ORDER

WILLIAM H. STEELE, Chief District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on defendant Crane Co.'s Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 270). The Motion has been briefed and is ripe for disposition.

I. Relevant Background.

This is an asbestos action pending against 11 defendants,1 alleging various state-law tort claims and a wrongful death cause of action based on the alleged exposure of plaintiff's decedent, Rueben Morgan, to asbestos-containing products at various times and locations. Morgan was diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma (a disease commonly linked to asbestos exposure) in or about February 2011. (Doc. 199, at Exh. A.) He died on or about November 5, 2012, at the age of 79. (Doc. 206, at Exh. A.)

On May 4, 2011, less than three months after his diagnosis, Morgan initiated this litigation against 42 named defendants (including Crane Co.). Morgan's pleadings alleged that he "was exposed to asbestos dust, asbestos particles, asbestos containing materials and products that were produced, manufactured, specified for use, installed, distributed, sold and/or placed into the stream of commerce by the producer and/or distributor Defendants during his employment as a machinist, engine room worker, and mechanic," as a result of which he was "diagnosed with an asbestos related disease." (Doc. 1, Exh. A-2, at 6.) On July 29, 2011, Morgan amended his Complaint to name certain additional defendants. (Doc. 4, Exh. B, at 1.)

Record facts concerning Morgan's interactions with Crane Co.'s products are as follows:2 Morgan testified that he worked around Crane Co. valves from the time he joined the United States Navy in 1950 until he retired from the Alabama River Pulp paper mill in 1992. As Morgan put it, for "all of my work life from 1950 until I retired, ... Crane was the number one valve — the fact of the matter, I really can't remember another brand name of valve. I've seen so many Crane or Crane Company valves ... in that — that time that I don't remember another one." (Morgan Dep. III, at 43.)3 As Morgan put it, "it is the Crane Company that makes the valves. They were in every station and place that I worked, I seen that name there." (Morgan Dep. II, at 142-43.) "Every job site I was on, they would have been there." (Morgan Dep. III, at 49.)

The record reflects that Crane Co. manufactured industrial valves made of steel, bronze and other metals, often with the name "Crane" stamped on the valve. (Doc. 324-7, at 5.) These valves were not composed of asbestos; however, certain valves had asbestos-containing packing materials and gaskets enclosed within their metal structure. (Id.) Crane Co. did not manufacture packing materials or gaskets utilized with their valves, but instead purchased them from other companies. (Id.; doc. 270-1, Exh. C at 62-63.)4 As shown in the record, "[a]sbestos was removed as a component of Crane Co.'s industrial valves in the mid-1980s." (Doc. 324-7, at 8.)

Throughout his working life, Morgan was exposed to asbestos from Crane Co. valves when the packing was replaced. As Morgan explained, in performing this task, he (or an employee he supervised) would "get the old packing out and clean the stuffing box and fit the new packing and put it back in ... And on steam valves in particular, if [the old packing] had set a while, ... it gets dry and it's hard and it don't want to come out. Most time it just comes out in little pieces. So ... there's your dust that gets into the area and air." (Morgan Dep. III, at 46.) Likewise, Morgan testified that he breathed asbestos dust when replacing gaskets on Crane Co. valves because he would have to file the gasket to fit bolts through it, and because often the old "gaskets stuck, and you had to scrape it off," creating dust. (Id. at 51, 59.)

Although he was asked questions spanning his entire four-decade career, Morgan's testimony was that asbestos dust exposure from replacing packing and gaskets on Crane Co. valves occurred in the above-described manner when he worked at the Alabama River Pulp paper mill from 1978 to 1992. (Id. at 52, 65-66.) Initially, Morgan helped with construction of the mill, including installation of pumps and boiler couplings. (Id. at 97.) For approximately his first year at Alabama River Pulp, Morgan worked as a machinist. (Morgan Dep. IV, at 123-24.) On August 1, 1979, he became foreman of the mill's machine shop, after which he no longer did "hands-on" maintenance work, but closely supervised others. (Id. at 124.) Morgan also set up and supervised the pump shop at Alabama River Pulp. (Morgan Dep. I, at 99; Morgan Dep. III, at 74.) In his supervisory role, Morgan was present in the machine and pump shops "every day and seen what was done and particularly in the tearing down and making sure it's cleaned up right when it went back together." (Morgan Dep. II, at 163.) Although he did not perform hands-on work on pumps and valves, Morgan testified, "I got these eyeballs down there and I run these fingers around things and then when it was being cleaned up, I've got to breathe about as much dust and dirt as [the hands-on workers] did." (Id. at 165.)5

Morgan did not know which distributors or supply houses supplied the gaskets and packing used at Alabama River Pulp, and he was not involved in the ordering or purchase prices for those items. (Morgan Dep. I, at 100.) According to Morgan, he could not tell whether a gasket he removed from a pump was the original gasket or not. (Morgan Dep. I, at 231.) Indeed, generally speaking, "when you pull an old gasket out of a line or if you pull an old packing out of a valve or a pump, there's no way you can tell who made it." (Ronald Melvin Morgan Dep., at 339-40.)

