MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER AFFIRMING COMMISSIONER

JEAN ROSENBLUTH, Magistrate Judge.

I. PROCEEDINGS

Plaintiff seeks review of the Commissioner's final decision denying his application for supplemental security income benefits ("SSI"). The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the undersigned U.S. Magistrate Judge under 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). The matter is before the Court on the parties' Joint Stipulation, filed July 5, 2017, which the Court has taken under submission without oral argument. For the reasons stated below, the Commissioner's decision is affirmed.

II. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff was born in 1957. (Administrative Record ("AR") 43, 247.) He has a ninth-grade education (AR 43) and last worked as a laborer in 2004 (AR 297).

On November 13, 2012, Plaintiff applied for SSI, alleging that he had been disabled since February 17, 2008 (AR 247), because of "paranoid schizophrenia, [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], deafness, high cholesterol and auditory hallucinations" (see AR 165).2 After his application was denied initially and upon reconsideration (id.), he requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (AR 172). A hearing was held on February 10, 2015, at which Plaintiff, who was represented by a nonattorney from a law firm (AR 211), testified, as did a vocational expert. (See AR 39-64.) A supplemental hearing was held on June 2, 2015, primarily regarding the VE's testimony. (AR 65-101.) In a written decision issued July 2, 2015, the ALJ found Plaintiff not disabled. (AR 20-38.) Plaintiff requested review and submitted additional medical evidence. (See AR 18, 566-83.) On September 23, 2016, the Appeals Council denied review, finding that the additional evidence did not provide a basis for changing the ALJ's decision. (AR 1-4.) The council ordered that the new evidence be made part of the administrative record. (AR 5.) This action followed.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), a district court may review the Commissioner's decision to deny benefits. The ALJ's findings and decision should be upheld if they are free of legal error and supported by substantial evidence based on the record as a whole. See id.; Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 746 (9th Cir. 2007). Substantial evidence means such evidence as a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401; Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007). It is more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance. Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1035 (citing Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). To determine whether substantial evidence supports a finding, the reviewing court "must review the administrative record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the Commissioner's conclusion." Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998). "If the evidence can reasonably support either affirming or reversing," the reviewing court "may not substitute its judgment" for the Commissioner's. Id. at 720-21.

IV. THE EVALUATION OF DISABILITY

People are "disabled" for purposes of receiving Social Security benefits if they are unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity owing to a physical or mental impairment that is expected to result in death or has lasted, or is expected to last, for a continuous period of at least 12 months. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A); Drouin v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d 1255, 1257 (9th Cir. 1992).

A. The Five-Step Evaluation Process

The ALJ follows a five-step sequential evaluation process to assess whether a claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4); Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 828 n.5 (9th Cir. 1995) (as amended Apr. 9, 1996). In the first step, the Commissioner must determine whether the claimant is currently engaged in substantial gainful activity; if so, the claimant is not disabled and the claim must be denied. § 416.920(a)(4)(i).

If the claimant is not engaged in substantial gainful activity, the second step requires the Commissioner to determine whether the claimant has a "severe" impairment or combination of impairments significantly limiting his ability to do basic work activities; if not, the claimant is not disabled and his claim must be denied. § 416.920(a)(4)(ii).

If the claimant has a "severe" impairment or combination of impairments, the third step requires the Commissioner to determine whether the impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals an impairment in the Listing of Impairments set forth at 20 C.F.R. part 404, subpart P, appendix 1; if so, disability is conclusively presumed. § 416.920(a)(4)(iii).

If the claimant's impairment or combination of impairments does not meet or equal an impairment in the Listing, the fourth step requires the Commissioner to determine whether the claimant has sufficient residual functional capacity ("RFC")3 to perform his past work; if so, he is not disabled and the claim must be denied. § 416.920(a)(4)(iv). The claimant has the burden of proving he is unable to perform past relevant work. Drouin, 966 F.2d at 1257. If the claimant meets that burden, a prima facie case of disability is established. Id.

If that happens or if the claimant has no past relevant work, the Commissioner then bears the burden of establishing that the claimant is not disabled because he can perform other substantial gainful work available in the national economy. § 416.920(a)(4)(v); Drouin, 966 F.2d at 1257. That determination comprises the fifth and final step in the sequential analysis. § 416.920(a)(4)(v); Lester, 81 F.3d at 828 n.5; Drouin, 966 F.2d at 1257.

B. The ALJ's Application of the Five-Step Process

At step one, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since the application date.4 (AR 26.) At step two, she concluded that he had the following severe impairments: "schizophrenia; bipolar disorder; borderline intellectual functioning; a history of polysubstance abuse, including cocaine and alcohol; severe mixed hearing loss on the left and severe mixed hearing loss on the right; and a respiratory disorder." (AR 26.) At step three, she found that he did not have an impairment or combination of impairments falling under a Listing. (Id.)

At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the RFC to perform "a full range of work at all exertional levels," subject to the following nonexertional limitations:

(AR 28.) Based on the VE's testimony, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff could not perform any past relevant work. (AR 31.) At step five, however, given his "age, education, work experience, and [RFC]," she determined that he could successfully find work in the national economy. (Id.) Thus, the ALJ found Plaintiff not disabled. (AR 32.)

V. DISCUSSION

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in (1) evaluating the medical-opinion evidence of record and determining his "mental functional capacity," (2) evaluating the credibility of his subjective symptom statements, and (3) relying on "flawed" VE testimony. (J. Stip. at 3.) For the reasons discussed below, the ALJ did not err.

A. The ALJ Properly Evaluated the Medical-Opinion Evidence and Determined Plaintiff's RFC

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in assessing the medical-opinion evidence provided by Dr. Jeffrey C. Moffat, Jr. (J. Stip. at 4), and did not give any explanation for her mental-RFC finding (id. at 12-13).

1. Applicable law

A claimant's RFC is "the most [he] can still do" despite impairments and related symptoms that "may cause physical and mental limitations that affect what [he] can do in a work setting." § 416.945(a)(1). A district court must uphold an ALJ's RFC assessment when the ALJ has applied the proper legal standard and substantial evidence in the record as a whole supports the decision. Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2005). The ALJ must consider all the medical opinions "together with the rest of the relevant evidence." § 416.927(b); see also § 416.945(a)(1) ("We will assess your residual functional capacity based on all the relevant evidence in your case record.").

