award that simply reflects his own notions of economic justice rather
than drawing its essence from the contract—may a court overturn his
determination.”

and alterations adopted).

      The second principle is that “an arbitrator may not ignore the plain language
of the contract,” such that “an arbitrator may not issue an award that contradicts the
express language of the agreement.” 

(quotation marks

omitted and alterations adopted). “The arbitrator acts within her authority when
she even arguably interprets a contract, and she exceeds her authority when she
modifies the contract’s clear and unambiguous terms.”

required to examine the text of the parties’ arbitration agreement.
See 

(“The parties’ intent governs what claims are
arbitrable, and we look to the wording of the clause itself, giving effect to every

provision, to determine the intent.”). The Employment Arbitration Policy plainly
says, under a section titled “Statement of Intent,” that the arbitration agreement
does not “constitute, nor should it be construed to constitute, a waiver by Citi of its

rights under the ‘employment-at-will’ doctrine nor does it afford an employee or
former employee any rights or remedies not otherwise available under applicable




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law.” Doc. 17-3 at 10. 1 The question thus becomes what effect does Mr.
Gherardi’s (agreed upon) status as an employee-at-will have on the agreement to

arbitrate employment-related claims.
       I take the words of the Statement of Intent to mean exactly what they say.
The agreement to arbitrate did not modify the at-will nature of Mr. Gherardi’s

employment. See 

(“[A]n interpretation which gives a
reasonable, lawful and effective meaning to all terms is preferred to an
interpretation which leaves a part unreasonable, unlawful, or of no effect[.]”
(quoting Restatement (First) of Contracts § 203(a) (1981)) (quotation marks
omitted)); Goldberg v. Bear, Stearns & Co., 

, 1421 (11th Cir. 1990)
(“When general propositions in a contract are qualified by the specific provisions,
the rule of construction is that the specific provisions in the agreement control.”).
Thus, if arbitrators decided, in disregard of the parties’ agreement, that Mr.
Gherardi was not an at-will employee, such a decision would amount to a
“modifi[cation]” of the “clear and unambiguous terms” the arbitration agreement.

.




       1
          The majority accurately notes that Mr. Gherardi’s at-will status is repeated throughout
the parties’ employment agreements:
   •   The Dual Employment Agreement states that Mr. Gherardi was an at-will
       employee, which meant that his employment could be “terminated at any time and
       for any reason or no reason, not otherwise prohibited by law, by any party.”
   •   The Employee Handbook noted that “[e]xcept for the Employment Arbitration
       Policy, nothing contained in this Handbook, nor the Handbook itself, is a contract
       of employment. . . . Your employment with Citi is at-will, which means it can be
       terminated by you or Citi at any time, with or without notice . . . .”


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       And that is exactly what happened here. The arbitration panel awarded Mr.
Gherardi compensatory damages for wrongful termination, which is not a form of

relief available to at-will employees. See, e.g., Walton v. Health Care Dist. of
Palm Beach Cty., 

, 855 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003) (“[A]n ‘at will’
employee . . . can be terminated for any or no reason and, thus, as a matter of law

c[an] not state a cause of action for wrongful termination.”). 2
       Our circuit’s analysis in Paladino is instructive in understanding why the
arbitration panel’s award exceeded its authority. In Paladino, our Court considered

an arbitration agreement that included a clause saying generally that the parties
“consent[ed] to the settlement by arbitration of any controversy or claim arising
out of or relating to [the plaintiff’s] employment or the termination of her
employment.” 

(alterations adopted). “Viewed in
isolation, this clause appears all-inclusive.”

agreement
contain[ed] a second clause, . . . stat[ing] that ‘the arbitrator is authorized to award
damages for breach of contract only, and shall have no authority whatsoever to
make an award of other damages.’”

Court
recognized the second, more specific clause modified the first, and as a result,

concluded that the employee’s statutory anti-discrimination claims fell outside of
the scope of the arbitration agreement. The panel held the parties to the terms of
their arbitration agreement, which only conferred the power to award contract

       2
          The parties relied exclusively on Florida law in their post-hearing briefs before the
arbitration panel. Though it remains an open question whether Florida or New York law applies,
we need not resolve this issue because, as the District Court noted, “there is no cause of action
for wrongful termination of an ‘at-will’ employee under either Florida or New York law.” See
Gherardi, 

, at *10 n.9.