II. Summary Judgment Standard.

Summary judgment should be granted only "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Rule 56(a), Fed.R.Civ.P. The party seeking summary judgment bears "the initial burden to show the district court, by reference to materials on file, that there are no genuine issues of material fact that should be decided at trial." Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604, 608 (11th Cir. 1991). Once the moving party has satisfied its responsibility, the burden shifts to the non-movant to show the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. "If the nonmoving party fails to make `a sufficient showing on an essential element of her case with respect to which she has the burden of proof,' the moving party is entitled to summary judgment." Id. (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317 (1986)) (footnote omitted). "In reviewing whether the nonmoving party has met its burden, the court must stop short of weighing the evidence and making credibility determinations of the truth of the matter. Instead, the evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Tipton v. Bergrohr GMBH-Siegen, 965 F.2d 994, 999 (11th Cir. 1992) (internal citations and quotations omitted). "Summary judgment is justified only for those cases devoid of any need for factual determinations." Offshore Aviation v. Transcon Lines, Inc., 831 F.2d 1013, 1016 (11th Cir. 1987) (citation omitted).

III. Analysis.

Crane Co.'s Motion for Summary Judgment raises a number of legal challenges to plaintiff's claims. Two of these issues loom large. First, Crane Co. asserts that, to the extent plaintiff's claims relate to alleged exposures to Crane Co. asbestos-containing products that predate 1979, such claims are time-barred under Alabama law. Second, Crane Co. invokes the so-called "bare metal defense," by arguing that "equipment manufacturers are not legally responsible for third-parties' asbestos-containing insulation, gaskets, and packing materials used with or near the manufacturers' equipment." (Doc. 270-1, at 18.) Each of these contentions will be addressed in turn.

A. Morgan's Pre-1979 Exposure to Crane Co. Products.

The parties' briefs address in some detail evidence that Morgan encountered and worked with Crane Co. valves in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, during his employment with the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard, the Norfolk Shipbuilding Yard, MacMillan Bloedel, and Cleveland Machine, among others. To the extent that plaintiff would predicate Crane Co.'s liability on these exposures, however, his claims suffer from an insuperable legal defect. Under well-established, unambiguous Alabama law, any claims against Crane Co. for exposure to asbestos during the period from 1950 to May 1979 are time-barred by the applicable Alabama limitations period. See Ala. Code § 6-2-38(l) ("All actions for any injury to the person or rights of another not arising from contract and not specifically enumerated in this section must be brought within two years.").6

Historically, Alabama applied a "last exposure rule" governing commencement of the limitations period for claims alleging personal injuries resulting from exposure to a harmful substance, regardless of when those injuries were manifested. See Garrett v. Raytheon Co., 368 So.2d 516, 521 (Ala. 1979) ("[W]e hold that the statute of limitations ... began to run when plaintiff was last exposed to radiation and plaintiff's ignorance of the tort or injury, there being no fraudulent concealment, does not postpone the running of the statute until the tort or injury is discovered.").

Shortly after Garrett was decided, the Alabama legislature stepped in to modify the judge-made accrual rule in the asbestos context, enacting the following provision: "A civil action for any injury ... resulting from exposure to asbestos, including asbestos-containing products, shall be deemed to accrue on the first date the injured party, through reasonable diligence, should have reason to discover the injury giving rise to such civil action." Ala. Code § 6-2-30(b). This "discovery rule" for accrual of personal injury claims in asbestos cases took effect on May 19, 1980. The following year, the Alabama Supreme Court examined the retroactivity of § 6-2-30(b), and held that if, before the effective date of that provision, "one year had elapsed between the date of plaintiff's exposure and the date on which plaintiff's action was commenced, then that claim is nevertheless barred by the statute of limitations." Tyson v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 399 So.2d 263, 267 (Ala. 1981). Subject to that important caveat, the Tyson Court expressly upheld § 6-2-30(b)'s establishment of "a discovery rule for the accrual of asbestos injury actions in Alabama." Id. at 272.