Three types of physicians may offer opinions in Social Security cases: those who directly treated the plaintiff, those who examined but did not treat the plaintiff, and those who did neither. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. A treating physician's opinion is generally entitled to more weight than an examining doctor's, and an examining physician's opinion is generally entitled to more weight than a nonexamining physician's. Id.; see § 416.927(c)(1).6

This is so because treating physicians are employed to cure and have a greater opportunity to know and observe the claimant. Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1285 (9th Cir. 1996). But "the findings of a nontreating, nonexamining physician can amount to substantial evidence, so long as other evidence in the record supports those findings." Saelee v. Chater, 94 F.3d 520, 522 (9th Cir. 1996) (per curiam) (as amended).

The ALJ may disregard a treating physician's opinion regardless of whether it is contradicted. Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989). When a treating physician's opinion is not contradicted by other medical-opinion evidence, however, it may be rejected only for "clear and convincing" reasons. Id.; see Carmickle v. Comm'r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1164 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31). When it is contradicted, the ALJ must provide only "specific and legitimate reasons" for discounting it. Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1164 (citing Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31).

In determining an RFC, the ALJ should consider those limitations for which there is support in the record and need not take into account properly rejected evidence or subjective complaints. See Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1217 (upholding ALJ's RFC determination because "the ALJ took into account those limitations for which there was record support that did not depend on [claimant]'s subjective complaints"); Batson v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1197 (9th Cir. 2004) (ALJ not required to incorporate into RFC those findings from physician opinions that were "permissibly discounted"). The ALJ considers findings by state-agency medical consultants and experts as opinion evidence. § 416.927(e). Medical-source opinions on ultimate issues reserved to the Commissioner, such as a claimant's RFC or the application of vocational factors, are not medical opinions and have no special significance. § 416.927(d).

Furthermore, "[t]he ALJ need not accept the opinion of any physician . . . if that opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings." Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002); accord Batson, 359 F.3d at 1195. An ALJ need not recite "magic words" to reject a physician's opinion or a portion of it; the court may draw "specific and legitimate inferences" from the ALJ's opinion. Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 755. "[I]n interpreting the evidence and developing the record, the ALJ does not need to `discuss every piece of evidence.'" Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Black v. Apfel, 143 F.3d 383, 386 (8th Cir. 1998)).

The Court must consider the ALJ's decision in the context of "the entire record as a whole," and if the "`evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation,' the ALJ's decision should be upheld." Ryan v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

2. Relevant background

Between 2009 and 2012, Plaintiff was incarcerated and received psychiatric treatment for auditory hallucinations and paranoia (see AR 349-425), and he has apparently received treatment for mental-health issues since at least 2004 (see AR 433, 435). While incarcerated, Plaintiff was assigned global assessment of functioning ("GAF") scores ranging from 53 to 65. (See, e.g., AR 360, 362, 364.)7 He was noted to be marginally compliant with his prescribed medication regimen and inconsistently stable. (See, e.g., AR 350, 359, 365, 385.) For example, in 2010, Plaintiff reported "doing well" and said his "[s]ymptoms [were] under control with medication." (AR 350; see also AR 352.) In 2011, he asked to discontinue his medications because he didn't think he "need[ed] them anymore" (AR 359, 361) and reported "no problems" when off medication (AR 362-64). His hallucinations returned during periods of stress, such as when his fiancé "lost custody of her daughter" (AR 365), but when he started taking his medications again, he reported feeling better and having no symptoms (AR 385, 387). Similarly, in 2012, he reported hallucinations when stressed by his "wife's likely infidelity" and paranoia "thinking that other[s] are after him" (AR 413 (May 2012), 415-16 (Apr. 2012)) but was otherwise compliant with medication and reported no hallucinations and decreased paranoia (AR 408 (Sept. 2012), 409-10 (Aug. 2012), 411 (July 2012), 412 (June 2012), 417-18 (Mar. 2012), 419-20 (Feb. 2012)). After his release, he was treated at Phoenix Community Counseling, where he was seen by psychiatrists Romeo Villar and Jeffrey C. Moffat, Jr., among others. (See AR 508-83.)

Dr. Villar began seeing Plaintiff in January 2013. (AR 516.) Throughout 2013, he monitored Plaintiff's auditory hallucinations and mood disorder, continued his medications, and observed his condition improving. (See AR 511-16.) Between January and April, Plaintiff reported hallucinations "tell[ing] [him] to spit on people." (AR 514-16.) But by June, he reported that his "medication [was] helping" and that he had residual hallucinations that occurred "once in a while" or were "on [and] off [but] not bad." (See AR 511-13.)

In October 2013, Dr. Villar completed a "Mental Disorder Questionnaire." (AR 521-25.) In it, he observed that Plaintiff had mental-illness symptoms, including auditory hallucinations and paranoia, but was "oriented," could "communicate fairly," and had "fair" memory and "average intelligence." (AR 521-22.) He did not need personal assistance during the interview and was cooperative. (Id.) Though his "concentration [and] task completion [were] very poor," he "[did] not show any symptoms of acute psychosis or acute depression" and was found "competent to manage funds on his[] own behalf." (AR 522-25.) Plaintiff also reported that he helped with household chores, cooked, and took care of his personal grooming. (AR 523.) Dr. Villar's subsequent visits with Plaintiff indicated he was compliant with medication and had hallucinations and mood swings less often. (See AR 528 (Nov. 2013: reporting "happy" with medication, no hallucinations, and mood swings "sometimes"), 542 (Jan. 2014: reporting residual hallucinations and mood swings "sometimes"), 541 (Mar. 2014: compliant with medication and reporting "medication help[ing]"), 540 (May 2014: reporting hallucinations "still there [but] not as bad"); see also AR 539 (June 2014: compliant with medication and reporting to another doctor that his hallucinations were intermittent).)

In January and March 2013, Plaintiff's medical records were reviewed by consulting psychologists Robert Liss and Harvey Bilik, who found Plaintiff not disabled. (AR 133-34, 137-40, 151-52, 155-58.) Dr. Liss noted, based on the earlier ALJ's decision, that Plaintiff's credibility regarding his allegations was "an ongoing problem" that made assessment of his functional limitations difficult. (AR 134.) He nonetheless found that Plaintiff's "reported symptoms and observed signs" did not "suggest any significant worsening of [his] alleged impairments" since his November 19, 2010 SSI denial. (Id.) Though he found Plaintiff to have some moderate limitations in "understanding and memory," "concentration and persistence," "social interaction[s]," and "adaptation," Plaintiff could "understand and remember simple and some detailed — but not complex — instructions," "carry out simple and some detailed — but not complex — instructions over the course of a normal workweek," "interact appropriately with others[] but may benefit from reduced interactions with the public," and "adapt." (AR 137-39.) Dr. Bilik reaffirmed those findings. (AR 152, 155-57.) In particular, he found Plaintiff's hallucinations to be "of limited credibility," referencing the prior ALJ decision, and gave "greatest weight" to findings that he had a "60-63" GAF score and was relatively stable. (AR 149.)

