ORDER RE MOTION TO DISSOLVE PERMANENT INJUNCTION

CHARLES R. BREYER, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE.

The Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana ("MAMM") asks this Court to dissolve a permanent injunction that this Court entered against it in 2002. See Mot. Dissolve Perm. Inj. (dkt. 262). Having reviewed the filings and accompanying papers, the Court DENIES the motion to dissolve the injunction. However, the enforcement of said injunction must be consistent with the new directive of Congress in Section 538 of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2015, Pub. L. 113-235, 128 Stat. 2130 (2014) ("2015 Appropriations Act"),1 which prohibits the Department of Justice from expending any funds in connection with the enforcement of any law that interferes with California's ability to "implement [its] own State law[ ] that authorize[s] the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." See 2015 Appropriations Act § 538. As long as Congress precludes the Department of Justice from expending funds in this manner, the permanent injunction will only be enforced against MAMM insofar as that organization is in violation of California "State laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." See id.; Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).

I. BACKGROUND

As a matter of federal law, marijuana is prohibited as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act ("CSA"). 21 U.S.C. § 812(c). But under state law, California's Compassionate Use Act of 1996 exempted from state criminal prosecution physicians, patients, and primary caregivers who possess or cultivate marijuana for medicinal purpose with a physician's recommendation. See Cal. Health and Safety Code Ann. §§ 11362.5 ("Compassionate Use Act"). The Compassionate Use Act was passed in a state-wide November 1996 referendum with the support of 56% of voters. United States v. Cannabis Cultivators Club, 5 F.Supp.2d 1086, 1091 (N.D.Cal.1998) (dkt. 61).

This Court has a lengthy history with this defendant on these issues. In 1998, the Government filed an action seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against MAMM (and five other medical marijuana dispensaries, all of which were deemed related and reassigned to this Court) on the grounds that it was engaged in the distribution of marijuana in violation of the CSA. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 801 et seq. At that time, the City and County of San Francisco and other cities in which the related defendants are located, acting as amici curiae, "urge[d] the Court not to adopt the injunctive relief sought by the federal government because of the adverse consequences an injunction would have on the public health of their citizens." Cannabis Cultivators Club, 5 F.Supp.2d at 1094. But this Court determined that the preliminary injunction "must be granted" on the grounds of there being "a strong likelihood that defendants' conduct violates the Controlled Substances Act, [and thus] the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution requires that the Court enjoin further violations of the Act." Cannabis Cultivators Club, 5 F.Supp.2d at 1091, 1105.

Thereafter, defendants openly violated this Court's preliminary injunction, which prompted the Government to initiate contempt proceedings. In the litigation that ensued, defendants sought to modify the preliminary injunction to exclude distributions of marijuana that were medically necessary, which this Court denied on October 16, 1998. See Order (dkt. 174). The Ninth Circuit reversed this Court in an interlocutory appeal of that decision, United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Co-Op ("OCBC"), 190 F.3d 1109, 1115 (9th Cir.1999), and in turn were reversed by the Supreme Court, United States v. OCBC, 532 U.S. 483, 121 S.Ct. 1711, 149 L.Ed.2d 722 (2001). There, the Supreme Court held that there is no medical necessity exception to the CSA's prohibition on the manufacture and distribution of marijuana. OCBC, 532 U.S. at 486, 121 S.Ct. 1711. In so doing, the Supreme Court explained that even when a district court is exercising its equity jurisdiction in the course of fashioning an injunction, its usual discretion to "consider the necessities of the public interest" was "displaced" by the "judgment of Congress, deliberately expressed in legislation." Id. at 496-98, 121 S.Ct. 1711. As applied here, then, the district court may weigh whether an injunction should be the means of enforcing the statute instead of another permissible means of enforcement — "not whether enforcement is preferable to no enforcement at all." Id. at 497-98, 121 S.Ct. 1711. "Consequently, when a court of equity exercises its discretion, it may not consider the advantages and disadvantages of nonenforcement of the statute, but only the advantages and disadvantages of `employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction' over the other available methods of enforcement." Id. at 498, 121 S.Ct. 1711 (quoting Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 312, 102 S.Ct. 1798, 72 L.Ed.2d 91 (1982)). "To the extent the district court considers the public interest and the conveniences of the parties, the court is limited to evaluating how such interest and conveniences are affected by the selection of an injunction over other enforcement mechanisms." Id.