In the three decades since Tyson was decided, Alabama courts have consistently hewed to the principle that if a plaintiff's last exposure to a defendant's asbestos-containing product predated May 19, 1979, then the resulting personal injury claims were time-barred before § 6-2-30(b) was ever enacted and cannot be revived by operation of that statute. See, e.g., Henderson v. MeadWestvaco Corp., 23 So.3d 625, 630 (Ala. 2009) (following Tyson's determination that asbestos claims are time-barred if, as of May 19, 1980, one year had elapsed between the date of exposure and date of commencement of suit); Johnson v. Garlock, Inc., 682 So.2d 25, 28 (Ala. 1996) (reaffirming principle that "§ 6-2-30 cannot apply retroactively to actions already barred by the statute of limitations as interpreted and applied in Garrett").7

The net result, then, is that Alabama has different rules for accrual of personal injury actions relating to asbestos exposure, depending on whether the last exposure occurred prior to May 19, 1979 (in which case the Garrett "last exposure rule" governs) or whether the last exposure occurred thereafter (in which case the § 6-2-30(b) "discovery rule" applies).8 See In re Asbestos Products Liability Litigation (No. VI), 2011 WL 3240827, *2 (E.D. Pa. July 29, 2011) ("Under Alabama law, all claims for pre-1979 exposure to asbestos must be filed within one year of the last date of exposure. For any exposure to asbestos after May 17, 1980, the claim accrues upon discovery of an asbestos-related disease.").

As the foregoing discussion demonstrates, any claims relating to Morgan's exposure to Crane Co.'s asbestos-containing products during the 1950-May 1979 time period are time-barred by straightforward application of black-letter Alabama law, as set forth in Tyson and its progeny. See, e.g., Henderson, 23 So.3d at 630 ("Tony Henderson's claim of personal injury resulting from exposure to asbestos would have accrued in 1972, on the date of his last exposure to asbestos at CAPCO. Based on the one-year statute of limitations applicable to personal injury claims at the time ..., his claim was time-barred in 1973.").

Under Alabama law and uncontroverted record facts, Morgan's claims of personal injury resulting from exposure to Crane Co. asbestos-containing products at all of his places of employment pre-dating Alabama River Pulp would have accrued in 1978 or earlier, when he was last exposed to such products at each of those workplaces. Based on the one-year statute of limitations applicable at the time, Morgan's claims for these exposures would have become time-barred by no later than early 1979, more than three decades before he sued Crane Co. By operation of the Tyson line of Alabama Supreme Court decisions, those time-barred claims were not revived, revitalized or resuscitated by the Alabama legislature's subsequent enactment of § 6-2-30(b).

In response, plaintiff offers a pair of unpersuasive arguments. First, he cites an Alabama Supreme Court decision holding that an asbestos plaintiff "is entitled to recover all damages which proximately flowed from his injury if his action is brought within the statutory period of limitations." Cazalas v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 435 So.2d 55, 57 (Ala. 1983). The fundamental question raised by Crane Co.'s summary judgment motion is not whether plaintiff is entitled to damages for asbestos exposures pre-dating May 1979, but whether he has asserted a viable claim for imposing liability on Crane Co. That question turns on the sufficiency of plaintiff's evidence of post-May 1979 exposure to Crane Co. asbestos-containing products. If such evidence is inadequate to show that Crane Co. is liable, then the measure of damages (and the potential relevancy of pre-1979 exposures to damages, as addressed in Cazalas) is immaterial. In short, Cazalas does not alter this Court's determination that, for summary judgment purposes, the focal point of the Crane Co. liability inquiry is and must be record evidence of post-May 1979 exposures.

Second, plaintiff attempts to evade the limitations problem in his alleged pre-1979 exposures to Crane Co. asbestos-containing products by touting the "continuous tort" doctrine. Contrary to plaintiff's assertion, however, the record does not support a conclusion that Morgan's exposure to Crane Co. products "was essentially continuous" from 1950 through 1992. Cf. Jerkins v. Lincoln Elec. Co., 103 So.3d 1, 5 (Ala. 2011) (plaintiff's "exposure to welding fumes was essentially continuous from 1979 through about 2008"); Garrett, 368 So.2d at 521 (finding "continuous tort" where plaintiff was continually exposed to dangerous radiation from defective radar systems for a two-year period). For example, during the four-year period from 1974 to 1978 when Morgan worked at Cleveland Machine, he encountered few Crane Co. valves and worked on them "not that much." (Morgan Dep. III, at 64.) Such sporadic, intermittent (at best) exposure is not the stuff of continuous tort. More fundamentally, even if plaintiff's claims could be crammed into the "continuous exposure" category, he would still need to establish post-1979 exposure to Crane Co. asbestos in order to support a timely claim. Plaintiff cannot bootstrap evidence of pre-1979 exposure on a continuous tort theory unless he establishes post-1979 exposure to Crane Co. asbestos products. That question, in turn, is the central issue raised in Crane Co.'s motion for summary judgment. Even on a continuous exposure analysis, evidence of pre-1979 exposure cannot and will not be consulted in the summary judgment inquiry unless Morgan was exposed to Crane Co. asbestos after May 1979.