On January 22, 2013, Plaintiff completed an Adult Function Report. (AR 278-86.) He reported "hearing voices," not sleeping well, and being "afraid of some people at times," which limited his ability to work. (AR 278.) Though he said he did "nothing" all day and did not spend time with others, he also noted that he had no problem with personal care; prepared meals "monthly"; did laundry, ironing, and other "household work"; used public transportation; shopped in stores; paid bills; did not have "any problems getting along with family, friends, neighbors, or others"; and had had no changes in his social activities since his "conditions began." (AR 279-83.) He also stated that he got along "fairly well" with "authority figures," such as "police, bosses, landlords or teachers." (AR 284.) In a January 2014 Disability Report, Plaintiff stated that his condition had not changed since June 2013 (AR 309) and that he could take care of his "personal needs, but at a slower rate of time" (AR 312).

In August 2014, Plaintiff began seeing Dr. Moffat, who first noted that his medication compliance was "poor" because he had run out of his "meds" for four days. (AR 538; cf. AR 549 (Nov. 2014 visit with Dr. Moffat indicating "fair" compliance with medication despite being "out of meds for 7 days").) Plaintiff also had "started drinking . . . to reduce paranoia" (AR 538), but by September 2014 he was "sober" because he "[hadn't] had urges to drink" (AR 537). Dr. Moffat recommended that Plaintiff attend therapy, but he refused because of a monthlong trip he was taking in October 2014. (AR 537; see also AR 559 (Plaintiff again declined therapy in December 2014 because he was not "ready").) In November 2014, Plaintiff, after being "confronted with lab results," "admit[ted] to issues with medication compliance" and reported "ongoing hallucinations [and] paranoia." (AR 558.) Plaintiff said he was "agitated" because SSI was not "goin' [his] way." (Id.) At that time, Dr. Moffat completed a Mental Impairment Questionnaire (AR 543-47), in which he noted that Plaintiff had "severe paranoia," "PTSD-related avoidance symptoms," "hallucinations," and "severe memory and concentration deficits" (AR 545). He assigned Plaintiff a GAF score of 45 and found him to have moderate, moderate to marked, and marked limitations in understanding and memory, concentration and persistence, and social interactions.8 (AR 543, 546.) He also found that Plaintiff had a St. Louis University Mental Status Examination ("SLUMS") score of 18 out of 30, which put "his cognitive ability in the `Dementia' range." (AR 545.) He concluded that Plaintiff could not work because his "mental conditions . . . severely limit[ed] his ability to interact with strangers [and] the public, and to concentrate or remember details of a routine work schedule." (AR 547.)

Dr. Moffat's subsequent visits with Plaintiff through the date of the ALJ's decision, July 2, 2015, showed his condition improving. (See, e.g., AR 559-66.) He noted that Plaintiff had linear thought processes; he had some or no hallucinations; his insight and judgment were "good"; he had "good" compliance with medication; and his "mood, psychosis, and anxiety" were stable. (See, e.g., AR 559 (Dec. 2014), 563 (Feb. 2015), 562 (Apr. 2015).) Plaintiff also reported enjoying Christmas with his family and having "a few drinks." (AR 559.)

The record contains notes from after the ALJ's decision.9 In a letter to Plaintiff's counsel dated November 13, 2015, Dr. Moffat reaffirmed his November 2014 opinion. (AR 566.) Referencing the findings in his earlier questionnaire, he stated that Plaintiff was unable to work because his "paranoia limit[ed] his ability to interact with [the] public" and he had severe "cognitive deficits." (Id.) He also stated that Plaintiff's "cognitive function test[ed] in the demented range on the SLUMS test," again referencing the 2014 questionnaire. (Id.)

In visits with Dr. Moffat between June and October 2015, Plaintiff consistently demonstrated linear thought processes, "good memory," "good" insight and judgment, and "good" medication compliance. (AR 573-74, 576.) He reported feeling better because "Seroquel10 helped [him] sleep," his hallucinations had "much improved," and his paranoia was "not as bad." (AR 576.) In August, however, he reported being "off meds for 2 weeks" and experiencing "worsening paranoia" and hallucinations. (AR 574 ("He reports he can't function well off his medications.").) By October, he reported improvement with hallucinations, paranoia "at times," and being at "a friend's house," where he suffered a head injury. (AR 573.) He continued to have stress concerning his ongoing SSI hearings. (Id.)

In a December 2015 visit with a different doctor at Phoenix Community Counseling, Plaintiff reported "doing well since his last appointment" and that "his medications . . . kept him stable." (AR 572.) He stated that he was "look[ing] forward to spending time with family for Christmas" and was not experiencing hallucinations or side effects from his medication. (Id.) The doctor observed that Plaintiff had "a good support system with his father" and that he was "goal directed" and had "logical" thought forms, a "grossly intact" memory, "[n]o overt psychosis," and "good" medication compliance. (Id.)

In visits with Dr. Moffat during the first half of 2016, Plaintiff continued to demonstrate linear thought processes, "good memory," "good" insight and judgment, and "good" medication compliance. (AR 567-68, 70.) In March, he reported no hallucinations or delusions. (AR 570.) In May, he reported the same. (AR 568). And in July, he reported the same again and stated that his mood was "good" and "stable despite being off Depakote"11 and that he had been "talking with an ex-girlfriend for about one year via telephone." (AR 567)

3. Analysis

The ALJ gave "little weight" to Dr. Moffat's opinion (AR 30) and provided specific and legitimate reasons for doing so: (1) the opinion was "inconsistent with the findings of attending psychiatrist Romeo Villar" (id.); (2) it "conflict[ed] with progress notes" showing that when Plaintiff was "compliant with following prescribed treatment" and "taking his psychotropic medications," his "symptoms and mood [were] stable," he reported "doing well," he "declined mental health treatment," and he had received GAF scores "rang[ing] between 60 to 65" (id.); (3) the opinion was undermined by his "ability to use public transportation, get along with family members and interact with medical personnel" (AR 29); and (4) the opinion that he was "disabled" or "unable to work" was "not entitled to any special significance" (id.). Because these specific and legitimate reasons were supported by substantial evidence in the record, the ALJ did not err.

a. Contradicted by other medical-opinion evidence

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ did not explain how Dr. Moffat's opinion was inconsistent with Dr. Villar's and thus no evidence contradicted his opinion. (J. Stip. at 11.) Accordingly, Dr. Moffat's opinion, Plaintiff contends, should be given controlling weight. (Id. at 11-12 (citing § 416.927(c)(2); SSR 96-2p, 1996 WL 374188 (July 2, 1996)).) The ALJ, however, did not err in this regard, and Dr. Moffat's opinion was properly discounted based on specific and legitimate reasons. See Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1164.