Following the Supreme Court's ruling, the OCBC defendants moved to dissolve their preliminary injunctions in this Court and the Government moved for summary judgment and for a permanent injunction. See Mem. and Order May 3, 2002 (dkt. 229). This Court granted the Government's motion for summary judgment and, after the defendants declined to reassure this Court that they would not resume their distribution activity, entered a permanent injunction on June 10, 2002. See United States v. Cannabis Cultivator's Club, No. 98-85 et al., 2002 WL 1310460 (June 10, 2002); Mem. and Order June 20, 2002 (dkt. 247); Permanent Injunction (dkt. 248).

For the next near-decade, defendant MAMM continued to operate a medical marijuana dispensary out of its same location. The United States Attorney's Office waited until September 2011 to send cease and desist letters to MAMM and other medical marijuana dispensaries in the area. The Mayor of the Town of Fairfax responded with a series of letters to United States Attorney Melinda Haag stating that MAMM was operating as a model business in careful compliance with its local Use Permit in a "cooperative and collaborative relationship" with the community. See Bragman Letter October 2011, Anton Aff. in Support of Defendant's Mot. to Dissolve Perm. Injunction (dkt. 262-3) at Ex. 2. The Mayor explained that Marin has "the highest documented rate of breast cancer in the United States," and Marin's breast cancer patients have especially benefitted from MAMM. Id. He asserted that "elimination of this vital community access facility would effectively prevent [patients] from obtaining medical marijuana," with the "paradoxical impact of increasing public safety concerns for local law enforcement" if the market were pushed underground. Id. According to the letter, the "record clearly establishes that [MAMM] has been in clear and unambiguous compliance with existing state and local laws providing for the medical use of marijuana." Id. To avoid "needlessly increas[ing] the suffering of hundreds of patients who have come to rely on [MAMM] as a safe access point for medical marijuana," he urged Haag "to exercise [her] discretion to reconsider [her] office's evaluation of the legal viability of [MAMM] in light of its documented record of lawful operation and benefit to the community." Id.2

The U.S. Attorney's Office nevertheless pressed its forfeiture action. In response, MAMM and three other dispensaries filed suit seeking to enjoin the Government from taking any enforcement action against them. See Am. Compl. (dkt. 21), Marin Alliance For Med. Marijuana v. Holder, 866 F.Supp.2d 1142 (N.D.Cal.2011) (No. 11-5349 SBA). The court denied the Plaintiffs' motion for a temporary restraining order, denied their motion for a preliminary injunction, and granted the Government's motion to dismiss. See Marin Alliance, 866 F.Supp.2d 1142 (N.D.Cal. 2011); Marin Alliance, No. 11-5349, 2012 WL 2862608 (N.D.Cal.July 11, 2012).

Seven days after the initial complaint in that litigation was filed, the Government initiated a forfeiture action against the property on which MAMM operated. See Compl., United States v. Real Property Located at 6 School Street, Fairfax, California, No. 11-cv-5596 (filed Nov. 18, 2011). The forfeiture complaint cited this Court's permanent injunction and MAMM's violation of the CSA given that it was operating a medical marijuana dispensary. See id. The litigation was resolved in a settlement with the property owner, who agreed no longer to rent the property to MAMM in exchange for the Government's agreement not to seize the property. See Stipulation and Order ¶ 4 (dkt. 18), No. 11-5596.

Then the legal and factual circumstances changed. Section 538 of the 2015 Appropriations Act — which governed Treasury Funds for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015, and which has now been extended until December 11, 2015, by the 2016 Appropriations Act, Pub. L. 114-53, § 103, 129 Stat. 502 (2015) — states as follows:

2015 Appropriations Act § 538. MAMM argues that the injunction is now unenforceable under Section 538 and should therefore be dissolved.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60 provides for relief from a judgment or order under the following circumstances, as relevant here:

Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). Relief under Rule 60(b) is counterbalanced against "the strong public interest in the timeliness and finality of judgments." See Phelps v. Alameida, 569 F.3d 1120, 1135 (9th Cir.2009). Typically, "[a] party seeking modification or dissolution of an injunction bears the burden of establishing that a significant change in facts or law warrants revision or dissolution of the injunction." Alto v. Black, 738 F.3d 1111, 1120 (9th Cir.2013) (quoting Sharp v. Weston, 233 F.3d 1166, 1170 (9th Cir.2000)). "That requirement presumes that the moving party could have appealed the grant of the injunction but chose not to do so, and thus that a subsequent challenge to the injunctive relief must rest on grounds that could not have been raised before." Id. (citing Transgo, Inc. v. Ajac Transmission Parts Corp., 911 F.2d 363, 365 (9th Cir.1990)). In order to meet their burden under Rule 60(b), MAMM would have to establish that Section 538 represents a significant change in the law that "renders continued enforcement [of the injunction] detrimental to the public interest." Horne v. Flores, 557 U.S. 433, 447, 129 S.Ct. 2579, 174 L.Ed.2d 406 (2009) (as cited and characterized by the Government's supplemental brief (dkt. 272) at 12).3

III. DISCUSSION

The plain reading of the text of Section 538 forbids the Department of Justice from enforcing this injunction against MAMM to the extent that MAMM operates in compliance with California law. Although the parties argued at length whether equitable concerns — namely the harmful effects engendered by MAMM's closure and the demonstrable lack of harm that resulted from the 14 years in which it operated — support the dissolution or modification of the injunction, these arguments can be dismissed out of hand. MAMM's approach stems from Rule 60(b)(5)'s provision that the court may grant relief from a final judgment when "applying it prospectively is no longer equitable." See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5). But this Court continues to be bound by OCBC's prohibition on conducting public policy balancing in determining whether to enjoin behavior that violates the CSA. See OCBC, 532 U.S. at 496-98, 121 S.Ct. 1711. "To the extent the district court considers the public interest and the conveniences of the parties, the court is limited to evaluating how such interest and conveniences are affected by the selection of an injunction over other enforcement mechanisms." Id. at 498, 121 S.Ct. 1711.

In other words, this Court is not in a position to "override Congress' policy choice, articulated in a statute, as to what behavior should be prohibited." See id. at 497, 121 S.Ct. 1711. On the contrary: This Court's only task is to interpret and apply Congress's policy choices, as articulated in its legislation. And in this instance, Congress dictated in Section 538 that it intended to prohibit the Department of Justice from expending any funds in connection with the enforcement of any law that interferes with California's ability to "implement [its] own State law[ ] that authorize[s] the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." 2015 Appropriations Act § 538. The CSA remains in place, and this Court intends to enforce it to the full extent that Congress has allowed in Section 538, that is, with regard to any medical marijuana not in full compliance with "State law[ ] that authorize[s] the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." Id.

The Government's contrary reading so tortures the plain meaning of the statute that it must be quoted to ensure credible articulation. Specifically, the Government contends that Section 538 proscribes

Gov't Supp. Brief (dkt. 272) at 6 & n.2. Where to start? An initial matter, perhaps, is the contradiction inherent in the Government's assertion that enjoining any one medical marijuana dispensary — here, MAMM — does not impede California's implementation of its medical marijuana laws. The Government appears to mean that, in the grand scheme of things, shutting down any given dispensary may be presumed to have such a minimal effect on California's medical marijuana regime that it does not "prevent" California from "implementing" its State law. But if anything, the Government's reliance on the operation of other medical marijuana dispensaries to justify enjoining this dispensary is an a fortiori reason why the injunction is inappropriate in its present form.