For all of these reasons, the Court concludes that plaintiff's claims for pre-1979 exposure to asbestos-containing products manufactured by Crane Co. are not timely under Alabama law; therefore, Crane Co.'s Motion for Summary Judgment will be granted insofar as it relates to those pre-1979 events and exposures.9 The point is straightforward: If plaintiff's evidence of Morgan's post-1979 exposure to Crane Co. asbestos is not sufficient to raise an inference of liability, then evidence of pre-1979 exposure cannot be used to revive those otherwise-deficient claims.

B. Morgan's Post-1979 Exposure to Crane Co. Products.

As indicated supra, plaintiff's claims against Crane Co. survive summary judgment only if the record reveals genuine issues of fact as to whether he was exposed to asbestos from that defendant's products after May 19, 1979. Crane Co. posits that this question must be answered in the negative because, while Morgan worked in close proximity to Crane Co. valves being repaired at Alabama River Pulp from 1979 to 1992, the asbestos dust created by those activities came from third-party packing and gaskets, not from the Crane Co. valves themselves. Plaintiff responds that Crane Co. is legally responsible for asbestos packing and gaskets used in its valves, no matter who manufactured or distributed those components.10 This disagreement is, at its core, a dispute about whether Alabama law recognizes the "bare metal defense" in products cases.

1. Is the Bare Metal Defense Cognizable Under Alabama Law?

Many jurisdictions have embraced some variant of the bare metal defense in the asbestos context. See, e.g., Lindstrom v. A-C Product Liability Trust, 424 F.3d 488, 495 (6th Cir. 2005) (affirming grant of summary judgment for manufacturer of valves that used asbestos packing materials and gaskets, where defendant did not provide replacement packing or gaskets, such that "any asbestos that [defendant] may have been exposed to in connection with a Henry Vogt product would be attributable to some other manufacturer," and "Henry Vogt cannot be held responsible for material `attached or connected' to its product"); Faddish v. Buffalo Pumps, 881 F.Supp.2d 1361, 1372 (S.D. Fla. 2012) ("A number of state courts ... have concluded that a defendant manufacturer is not liable for a third party's asbestos-containing products when the defendant is not within the `chain of distribution' of the asbestos product. ... Predicting that the Florida Supreme Court would follow this trend, this court likewise concludes that the defendant `bare metal' suppliers cannot be liable for a third party's asbestos containing products under the facts presented in this case."); Conner v. Alfa Laval, Inc., 842 Supp.2d 791, 801 (E.D. Pa. 2012) (collecting cases and holding that "under maritime law, a manufacturer is not liable for harm caused by, and owes no duty to warn of the hazards inherent in, asbestos products that the manufacturer did not manufacture or distribute," such that defendants who made products that used asbestos insulation, gaskets and packing could not be held liable when they did not manufacture or distribute the asbestos components); Surre v. Foster Wheeler LLC, 831 F.Supp.2d 797, 801-02 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (granting summary judgment to manufacturer of boilers in asbestos case, where "Crane did not manufacture or place into the stream of commerce the asbestos to which Surre was exposed," "there is no evidence that Pacific boilers required asbestos insulation to function," and "there is no evidence that Crane played any role in choosing the type of insulation Surre applied"); O'Neil v. Crane Co., 266 P.3d 987, 996-97 (Cal. 2012) (rejecting claim that pump manufacturers were liable for asbestos packing and gaskets used by customer where "it is undisputed that O'Neil was exposed to no asbestos from a product made by the defendants," "there was no evidence that defendants' products required asbestos-containing gaskets or packing in order to function," and "[t]he defective product in this setting was the asbestos insulation, not the pumps and valves to which it was applied after defendants' manufacture and delivery"); Braaten v. Saberhagen Holdings, 198 P.3d 493, 502 (Wash. 2008) ("Because we have held ... that there is no duty to warn of the dangers of other manufacturers' asbestos products, we also conclude that there was no duty to warn with respect to replacement packing and gaskets. ... [T]hese manufacturers should not be held liable for harm caused by asbestos-containing material included in their products postmanufacture.").