Though Plaintiff correctly highlights that both Dr. Villar and Dr. Moffat observed that Plaintiff had hallucinations, paranoia, and "very poor" concentration and task completion (J. Stip. at 11 (citing AR 521-24; see also AR 545), Dr. Villar's opinion and treatment records otherwise contradicted Dr. Moffat's. For example, as the ALJ noted (AR 30), Dr. Villar's opinion stated that Plaintiff was "oriented" and had "fair" memory. (AR 522; cf. AR 545 (Dr. Moffat noting "severe" memory deficits).) He could "communicate fairly," demonstrated "average intelligence," and was "competent to manage [his own] funds," according to Dr. Villar. (AR 522, 525; cf. AR 545 (Dr. Moffat noting Plaintiff's "cognitive ability in the `Dementia' range"). Moreover, as highlighted by the ALJ, Dr. Villar found "no evidence of psychotic symptoms" or "other significant objective abnormalities." (AR 30; see also AR 523 (on Oct. 22, 2013, Dr. Villar noting no "symptoms of acute psychosis or acute depression"; cf. AR 545 (on Nov. 25, 2014, Dr. Moffat noting "severe paranoia" and "PTSD-related avoidance symptoms")). In further contrast to Dr. Moffat's opinion, Dr. Villar's treatment notes throughout 2013 and 2014 indicated that Plaintiff's condition was not disabling: he was compliant with his medications and experienced less or no hallucinations because the "medication help[ed]." (See, e.g., AR 527-28, 540-41.) Indeed, Plaintiff reported that he was "happy" with his medications (AR 528) and that any hallucinations he experienced were only "mild residual symptoms" (AR 542). Thus, Dr. Moffat's medical opinion was contradicted by Dr. Villar's, and the ALJ was correct in discounting it accordingly.12 See Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957 (9th Cir. 2002); Batson, 359 F.3d at 1195.

b. Inconsistent with medical records

The ALJ properly found that Dr. Moffat's opinion conflicted with treatment notes throughout the record showing that when Plaintiff was "compliant with . . . medications," "his symptoms and mood [were] stable" and "he [was] doing well." (AR 30.) Dr. Moffat's own treatment notes, for instance, indicated that Plaintiff was stable and that his hallucinations or delusions were controlled with medication. (See, e.g., AR 559, 562, 563, 576.) Throughout 2015 Dr. Moffat noted that Plaintiff was experiencing less or no hallucinations and had been compliant with medication. (See AR 559, 562-63, 576.) Treatment notes through the first half of 2016 showed the same. (See AR 567-68, 570.) And, despite Dr. Moffat's conclusion that Plaintiff had severe concentration and memory deficits (AR 545-46), his treatment notes frequently indicated that Plaintiff had good memory and was alert and oriented (see, e.g., AR 576 (June 2015), 574 (Aug. 2015)). Thus, Dr. Moffat's medical opinion was unsupported by the weight of his own treatment notes. See Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 875 (9th Cir. 2003) (physician's opinion properly rejected when treatment notes "provide[d] no basis for the functional restrictions he opined should be imposed on [plaintiff]"); Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 856 (9th Cir. 2001) (ALJ permissibly rejected physician's opinion when it was contradicted by or inconsistent with treatment reports); see also Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957 (ALJ need not accept doctor's opinion that "is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings").

Moreover, Dr. Moffat's opinion that Plaintiff had moderate, moderate to marked, and marked limitations in understanding, memory, concentration, persistence, and social interactions were expressed through an inadequately substantiated check-off report provided by Plaintiff's counsel. (See AR 544-46.) Plaintiff argues that Dr. Moffat appropriately supported his opinion by "identifying numerous mental status abnormalities and psychological testing." (J. Stip. at 7 (citing AR 544-45), 12 (same).) Indeed, he justified Plaintiff's social limitations by attributing them to his "severe paranoia" and "hallucinations" (AR 545), but that explanation was conclusory and failed to indicate any efforts taken by Dr. Moffat to "determine the capacity found therein." De Guzman v. Astrue, 343 F. App'x 201, 208-09 (9th Cir. 2009) (ALJ was "free to reject" doctor's check-off report that did not "indicate any measuring of effort or give[] a description" of how patient was evaluated (alteration in original)). To the extent Dr. Moffat justified Plaintiff's concentration and memory limitations with his SLUMS score of 18 out of 30, indicating that his cognitive abilities were in the "dementia" range (AR 545), such a finding was unsupported by anything in the medical record and "out of proportion to any findings" even in Dr. Moffat's treatment notes, as discussed above. De Guzman, 343 F. App'x at 208-09. Further still, his opinion, written in November 2014, was formed only three months after he began seeing Plaintiff. See § 416.927(c)(2)(i). And Dr. Moffat reiterated the same opinion in November 2015 without any indication that new psychiatric tests or examinations were conducted to sustain his findings. (AR 566); see Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957 (ALJ may discredit opinion that is "inadequately supported by clinical findings"); Crane v. Shalala, 76 F.3d 251, 253 (9th Cir. 1996) (ALJ permissibly rejected psychological evaluations "because they were check-off reports that did not contain any explanation of the bases of their conclusions"); see also Batson, 359 F.3d at 1195 ("[A]n ALJ may discredit treating physicians' opinions that are conclusory, brief, and unsupported by the record as a whole . . . or by objective medical findings[.]").

Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ relied on treatment records from before the relevant period. (J. Stip. at 10 (citing AR 385, 387, 390, 408).) Though the ALJ indeed cited to Plaintiff's prison medical records, which predate his recent SSI application (see AR 30 (citing AR 385, 387, 390, 408)), he also relied on records from August, September, and November 2013 and December 2014 (id. (citing AR 511-12, 528-29, 559)). Those records indicated that Plaintiff was doing "well" (AR 511), his hallucinations occurred "once in a while" and were "not bad" (AR 511-12), he was "happy" with his medications (AR 528), and by December 2014, he had no hallucinations and even reported enjoying Christmas and having "a few drinks" with his family during the holiday (AR 559). Such findings were reinforced by other treatment notes during the relevant period showing his compliance with medication and improved symptoms. (See, e.g., AR 513 (June 2013), 521-25 (Oct. 2013), 542 (Jan. 2014), 541 (Mar. 2014), 540 (May 2014), 539 (June 2014), 563 (Feb. 2015), 562 (Apr. 2015), 576 (June 2015), 574 (Aug. 2015).)