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damages.

In light of Paladino, I say the more specific term in the
Employment Arbitration Policy, declaring Mr. Gherardi’s at-will status, gave the

arbitrators no power to modify his status even as it was deciding employment-
related disputes. I reject the majority’s conclusion that the parties’ agreement to
arbitrate job-related grievances implicitly gave the arbitrators power to invalidate

other terms of Mr. Gherardi’s employment contract.
                    B. Mr. Gherardi’s Employment Was At-Will
      As set out above, the arbitration agreement explicitly recognizes Citi’s rights
as an at-will employer. Nevertheless, the majority appears to give credence to an
argument offered by Mr. Gherardi as a plausible alternative reading of his
agreement that would allow the wrongful termination damages award.
Mr. Gherardi argues the arbitration panel could have concluded that the
Employment Arbitration Policy’s prohibition of retaliation against employees who
file an arbitration claim created an exception to the background rule of at-will
employment. There are at least a couple of reasons why I think it wrong to say that
the anti-retaliation provision could have served as a basis for the arbitration award.
      The Employment Arbitration Policy says “[r]etaliation against employees

who file a claim under this Policy, including claims regarding the validity of this
Policy or any provision thereof, is expressly prohibited.” So Mr. Gherardi argues
the arbitrators may have awarded him damages for wrongful termination under the

theory that he was fired in retaliation for initiating arbitration. Unfortunately for
Mr. Gherardi, however, the facts do not line up in support of his theory. Mr.
Gherardi notified Citi of his intention to dispute its final warning on December 10,


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2015. And email records show that the disciplinary committee already voted to
fire Mr. Gherardi the day before, on December 9, 2015. Given that Citi’s decision

to fire Mr. Gherardi had already been made at the time he announced his decision
to arbitrate, Citi’s decision to fire him could not have been motivated by
retaliation. And another problem for Mr. Gherardi with his retaliation claim is that
he only relied on the anti-retaliation provision of the contract in the context of his
breach of contract claim. He did not reference this provision in making his
wrongful termination argument to the arbitrators. To the extent that the majority

credits the arbitration panel with having relied on a rationale neither supported by
the facts presented to it nor offered by the parties before it, the opinion goes too
far. The anti-retaliation provision simply cannot explain the arbitrators’ award. 3

       Since the Employment Arbitration Policy—like the Dual Employment
Agreement and the Handbook—establishes that the arbitration agreement does not
abridge Mr. Gherardi’s at-will status, the arbitrators “ignore[d] the plain language
of the contract.” 

. More specifically, the arbitrators
substituted their own judgment on the scope of their authority for the plain words
of the Employment Arbitration Policy. Sutter, 569 U.S. at 

.

In so doing, they “issu[ed] an award that simply reflect[ed] [their] own notions of
economic justice rather than drawing its essence from the contract.”

Federal Arbitration Act calls for courts to step in when

this happens. The District Court therefore properly vacated the compensatory

       3
        I do not wish to suggest that an anti-retaliation provision in an arbitration agreement
could never give rise to a cause of action for wrongful termination, but merely observe that Mr.
Gherardi does not establish such a case here.


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damages award to Mr. Gherardi. See 

(stating that an
award that “contradicts the express language of the agreement” may be vacated

under § 10(a)(4)).
      The majority emphasizes that a losing party must accept an arbitration award
based even on “a legally questionable interpretation,” and that “even serious

interpretive error does not justify vacatur under § 10(a)(4).” Maj. Op. at 6, 7.
Maybe so, but this is more than just that. Here, the actions of the arbitrators flatly
contradicted the express language of a contract between these parties.
                                    *      *     *
      The FAA is “motivated, first and foremost, by a congressional desire to
enforce agreements into which parties ha[ve] entered.” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.

v. Byrd, 

, 220, 

, 1242 (1985). Because the arbitrators
here exceeded their powers under the arbitration agreement, I would affirm the
District Court’s vacatur of the award under §10(a)(4).

      Respectfully, I dissent.




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