The parties agree that the substantive law of Alabama governs here. Alabama appellate courts have not unequivocally resolved the question of whether the bare metal defense is available in asbestos cases under state law. See Holland v. Armstrong Int'l, Inc., 2012 WL 7761422, *1 n.1 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 28, 2012) ("The Court has reviewed the caselaw cited by the parties and has determined that Alabama law on this issue is not settled.").11 Accordingly, this Court is tasked with predicting how the Alabama Supreme Court would decide the issue. See, e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Duckworth, 648 F.3d 1216, 1224 (11th Cir. 2011) ("Where, as here, we find no [state] Supreme Court decision directly on point, we must anticipate how the [state] Supreme Court would decide this case."); Clark v. Riley, 595 F.3d 1258, 1264 (11th Cir. 2010) ("In rendering a decision based on state substantive law, a federal court must decide the case the way it appears the state's highest court would.") (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

Fortunately, Alabama case law does provide helpful guidance to inform such a prediction. In particular, the Alabama Supreme Court has held "that a distributor or manufacturer of a nondefective component is not liable for defects in a product that it did not manufacture, sell, or otherwise place in the stream of commerce." Sanders v. Ingram Equipment, Inc., 531 So.2d 879, 880 (Ala. 1988); see also Brest v. Chrysler Corp., 939 F.Supp. 843, 848 (M.D. Ala. 1996) ("Under Sanders, it is well established in Alabama that a manufacturer can only be held liable for defects in the products that it manufactured, sold, or otherwise placed in the stream of commerce."). Moreover, the Eleventh Circuit interpreted Alabama law in analogous circumstances in Reynolds v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 989 F.2d 465 (11th Cir. 1993). In that case, the plaintiff's decedent was killed while mounting a Goodyear tire on a multi-piece rim for which the tire had been specifically designed. The plaintiff's evidence was that a defect in the rim (which was manufactured by a third party), not the tire, caused the accident. Relying on Sanders for the proposition that the manufacturer of a non-defective component cannot be held liable for injuries caused by a product that it did not manufacture, sell, or otherwise place in the stream of commerce, the Eleventh Circuit concluded that "Goodyear would have no duty to give a warning concerning a mismatched or defective rim manufactured by [someone else]." Id. at 472. On the strength of Sanders and Reynolds, Crane Co. urges this Court to find that Alabama courts would follow the "majority rule" as set forth in Conner, O'Neil and the other authorities cited supra.

Plaintiff counters that Alabama law would impose a duty to warn on Crane Co. in this context. As an initial matter, plaintiff does not and cannot challenge the well-settled principle that, under Alabama products-liability law, "a defect in the product must be affirmatively shown" by the plaintiff. Tanksley v. ProSoft Automation, Inc., 982 So.2d 1046, 1051 (Ala. 2007) (citations omitted). In an attempt to shoulder this burden as to Crane Co. valves (which, by themselves, are bare metal products to which third-party packing and gaskets are added), plaintiff suggests that Alabama River Pulp's use of dangerous asbestos-containing packing and gaskets on those valves was a foreseeable modification or alteration of the product which does not relieve Crane Co. of responsibility for the resulting defect (i.e., components that released respirable asbestos dust when replaced). See generally Sears, Roebuck and Co. v. Harris, 630 So.2d 1018, 1027 (Ala. 1993) (explaining that "the mere fact that a product has been altered or modified does not necessarily relieve the manufacturer or seller of liability" and that a manufacturer remains liable "if the alteration or modification was reasonably foreseeable" to it). Plaintiff's theory, then, is that Alabama River Pulp's use of asbestos-containing packing and gasket materials was a foreseeable modification to Crane Co. valves, for which Crane Co. owed a duty to warn under Alabama law, and that this Court therefore should not apply the "bare metal defense" doctrine.