Plaintiff also argues that statements that he was "doing well" and that medication was "helping" him suggested "nothing about his capacity to withstand the demands of full-time work," relying on Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1164 (9th Cir. 2014), for the proposition that treatment records demonstrating improvement "must be viewed in light of the overall diagnostic record." (J. Stip. at 10 (citing AR 511, 512, 559).) Plaintiff's argument is unconvincing. His reports that he was "doing well" and that medication was "helping" him were relied on by the ALJ to assess whether Dr. Moffat's medical opinion was substantiated by his treatment notes; such reports undermined the severity of that opinion by showing Plaintiff's improved condition. Unlike in Ghanim, the notes were not used to reject Plaintiff's subjective symptom testimony, see 763 F.3d at 1164, but were instead used to discount a treating physician's medical opinion. Substantial evidence therefore supports the ALJ's adverse assessment of Dr. Moffat's opinion based on its inconsistency with the record as a whole. See Rollins, 261 F.3d at 856.13

c. Inconsistent with activities of daily living

The ALJ properly found that Dr. Moffat's opinion regarding Plaintiff's "discomfort around others" was undermined by "his ability to use public transportation, get along with family members and interact with medical personnel." (AR 29.) It was also undermined by Plaintiff's reported trip in October 2014. (AR 30.) Plaintiff argues that the ALJ "failed to identify substantial evidence" to support this finding. (J. Stip. at 8.) He argues that "[t]here is absolutely no evidence that he use[d] public transportation on a regular basis or [had] meaningful interactions with others, nor does the record reflect that Plaintiff actually went somewhere for a month or what this trip consisted of." (Id. at 9.) Substantial evidence, however, supports the ALJ's determination.

Plaintiff's January 2013 function report indicated that he used public transportation; had no problem with personal care; prepared meals "monthly"; did laundry, ironing, and other "household work"; shopped in stores; and paid bills. (AR 279-81.) His Disability Report indicated that he could take care of his "personal needs" (AR 312), and he similarly reported to Dr. Villar that he managed his own funds, helped with household chores, cooked, and took care of his personal grooming (AR 523, 525). Regarding his ability to be around others, he reported not having "any problems getting along with family, friends, neighbors, or others" (AR 283) and got along "fairly well" with "authority figures," like "police, bosses, landlords, [and] teachers" (AR 284); his social activities had not changed since his "conditions began" (AR 283). In December 2014, Christmas with his family "brought [him] a little joy" and he had "a few drinks" with them. (AR 559.) In December of the following year, he was "look[ing] forward to spending time with [them again] for Christmas." (AR 572.) During visits with Dr. Moffat, Plaintiff reported that he was going on a monthlong trip in October 2014 (AR 537), had been at "a friend's house" around October 2015 (AR 573), and in July 2016 had been "talking with an ex-girlfriend for about one year via telephone" (AR 567).

His medical records further demonstrated that he interacted appropriately with medical personnel, who consistently noted that he "appear[ed] well" and "in no acute distress," was "alert and oriented," and "verbalized understanding and agreement with [his treatment] plan[s]" (see, e.g., AR 472, 476-77, 480-82, 484), further demonstrating that his ability to be around others was greater than Dr. Moffat opined. To the extent Plaintiff's hearing testimony suggested otherwise (see AR 50-51 (noting that he got around on bicycle and was not close to his father or siblings)), the ALJ properly found his subjective symptom testimony not entirely credible (AR 28), as discussed below.14 Thus, substantial evidence supports the ALJ's use of Plaintiff's activities of daily living to discount Dr. Moffat's medical opinion that he could not work around others. See Coaty v. Colvin, 673 F. App'x 787, 787-88 (9th Cir. 2017) (affirming ALJ's adverse determination of treating physician's medical opinion because it was "speculative and inconsistent" with activities of daily living), cert. denied sub nom. Coaty v. Berryhill, 137 S.Ct. 2309 (2017); Lunn v. Astrue, 300 F. App'x 524, 525 (9th Cir. 2008) (affirming ALJ's rejection of treating physician's medical opinion that was "contrary to [plaintiff's] reports of her daily activities").

In any event, the ALJ accommodated Plaintiff's alleged preference for limited contact with others by finding that he could not work with the public or engage in any "teamwork," should work in a "quiet environment," and could communicate with others only in certain specific, limited circumstances. (AR 28.) Thus, even if the ALJ erred in her adverse assessment of Dr. Moffat's opinion on this basis, the error was likely harmless. See Hughes v. Colvin, 599 F. App'x 765, 766 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding potential medical-opinion error harmless when ALJ's RFC took into account plaintiff's "moderate difficulties in social functioning" by restricting her to "job[s] where she could work independently with no more than occasional public interaction").

d. Opinion on disability

Finally, the ALJ correctly afforded no "special significance" to Dr. Moffat's conclusion that Plaintiff was "disabled" or "unable to work." (See AR 29.) While Plaintiff argues that the opinions of treating physicians are generally given greater weight (J. Stip. at 6-7 (citing Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1012 (9th Cir. 2014)), the ALJ was not obligated to accept a medical-source statement regarding Plaintiff's ultimate disability status. See § 416.927(d)(1) ("A statement by a medical source that you are `disabled' or `unable to work' does not mean that we will determine that you are disabled."); SSR 96-5p, 1996 WL 374183, at *5 (July 2, 1996) (treating-source opinions that a person is disabled or unable to work "can never be entitled to controlling weight or given special significance"); see also McLeod v. Astrue, 640 F.3d 881, 885 (9th Cir. 2011) (as amended) ("A disability is an administrative determination of how an impairment, in relation to education, age, technological, economic, and social factors, affects ability to engage in gainful activity."). Dr. Moffat's opinion was therefore appropriately discounted on this ground.

Accordingly, the ALJ did not err in assessing the medical-opinion evidence or, as discussed below, Plaintiff's credibility. Properly rejected medical evidence and subjective complaints do not need to be incorporated into a plaintiff's RFC. See Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1217. Substantial evidence therefore supports the ALJ's RFC determination. As such, remand is not warranted on this basis. See Saelee, 94 F.3d at 522.

B. The ALJ Properly Assessed the Credibility of Plaintiff's Subjective Symptom Statements

The ALJ found that Plaintiff's statements "concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects" of his mental symptoms were "not entirely credible."15 (AR 28-29.) Plaintiff argues that this finding was improper because it was not supported by substantial evidence. (See J. Stip. at 20.) The ALJ, however, based her credibility assessment on clear and convincing reasons. Accordingly, remand is not warranted on this ground.