Moreover, this drop-in-the-bucket argument is at odds with fundamental notions of the rule of law. It has never been a legal principle than an otherwise impermissible government intrusion can be countenanced because any one defendant is a small piece of the legal landscape. Section 538 either allows the DOJ to shut down medical marijuana dispensaries for violating the CSA, or it does not. It contains no limitation that requires a State to implement its medical marijuana laws in one way or not another — via a centralized state dispensary, for example, or through highly regulated local private dispensaries — before Section 538's prohibition is triggered. Rather, Section 538 takes as a given that States implement their medical marijuana laws in the ways they see fit. California has chosen its way: allowing private dispensaries to operate under strict state and local regulation. California's Compassionate Use Act states that its purpose is "[t]o ensure that seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where that medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a physician..." Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11362.5(A). In the years following the passage of the Compassionate Use Act, the California Legislature enacted extensive legislation implementing and regulating the medical marijuana regime. The legislature established a detailed process through which patients receive permits from county health departments. See Cal. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 11362.7-11362.83 (West 2015). California law specifies that medical marijuana dispensaries must be located outside a 600-foot radius of any school and empowers local authorities to adopt additional restrictions. See id. at § 11362.768. It also requires the State Attorney General to "develop and adopt appropriate guidelines to ensure the security and nondiversion of marijuana grown for medical use" by qualified patients. Id. at § 11362.81. These extensive Guidelines explain a detailed regime in which qualified, licensed patients may obtain medical marijuana from private dispensaries operating as nonprofit collectives or cooperatives under extensive licensing requirements for business incorporation, record keeping, taxation, verification, security, and the like. See Guidelines for the Security and Non-Diversion of Marijuana Grown for Medical Use at Part IV (2008), http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/press/pdfs/n1601_medicalmarijuanaguidelines.pdf. The Town of Fairfax, operating under its authority in Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11362.768, added its own extensive local permitting requirements, which mandate that a medical marijuana dispensary comply with 72 conditions regulating every conceivable aspect of the time, place, and manner of the dispensary's operation. See Amended Conditions of Approval for the Marin Alliance Medicinal Marijuana Dispensary Use Permit Number 97-UP-2, Approved on August 15, 2002, MAMM Supplemental Brief (dkt. 271) at Ex. 11.

In sum, this intricate legal framework "implements" California's medical marijuana laws by allowing licensed patients to obtain medical marijuana from highly regulated non-profit cooperative dispensaries. Against this backdrop, Section 538 states that "None of the funds made available in this Act to the Department of Justice may be used, with respect to the States of... California [and 32 other states], to prevent such States from implementing their own State laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." 2015 Appropriations Act § 538. To "implement," of course, means to "carry out, accomplish, to give practical effect to and ensure of actual fulfillment by concrete measures." Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2015). It defies language and logic for the Government to argue that it does not "prevent" California from "implementing" its medical marijuana laws by shutting down these same heavily-regulated medical marijuana dispensaries; whether it shuts down one, some, or all, the difference is of degree, not of kind. And, contrary to the Government's representation, the record here does support a finding that Californians' access to legal medical marijuana has been substantively impeded by the closing of dispensaries, and the closing of MAMM in particular. See Bragman Letter December 2014, Anton Aff. in Support of Defendant's Mot. to Dissolve Perm. Injunction (dkt. 262-3) at Ex. 3 ("Since the departure of the Marin Alliance, the County of Marin, with a population of over 250,000, has not had a legal medical cannabis dispensary to serve the local patient population. Marin County has exceptionally high rates of breast and prostate cancer. Those patient groups both benefit from proven medical benefits of cannabis but now are unable to have safe access in their local community.").