There is an obvious tension between the Sanders tenet that a manufacturer is not liable for defects in a product that it did not place in the stream of commerce, on the one hand, and the Sears ruling that a manufacturer is liable for alterations to its product that are reasonably foreseeable. If the alteration giving rise to liability under Sears is the addition of a component part that the defendant manufacturer did not place in the stream of commerce (and for which Sanders would preclude liability), then does the Sanders rule or the Sears rule control? Fortunately, the Alabama Supreme Court answered this question in Hannah v. Gregg, Bland & Berry, Inc., 840 So.2d 839 (Ala. 2002). In Hannah, the plaintiff's decedent was killed in a workplace accident involving machines whose electrical controls included control panels provided by Westinghouse. The plant operator modified the Westinghouse control panels by adding additional buttons. Plaintiff's theory was that the accident's cause was a worker pressing the wrong button on the Westinghouse control panel. When plaintiff sued under the AEMLD, Westinghouse argued that it was entitled to summary judgment under Sanders because the defects in the industrial machines were unrelated to the control panel it supplied. The Hannah Court rejected this argument, reasoning that (i) plaintiff's theory was that the Westinghouse controls themselves were defective because they omitted safety devices, and (ii) "Sanders is inapplicable when the plaintiff seeks to recover based upon the theory that the product supplied by the defendant is itself defective." Id. at 855. So Hannah teaches that if a manufacturer is sued for defects in its own product (rather than for defects in some third party's component part used with that product), then Sanders does not preclude liability under Alabama law.

Considering all of the foregoing authorities in the aggregate, the Court concludes that (i) the prevailing majority rule in other jurisdictions is to recognize the "bare metal defense" (under which a valve manufacturer such as Crane Co. cannot be liable for a third party's asbestos materials used with its products, where the valve manufacturer was not in the chain of distribution of such asbestos-containing materials); (ii) the trend in other jurisdictions favors adoption of that defense for sound and even compelling policy reasons;12 (iii) that defense is a logical outgrowth and application of Alabama law as summarized in Sanders, Hannah, Reynolds and Brest; and (iv) at least one trial court in Alabama has expressly adopted the defense and concluded that a pump defendant has no liability under Alabama law for third-party asbestos-containing gaskets and packing. In light of this survey of applicable law, the undersigned is of the opinion that the Alabama Supreme Court would adopt the bare metal defense as a modest extension and application of the rule in Sanders, subject to the Hannah caveat that the defense is inapplicable if the defendant is being sued for defects in its own product. Neither plaintiff nor defendant identifies serious grounds for disagreement with this assessment of how the Alabama Supreme Court would resolve the issue; therefore, the Court's analysis of Crane Co.'s Rule 56 Motion will proceed in accordance with that forecast.

2. Application of Bare Metal Defense to Record Facts.

To recapitulate the record evidence, Crane Co. manufactured and sold industrial valves that "had enclosed within their metal structure asbestos-containing gaskets, packing, or discs." (Doc. 324-7, at 5.) Crane Co. purchased those gaskets and packing materials from other companies and pre-installed them in new valves shipped to customers. The Alabama River Pulp paper mill where Morgan worked commenced operations in 1978 and utilized Crane Co. valves, which were purchased for that facility in brand-new condition. Periodically, Alabama River Pulp would replace its Crane Co. valves' packing and gaskets with replacement components that contained asbestos, and were manufactured and supplied by third parties. The record is devoid of evidence that Crane Co. supplied or had any involvement with the production, selection, ordering, or shipment of replacement packing and gaskets used by Alabama River Pulp. Plaintiff seeks to hold Crane Co. liable in this action because the process of replacing packing and gaskets on its valves at Alabama River Pulp produced asbestos dust, which Morgan breathed because he worked as foreman in the machine and pump shops in close proximity to workers performing these tasks. Plaintiff's theory is that the dust from these packings and gaskets substantially caused or contributed to Morgan's contraction of malignant mesothelioma.

As an initial matter, plaintiff quarrels with the premise that Crane Co. was not involved in the chain of distribution for replacement packing and gaskets for valves at Alabama River Pulp. In that regard, plaintiff emphasizes Crane Co.'s admission that it "offered for sale gaskets, packing, and discs manufactured by other companies that may have contained asbestos." (Doc. 324-7, at 7.) On the strength of that evidence, plaintiff reasons that "it matters little whether Crane manufactured the asbestos packing and gaskets that Mr. Morgan identified or whether it `merely' distributed them; its liability remains unchanged, even under its own theory." (Doc. 324-1, at 27.) In other words, plaintiff contends that the bare metal defense is inapplicable because, at a minimum, Crane Co. supplied the replacement asbestos packings and gaskets to which Morgan was exposed at Alabama River Pulp, and therefore was part of the chain of distribution of the hazardous products. The problem with this contention is that plaintiff identifies not a scintilla of evidence that Crane Co. distributed asbestos gaskets and packing to Alabama River Pulp. It is one thing to say that Crane Co. used to sell asbestos gaskets and packing. It is quite another to say that it sold those items to Morgan's employer. This Court cannot take such a speculative, factually unsupported leap on summary judgment. Simply put, there is no record evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could conclude that Alabama River Pulp purchased replacement packing and gaskets from Crane Co.; thus, plaintiff's attempt to evade the bare metal defense on that basis must fail.