1. Applicable law

An ALJ's assessment of the credibility of a claimant's allegations concerning the severity of his symptoms is entitled to "great weight." See Weetman v. Sullivan, 877 F.2d 20, 22 (9th Cir. 1989) (as amended); Nyman v. Heckler, 779 F.2d 528, 531 (9th Cir. 1985) (as amended Feb. 24, 1986). "[T]he ALJ is not `required to believe every allegation of disabling pain, or else disability benefits would be available for the asking, a result plainly contrary to 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(5)(A).'" Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1989)).

In evaluating a claimant's subjective symptom testimony, the ALJ engages in a two-step analysis. See Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1035-36; see also SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186 (July 2, 1996).16 "First, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment [that] could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged." Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036. If such objective medical evidence exists, the ALJ may not reject a claimant's testimony "simply because there is no showing that the impairment can reasonably produce the degree of symptom alleged." Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1282 (emphasis in original).

If the claimant meets the first test, the ALJ may discredit the claimant's subjective symptom testimony only if she makes specific findings that support the conclusion. See Berry v. Astrue, 622 F.3d 1228, 1234 (9th Cir. 2010). Absent a finding or affirmative evidence of malingering, the ALJ must provide "clear and convincing" reasons for rejecting the claimant's testimony. Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 493 (9th Cir. 2015) (as amended); Treichler v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014). The ALJ may consider, among other factors, (1) ordinary techniques of credibility evaluation, such as the claimant's reputation for lying, prior inconsistent statements, and other testimony by the claimant that appears less than candid; (2) unexplained or inadequately explained failure to seek treatment or to follow a prescribed course of treatment; (3) the claimant's daily activities; (4) the claimant's work record; and (5) testimony from physicians and third parties. Rounds v. Comm'r Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1006 (9th Cir. 2015) (as amended); Thomas, 278 F.3d at 958-59. If the ALJ's credibility finding is supported by substantial evidence in the record, the reviewing court "may not engage in second-guessing." Thomas, 278 F.3d at 959.

2. Additional relevant background

At his February 10, 2015 hearing, Plaintiff testified that his paranoia kept him from working (AR 49) and that he had problems concentrating (AR 56). He stated that because of his "past experience with being incarcerated," he was afraid of people, and being around them was "the most significant problem for [him]." (AR 49-50.) He also stated that he "hear[s] voices" that "tell [him] about spitting on people, pissing people, hitting on people, cursing people out, [and] doing all kinds of bad things." (AR 53-54.) He testified to taking medication (AR 45-46) that was helping him (AR 53). He still heard voices "sometimes" when on medication, but "[m]ost of the time, [he didn't] hear them because [he took his] medication as prescribed at the same time that [he was] supposed to take [it]." (Id.) He testified that he did not "need help remembering to take [his] medication." (AR 58.) He also stated that he lived with his father (AR 49), that they "seldomly talk[ed]" because of his "paranoia of people" (AR 51), that they went to doctor's appointments and did grocery shopping together, and that he did not have any difficulty while "doing those things with him" (AR 54).

3. Analysis

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ's credibility determination is not supported by substantial evidence. (J. Stip. at 20.) As discussed below, the substantial weight of the evidence, looking at the record as a whole, undermines Plaintiff's statements regarding his mental functional limitations, and the ALJ therefore did not err.

First, the ALJ properly found Plaintiff's symptom statements not entirely credible because they were unsupported by "clinical signs and findings" or "the objective medical evidence." (AR 29.) Plaintiff alleges that he was unable to work because his mental impairments severely limited his ability to concentrate and be around other people. (J. Stip. at 19.) At his hearing, he similarly testified that being around people was the most significant difficulty for him and that he had problems concentrating. (AR 50, 56.) He reported that "hearing voices," not sleeping well, and being "afraid of some people at times" limited his ability to work. (AR 278.) These statements, however, were inconsistent with his medical records and the other evidence.

As discussed by the ALJ, Plaintiff's treatment notes indicated that his "medications were relatively effective in controlling [his] symptoms" during the applicable period.17 (AR 29; see also, e.g., AR 511-13, 528, 540-42, 559, 562-63, 574, 576.) Throughout 2013 and 2014, Dr. Villar's notes indicated that Plaintiff's condition was improving: he experienced hallucinations less often, reported improvement with his mood swings, and frequently stated that his medication was helping. (See AR 511-16, 527-28, 540-41.) Dr. Moffat's notes throughout 2015 and into 2016 similarly indicated that Plaintiff's condition was improving and stable and that he was compliant with medication. (See AR 559-68, 570, 573-74, 576.) As discussed above, to the extent Dr. Moffat opined that Plaintiff's hallucinations and paranoia were debilitating, the ALJ properly discounted his medical opinion and relied on the findings substantiated by his treatment notes. Though some notes indicate that Plaintiff reported still hearing voices while on medication (see, e.g., AR 540), he also reported not hearing voices while on medication (see, e.g., AR 567) and testified that he did not hear voices when he took his medication as prescribed (AR 53). Plaintiff's treatment records therefore show substantial inconsistency between his allegations and his apparently improving condition, undermining his subjective symptom statements. See Womeldorf v. Berryhill, 685 F. App'x 620, 621 (9th Cir. 2017) ("[The ALJ] properly discounted [Plaintiff's] severity claims by pointing to . . . the nature of the medical evidence itself."); Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1161 ("Contradiction with the medical record is a sufficient basis for rejecting the claimant's subjective testimony."); see also Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 2005) ("Although lack of medical evidence cannot form the sole basis for discounting pain testimony, it is a factor that the ALJ can consider in his credibility analysis.").

Moreover, the record indicates that Plaintiff refused therapy (see, e.g., 537, 559) and contains no indication that he ever attended therapy or was psychiatrically hospitalized. And yet Plaintiff was clearly aware that he had mental-health issues and sought treatment for them. His refusal to engage in one course of treatment while undergoing others therefore undermined his allegations of his symptoms' severity, as the ALJ found (AR 30), and distinguishes Plaintiff's situation from that in Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 1464-65 (9th Cir. 1996) (claimant's failure to seek any psychiatric treatment for over three years not legitimate basis for discounting medical opinion that he had severe depressive disorder). Cf. Judge v. Astrue, No. CV 09-4743-PJW, 2010 WL 3245813, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 16, 2010) ("[The claimant's] failure to get treatment after 1997 seems more a function of the fact that she did not need it, as opposed to her inability to comprehend that she needed it.").