Given that the statutory language of Section 538 is plain on its face, the Court "must enforce it according to its terms," see King v. Burwell, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2480, 2489, 192 L.Ed.2d 483 (2015), and need not consider the legislative history. But it comes as no surprise to the Court that the legislative history of Section 538 points in only one direction: away from the counterintuitive and opportunistic meaning that the DOJ seeks to ascribe to it now. Without exception, it appears that both the supporters and opponents of Section 538 in Congress at least agreed that the words mean what they appear to mean. See, e.g., 60 Cong. Rec. 82, H4914, H4984 (daily ed. May 29, 2014) (statement of Cosponsor Rep. Dina Titus) ("[T]his commonsense amendment simply ensures that patients do not have to live in fear when following the laws of their States and the recommendations of their doctors. Physicians in those States will not be prosecuted for prescribing the substance, and local businesses will not be shut down for dispensing the same.") (emphasis added); 160 Cong. Rec. 82, H4914, H4984 (daily ed. May 29, 2014) (statement of Rep. Alcee Hastings) ("Specifically, the bill is a bipartisan appropriations measure that looks to prohibit the DEA from spending funds to arrest state-licensed medical marijuana patients and providers. Many of my colleagues and their constituencies agree that patients who are allowed to purchase and consume medical marijuana in their respective states should not be punished by the federal government.") (emphasis added); 160 Cong. Rec. 82, H4914, H4984 (daily ed. May 29, 2014) (statement of Lead Sponsor Rep. Sam Farr) ("This is essentially saying, look, if you are following State law, you are a legal resident doing your business under State law, the Feds just can't come in and bust you."); 160 Cong. Rec. 70, H4020, H4053-55 (daily ed. May 9, 2014) (statement of Lead Sponsor Dana Rohrabacher) ("The harassment from the [DEA] is something that should not be tolerated in the land of the free. Businesspeople who are licensed and certified to provide doctor recommended medicine within their own States have seen their businesses locked down, their assets seized, their customers driven away, and their financial lives ruined by very, very aggressive and energetic Federal law enforcers enforcing a law ... Instead of continuing to finance this repressive and expensive approach, we should be willing to allow patients and small businesses to follow their doctors' advice under the watchful eye of State law enforcement and regulators...") (emphasis added); 160 Cong. Rec. 82, H4914, H4983-84 (daily ed. May 29, 2014) (statement of Rep. John Fleming in opposition) ("What this amendment would do is, it wouldn't change the law, it would just make it difficult, if not impossible, for the DEA and [DOJ] to enforce the law.").

In fact, the members of Congress who drafted Section 538 had the opportunity to respond to the very same argument that the DOJ advances here. In a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder on April 8, 2015, Congressmen Dana Rohrabacher and Sam Farr responded as follows to "recent statements indicating that the [DOJ] does not believe a spending restriction designed to protect [the medical marijuana laws of 35 states] applies to specific ongoing cases against individuals and businesses engaged in medical marijuana activity":

Letter to Attorney General Holder, Anton Aff. in Support of Defendant's Mot. to Dissolve Perm. Injunction (dkt. 262-3) at Ex. 7. Having no substantive response or evidence, the Government simply asserts that it "need not delve into the legislative history here" because the meaning of the statute is clearly in its favor. The Court disagrees.

To the extent the Government cites a few cases addressing Section 538, none are analogous or even particularly favorable to the Government's position. In each one of the cases that the Government cites, the individual or organization at issue was not operating in compliance with State law — in which case this Court agrees that Section 538 does not apply by its own terms. See, e.g., United States v. Tote, No. 1:14-mj-212, 2015 WL 3732010 (E.D.Cal. June 12, 2015) (rejecting a criminal defendant's argument that his criminal prosecution for driving under the influence of marijuana on federal land should be dismissed under Section 538 because Section 538 did not repeal federal laws criminalizing the possession of marijuana and "Defendant was using marijuana in a manner that violates California law"); United States v. Firestack-Harvey, No. 13-cr-24, 2015 WL 3533222 (E.D.Wash. June 4, 2015) (rejecting the applicability of Section 538 to a criminal prosecution of three individuals because the conduct at issue involved operating a for-profit marijuana business that was not authorized by Washington state law); United States v. Silkeutsabay, No. 13-cr-140, 2015 WL 2376170 (E.D.Wash. May 18, 2015) (concluding that Section 538 was "inapplicable to prosecution of Defendants' case where over 1000 marijuana plants were seized — a number far in excess of that authorized under Washington's medical marijuana law"). A single Ninth Circuit case held that a prohibition on the deduction of expenses in connection with illegal drug trafficking applied to bar a medical marijuana dispensary from deducting its business expenses to eliminate a tax deficiency. See Olive v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 792 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir.2015). In that separate context, the Ninth Circuit explained that "Section 538 does not apply" because the government was "enforcing only a tax, which does not prevent people from using, distributing, possessing, or cultivating marijuana in California. Enforcing these laws might make it more costly to run a dispensary, but it does not change whether these activities are authorized in the state." See id. at 1150.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, as long as Congress precludes the Department of Justice from expending funds in the manner proscribed by Section 538, the permanent injunction will only be enforced against MAMM insofar as that organization is in violation of California "State laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana."4 See 2015 Appropriations Act § 538; Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b).

IT IS SO ORDERED.