Next, plaintiff endeavors to shoehorn this case within the Hannah caveat to Sanders, insisting that the Hannah situation (in which a plaintiff sought to recover on a theory that the defendant's product is itself defective) "is precisely the situation at hand in the present case." (Doc. 324-1, at 31.) Obviously, no asbestos dust or fibers emanated from Crane Co. valves because those were bare metal; rather, any dust encountered during the process of replacing packing and gaskets on those machines would be from the packing and gaskets, not from the valves. Nonetheless, plaintiff posits that Crane Co.'s liability in this case derives "in part from the defective design of its valves that required the use of asbestos-containing component parts." (Id.) But plaintiff has identified no record evidence — and the Court has found none — that the Crane Co. valves in use at Alabama River Pulp "required the use of asbestos-containing component parts." There is no indication, for example, that these valves would not function properly with non-asbestos packing. Morgan conceded that during this period of time, "some packing contained asbestos and some didn't." (Morgan Dep. IV, at 71.) On this record, a reasonable factfinder could not conclude that the Crane Co. valves in use at Alabama River Pulp were designed to require asbestos packing, to the exclusion of other kinds of packing materials. Of course, speculation and conjecture are not valid grounds for denying summary judgment relief.13 Thus, to the extent that plaintiff seeks to hold Crane Co. liable on a defective design theory, that theory cannot withstand Rule 56 scrutiny. Mere compatibility of Crane Co. valves with asbestos-containing products is not a design defect. See O'Neil, 266 P.3d at 298-99 ("[N]o evidence showed that the design of defendants' products required the use of asbestos components, and their mere compatibility for use with such components is not enough to render them defective.").

There being no record basis for a defective design claim against Crane Co. and plaintiff not having delineated any other ground for his claim that the valves themselves were defective, the claims against Crane Co. lie outside the Hannah caveat (i.e., that a manufacturer may be held liable, notwithstanding Sanders, when the plaintiff pursues claims that the defendant's product is itself defective). Plaintiff seeks to hold Crane Co. liable not because its valves were defective, but because Alabama River Pulp installed asbestos packing and gaskets in those valves. The asbestos components, not the valve, were the defect. But Crane Co. neither manufactured the packing and gaskets nor placed them in the stream of commerce. The clear thrust of the bare metal defense is that a manufacturer cannot be held liable for asbestos-containing products used in conjunction with its bare metal valves, absent evidence that the manufacturer was part of the chain of distribution for those components. Accordingly, to the extent that plaintiff would predicate liability on a theory that Crane Co. "fail[ed] to warn of the dangers presented by these component parts" despite knowledge that some packing supplied with its pumps "would foreseeably be replaced by comparable asbestos-containing components" (doc. 324-1, at 31), those claims fail as a matter of law. Under the bare metal defense, Crane Co. is not liable for harm caused by, and owed no duty to warn Morgan or anyone else concerning the hazards of, asbestos-containing packing and gaskets that users of its valves might install, where Crane Co. did not manufacture, sell or distribute such asbestos-containing components to Alabama River Pulp.14

Notwithstanding the foregoing, plaintiff seeks to forestall this result on two additional grounds. First, plaintiff insists that the bare metal defense does not exonerate Crane Co. because the valves at Alabama River Pulp were newly purchased and were shipped with original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") parts, including packing and gaskets. In other words, plaintiff's position is that "when these valves were repaired at ARP by Mr. Morgan and his staff, they were exposed to the original asbestos supplied by Crane [Co.]" (Doc. 324-1, at 28.) So the theory is that Crane Co. sent brand-new valves to Alabama River Pulp with pre-installed, OEM asbestos packing and gaskets, to which Morgan was exposed by being present when those OEM packing and gaskets were changed out. Certainly, the bare metal defense would not preclude Crane Co. from being liable if Morgan were exposed to asbestos dust from OEM components distributed and placed in the stream of commerce by Crane Co. (as opposed to replacement components, for which there is zero evidence that Crane Co. was part of the chain of distribution). There is record evidence supporting certain aspects of this contention.15