Second, the ALJ properly found that Plaintiff's "allegations of significant limitations [were] not borne out in his description of his daily activities." (AR 29.) An ALJ may properly discount the credibility of a plaintiff's subjective symptom statements when they are inconsistent with his daily activities. See Molina, 674 F.3d at 1112 (ALJ may discredit claimant's testimony when "claimant engages in daily activities inconsistent with the alleged symptoms" (citing Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1040)). "Even where those [daily] activities suggest some difficulty functioning, they may be grounds for discrediting the claimant's testimony to the extent that they contradict claims of a totally debilitating impairment." Id. at 1113.

The ALJ noted that Plaintiff was "able to independently manage his transportation," "[got] around with public transportation," "[did] his own laundry," "help[ed] with the household chores and cook[ed]." (AR 29.) Although Plaintiff claimed to do "nothing" from the moment he got up to the time he went to bed (AR 279), he also reported that he had no problem with personal care; prepared meals "monthly"; did laundry, ironing, and other "household work"; and paid bills. (AR 279-83.) He similarly reported to Dr. Villar that he helped with household chores, cooked, and took care of his personal grooming (AR 523), and in his Disability Report, he stated that he could take care of his "personal needs" (AR 312). Regarding his social interactions, Plaintiff reported that he used public transportation; shopped in stores; did not have "any problems getting along with family, friends, neighbors, or others"; got along "fairly well" with "authority figures," such as "police, bosses, landlords, or teachers"; and had experienced no changes in his social activities since his "conditions began." (AR 279-84.) He also reported enjoying Christmas and spending time with his family (AR 559), looking forward to spending the next Christmas with his family (AR 572), being at a "friend's house" (AR 573), and "talking with an ex-girlfriend" for a year (AR 567). Moreover, his medical records demonstrated that he interacted appropriately with medical personnel, who consistently noted that he "appear[ed] well" and "in no acute distress," was "alert and oriented," and "verbalized understanding and agreement with [his treatment] plan[s]" (see, e.g., AR 472, 476-77, 480-82, 484). Thus, substantial evidence of Plaintiff's activities of daily living, which demonstrated his functional ability and capacity to engage effectively with others, supports the ALJ's adverse credibility determination. See Womeldorf, 685 F. App'x at 621 (upholding ALJ's discounting of plaintiff's credibility in part because his activities of daily living "were not entirely consistent with his claimed inability to engage in social interactions").

For all these reasons, the ALJ's adverse credibility determination is supported by substantial evidence looking at the record as a whole. Plaintiff is therefore not entitled to remand on this ground.

C. The ALJ Properly Relied on the VE's Testimony

Plaintiff argues that "[t]he ALJ failed to present a hypothetical to the VE that accurately described all of [his] mental limitations found in the decision." (J. Stip. at 24.) In particular, the ALJ failed to capture his "moderate difficulties in concentration, persistence, or pace." (Id.) For the reasons discussed below, however, the ALJ did not err.

1. Applicable law

At step five of the five-step process, the Commissioner has the burden to demonstrate that the claimant can perform some work that exists in "significant numbers" in the national or regional economy, taking into account the claimant's RFC, age, education, and work experience. Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1100 (9th Cir. 1999); see 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 416.960(c). To ascertain the requirements of occupations as generally performed in the national economy, the ALJ may rely on VE testimony or information from the DOT. SSR 00-4P, 2000 WL 1898704, at *2 (Dec. 4, 2000) (at steps four and five, SSA relies "primarily on the DOT (including its companion publication, the SCO) for information about the requirements of work in the national economy" and "may also use VEs . . . at these steps to resolve complex vocational issues"); SSR 82-61, 1982 WL 31387, at *2 (Jan. 1, 1982) ("The [DOT] descriptions can be relied upon — for jobs that are listed in the DOT — to define the job as it is usually performed in the national economy." (emphasis in original)). When a hypothetical includes all the claimant's credible functional limitations, an ALJ is generally entitled to rely upon the VE's response to it. Thomas, 278 F.3d at 956; see also Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1218 ("A VE's recognized expertise provides the necessary foundation for his or her testimony.").

2. Relevant background

The ALJ presented to the VE a hypothetical person who was 57 years old and had a ninth-grade education, no past relevant work, and the following limitations:

(AR 61-62.) The VE testified that such a person would be able to perform the jobs of hospital cleaner, DOT 323.687-010, 1991 WL 672782, dining-room attendant, DOT 311-677-018, 1991 WL 672696, and hand packager, DOT 920.587-018, 1991 WL 687916. (AR 62.) At the supplemental hearing on June 2, 2015, the VE found the hand-packager job no longer applicable but added that the hypothetical person would be able to perform the job of floor waxer, DOT 381.687-034, 1991 WL 673262. (AR 98-99.)

The ALJ presented a second hypothetical, adding to the first the limitation that "if [the hypothetical] person were distracted and unable to concentrate or focus [he] would require constant reminders, even at a very unskilled level of work, and those reminders were daily in nature or every day and continuing through the day." (AR 62.) The VE testified that such an individual would be precluded from the jobs listed in response to the first hypothetical and all other jobs. (Id.)

In determining whether Plaintiff had an impairment or combination of impairments that met or equaled any of the Listings, the ALJ found that under the "paragraph B" criteria of § 416.920a(e)(2), used to evaluate the severity of mental impairments at steps two and three of the sequential evaluation process, Plaintiff had "moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace." (AR 27.) The ALJ explicitly stated, however, that "[t]he limitations identified in the `paragraph B' . . . criteria are not a [RFC] assessment." (Id.)

3. Analysis

Plaintiff's RFC included a full range of work at all exertional levels but with nonexertional limitations:

(AR 28.)

The ALJ properly consulted the VE to determine whether any available jobs would accommodate Plaintiff's specific limitations. See SSR 83-12, 1983 WL 31253, at *2 (Jan. 1, 1983) (noting that when individual's exertional RFC does not coincide with any of defined ranges of work but instead includes "considerably greater restriction(s)," VE testimony can clarify extent of erosion of occupational base); Moore v. Apfel, 216 F.3d 864, 870 (9th Cir. 2000); Thomas, 278 F.3d at 960. Plaintiff argues that the hypothetical posed by the ALJ failed to account for the "moderate difficulties in concentration, persistence, or pace" that "[t]he ALJ found" Plaintiff to have. (J. Stip. at 24 (citing AR 27).) Plaintiff relies on Brink v. Commissioner Social Security Administration, 343 F. App'x 211, 212 (9th Cir. 2009), which held that an "ALJ's initial hypothetical question to [a] vocational expert" was in error because it "referenced only `simple, repetitive work,' without including limitations on concentration, persistence or pace." (See J. Stip. at 24); see also Lubin v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 507 F. App'x 709, 712 (9th Cir. 2013) (holding that ALJ erred because limiting claimant to "one to three step tasks" didn't capture "moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace," which "should have [been] included" in hypothetical question to VE).

In Brink, an ALJ accepted medical evidence that a claimant had "moderate difficulty maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace" but failed to include such limitations in his hypothetical question to the VE, which referenced only "simple, repetitive work." 343 F. App'x at 212. The ALJ in Lubin similarly erred by not including his finding of "moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace" in his RFC assessment or hypothetical to the VE because his limitation to "one to three step tasks" was insufficient. 507 F. App'x at 712. Those cases, however, do not implicate the rule that an ALJ's RFC assessment should be based only on limitations supported by the record. See Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1217; Batson, 359 F.3d at 1197; see also Stubbs-Danielson v. Astrue, 539 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2008) ("[A]n ALJ's [RFC] assessment of a claimant adequately captures restrictions related to concentration, persistence, or pace where the assessment is consistent with restrictions identified in the medical testimony."). As discussed in detail above, the ALJ did not err in assessing Plaintiff's RFC. As the ALJ found, and unlike in Brink and Lubin, the medical evidence here did not establish that Plaintiff suffered from moderate mental limitations, and the ALJ properly discounted Plaintiff's allegations of more restrictive limitations in concentration and pace because they were unsupported by the medical record. Because the ALJ was not required to include in the RFC limitations that were permissibly discounted, she did not err in her hypothetical to the VE. See Batson, 359 F.3d at 1197 (ALJ not required to incorporate into RFC those findings from treating-physician opinions that were "permissibly discounted"); see also Yelovich v. Colvin, 532 F. App'x 700, 702 (9th Cir. 2013) ("Because the RFC was not defective, the hypothetical question posed to the VE was proper.").

To the extent Plaintiff contends that the ALJ's step-three finding of some moderate mental limitations should have been incorporated into the hypothetical question to the VE (J. Stip. at 24), the argument is unavailing. Some "unpublished district court opinions[, in following Brink and Lubin, have found] error when the ALJ finds that a claimant has moderate limitation in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace at step two [or three], but attempts to account for this in the RFC only by limiting the claimant to simple, repetitive work." Jahnsen v. Berryhill, ___ F. Supp. 3d ____, No. 1:16-cv-0019-HRH, 2017 WL 3018068, at *5 (D. Alaska July 13, 2017) (second alteration in original) (citations omitted). But a step-three finding that a claimant has "moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace" need not be included in an ALJ's RFC assessment or hypothetical question to a VE when such limitations are unsupported by substantial evidence. See Wilder v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 545 F. App'x 638, 639 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Stubbs-Danielson, 539 F.3d at 1174). Indeed, "limitations identified in step 3 . . . are `not an RFC assessment but are used to rate the severity of mental impairment(s) at steps 2 and 3.'" Israel v. Astrue, 494 F. App'x 794, 796 (9th Cir. 2012) (emphasis in original) (quoting SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *4 (July 2, 1996)); see also Hoopai v. Astrue, 499 F.3d 1071, 1076 (9th Cir. 2007) ("The step two and step five determinations require different levels of severity of limitations such that the satisfaction of the requirements at step two does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the claimant has satisfied the requirements at step five."). Thus, moderate limitations in concentration, persistence, or pace found at steps two and three do "not automatically translate to a RFC finding with these limitations." Williams v. Colvin, No. CV 16-2433 JC, 2016 WL 7480245, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 29, 2016) (citing Phillips v. Colvin, 61 F.Supp.3d 925, 940 (N.D. Cal. 2014)).

Accordingly, the ALJ here did not err. She specifically noted that the step-three limitations in concentration, persistence, and pace "[were] not a [RFC] assessment" and "[t]he mental [RFC] . . . used at steps 4 and 5 of the sequential evaluation process require[d] a more detailed assessment." (AR 27.) She accounted for Plaintiff's mental limitations to the extent that they were supported by the medical record, assessing him with limitations that included "noncomplex," "routine," and "[non-]detailed tasks." (AR 28.) Such limitations were consistent with treatment notes documenting Plaintiff's "average intelligence" (AR 522), "good" memory (see, e.g., AR 568, 570, 573-74, 576), "good" insight and judgment (see, e.g., id.), and medicinally controlled condition (see, e.g., AR 528, 540-41, 559, 562-63, 567-68, 570, 572, 576). See Stubbs-Danielson, 539 F.3d at 1174; Sabin v. Astrue, 337 F. App'x 617, 621 (9th Cir. 2009) ("The RFC finding is consistent with these reports and adequately captures the tasks [claimant] can do despite her concentration, persistence, or pace restrictions.") And as discussed above, the record did not substantiate greater, let alone moderate, limitations.

Thus, the RFC was supported by substantial evidence and adequately captured Plaintiff's mental limitations, and "the ALJ committed no reversible error in failing to specifically include [P]laintiff's deficiencies in [concentration, persistence, or pace] in either her RFC assessment . . . or her subsequent hypothetical to the [VE]." See Maidlow v. Astrue, No. EDCV 10-01970-MAN, 2011 WL 5295059, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 2, 2011); see also Rhodus v. Berryhill, No. CV-16-00238-TUC-LCK, 2017 WL 4150445, at *4-5 (D. Ariz. Sept. 19, 2017) (upholding RFC assessment that was "consistent with the [medical record], regardless of the paragraph B functional assessment"); Duncan v. Astrue, No. C12-546-MJP-JPD, 2012 WL 5877510, at *5-6 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 1, 2012) (upholding RFC assessment and VE hypothetical that limited claimant to "simple and some complex instructions" despite step-three finding that he had "mild to moderate" limitations in concentration, persistence, and pace), accepted by 2012 WL 5877495 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 19, 2012).

Thus, substantial evidence supports the ALJ's finding that Plaintiff could perform the jobs identified by the VE. The ALJ was entitled to rely on the VE's informed, specific, and uncontradicted explanation that consistent with his RFC, Plaintiff was able to work as a dining-room attendant, hospital cleaner, and floor waxer. See Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1218. Accordingly, remand is not warranted on this basis.

VI. CONCLUSION

Consistent with the foregoing and under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g),18 IT IS ORDERED that judgment be entered AFFIRMING the Commissioner's decision, DENYING Plaintiff's request for remand, and DISMISSING this action with prejudice.