Where this argument breaks down is that plaintiff has presented nothing more than speculation that Morgan was present during the asbestos dust-creating event when those original components were replaced at Alabama River Pulp. Morgan's son, Ronald Melvin Morgan, acknowledged that he did not know the maintenance history on any Crane Co. valve at Alabama River Pulp, and that he lacked personal knowledge that Morgan was present when any original gasket or packing material may have been replaced in a Crane Co. valve. (Ronald Melvin Morgan Dep., at 106-08, 322.) Certainly, Morgan never testified that he replaced (or was in close proximity while others replaced) the OEM gaskets and packing in those new Crane Co. valves. There is, accordingly, no factual basis that might support a reasonable conclusion that Morgan was exposed to asbestos releases from the removal and replacement of OEM packing and gasket materials supplied with Crane Co. valves.16

Second, plaintiff attempts to create Crane Co. liability on the theory that it recommended replacement parts for its valves in a manual used by Alabama River Pulp employees. The idea is that Crane Co. "specif[ied] particular gaskets and packing for use" (doc. 324-1, at 33), and is therefore culpable for any asbestos exposure to Morgan arising from such specifications. Setting aside the legal merit of that contention, the facts simply do not support it. The only evidence cited by plaintiff for such a proposition is general testimony that "every manufacturer has the recommended spare parts in their OEM manuals that the store room would generate their list of in-stock inventory that they would have." (Ronald Melvin Morgan Dep., at 101.) Plaintiff identifies no evidence whatsoever that (i) Crane Co. provided such a manual to Alabama River Pulp in connection with its valves; (ii) if so, what types of replacement packing and gaskets were recommended therein; (iii) whether those recommended replacement components did or did not contain asbestos; and (iv) whether Alabama River Pulp adhered to those recommendations in ordering and stocking replacement packing and gaskets for Crane Co. valves during the relevant time period. Without such a factual predicate, any notion that Crane Co. is liable because its recommendations caused Alabama River Pulp to use asbestos-containing replacement packing and gaskets in conjunction with its valves amounts to mere conjecture that cannot defeat Crane Co.'s Rule 56 motion.

IV. Conclusion.

"Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial." Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007) (citation omitted). Such is the case here. This record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find that Morgan was exposed to asbestos after May 19, 1979 from a product that Crane Co. manufactured, sold, distributed, or otherwise placed in the stream of commerce. To be sure, from 1979 through 1992, Morgan worked around and in close proximity to valves manufactured by Crane Co. Those valves were bare metal. Plaintiff has adduced no evidence that they were defective. They did not emit asbestos dust or fibers. To be sure, installed in or with those valves were packing and gaskets that contained asbestos, and Morgan was exposed to dust from packing and gaskets when they were replaced. The valves' mere compatibility for use with asbestos-containing components is not a design defect. Moreover, aside from OEM components as to which there is no evidence of exposure by Morgan, plaintiff has not shown that Crane Co. was involved in the chain of distribution for those packing and gasket materials, all of which were manufactured and sold by third parties.

Under Sanders and other Alabama authority, as well as the reasonable prediction that the Alabama Supreme Court would adopt the majority rule and extend Sanders principles to embrace the so-called "bare metal defense," the Court concludes that Crane Co. owed no duty to warn under Alabama law for asbestos exposures from packing and gaskets that Crane Co. did not manufacture, sell, distribute or otherwise place in the stream of commerce. Absent a causal nexus between Crane Co.'s products (i.e., the valves) and Morgan's injuries and death, plaintiff's claims against this defendant fail, as a matter of law. Plaintiff offers nothing more than conjecture and speculation to create such a nexus. That is not enough.

In other words, no reasonable jury could conclude from this record that Morgan's illness and death were caused by asbestos exposure that (i) was attributable to Crane Co. and (ii) occurred after the effective date of the discovery rule of accrual fashioned by § 6-2-30(b).17 Accordingly, Crane Co. is entitled to summary judgment because the record lacks sufficient evidence of product identification/causation within the applicable limitations period. See Lee v. Celotex Corp., 764 F.2d 1489, 1491 (11th Cir. 1985) (defendant entitled to summary judgment where "[t]he allegation that plaintiff was exposed to defendant's asbestos-containing product is not supported by reasonable inferences arising from the undisputed facts, but is based on speculation and conjecture that renders them mere guesses or possibilities"); Blackston v. Shook and Fletcher Insulation Co., 764 F.2d 1480, 1481 (11th Cir. 1985) (rejecting notion that plaintiff can show that he "was exposed to the asbestos in a defendant's products by simply showing that he worked at a job site at a time when the defendant's asbestos-containing products were used").

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that there are no genuine issues of material fact, and that movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Defendant Crane Co.'s Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 270) is granted, and plaintiff's claims against that defendant are dismissed with prejudice. The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate Crane Co. as a party defendant.

DONE and ORDERED.