U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6) provides: If (A) the defendant relocated, or participated in relocating, a fraudulent scheme to another jurisdiction to evade law enforcement or regulatory officials; (B) a substantial part of a fraudulent scheme was committed from outside of the United States; or (C) the offense otherwise involved sophisticated means, increase by 2 levels. If the resulting offense level is less than level 12, increase to level 12.

Id. Neither this Court nor any other court of which we are aware has determined whether this enhancement applies to a fraudulent call sell scheme such as the one involved in this case. Moreover, neither this Court nor any other court of which we are aware has analyzed or determined the meaning or scope of the phrase "committed from outside of the United States" as it is used in subsection (B).

"`[L]anguage in the Sentencing Guidelines is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Further, where the guidelines provide no indication as to a particular application[,] the Court looks to the language and purpose of the Sentencing Guidelines for instruction.'" United States v. McClain, 252 F.3d 1279, 1286 (11th Cir.2001), quoting United States v. Pompey, 17 F.3d 351, 354 (11th Cir.1994).

Singh's argument finds some support in the stated reason for Amendment 577 (i.e., the amendment which amended U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1) which is contained within the Guidelines' Supplement to Appendix C. Therein, the Sentencing Commission noted that "[t]he first two prongs address conduct that the Commission has been informed often relates to telemarketing fraud.... Specifically, the Commission has been informed that fraudulent telemarketers increasingly are conducting their operations from Canada and other locations outside the United States." U.S.S.G.App. C, amend. 577. Here, the call sell scheme did not involve a telemarketing scheme, let alone a telemarketing scheme operated from outside of the United States.

However, the Sentencing Commission also noted that Amendment 577 may apply to criminal conduct in connection with fraudulent schemes perpetrated by means other than telemarketing fraud. Id. In addition, the background notes to U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1 state that "[t]his guideline is designed to apply to a wide variety of fraud cases" and also state that "[s]ubsection (b)(6) implements, in a broader form, the instruction to the Commission in section 6(c)(2) of Public Law 105-184." Thus, we do not believe that the two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6)(B) is reserved solely to punish telemarketing fraud.

Furthermore, were we to adopt Singh's interpretation of the guideline, we would do a disservice to its plain meaning. U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6)(B) only requires that a substantial portion of the scheme be committed from outside of the United States; it does not require that the scheme originate from outside of the United States. Singh's reading of the guideline would require us to insert "originate" into the guideline provision for substantial — a course of action we should not and will not follow.

Finally, we do not believe that the defendant must personally take action from outside of the United States in order for the enhancement to apply. First, if we were to limit a defendant's culpability as asserted by Singh, we would contradict the well-established principle that an act may be imputed from one co-conspirator to another. See United States v. Gallo, 195 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir.1999)(holding that "[t]he Guideline instructs that an act may be imputed from one co-conspirator to another provided the conduct was (1) reasonably foreseeable, and (2) in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity....") (internal quotation omitted); see also United States v. Rayborn, 957 F.2d 841, 844 (11th Cir.1992)(holding that "all losses caused by fraud or deceit which are governed by ... § 2F1.1 may be imputed to a defendant who was a member of the conspiracy which caused those losses.").

Second, a close reading of the guideline provision indicates that the Sentencing Commission did not intend to limit the enhancement as argued by Singh. Subsection (A) of U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6) specifically states that, "[i]f the defendant relocated, or participated in relocating ...", then a two-level enhancement is appropriate. Id. (emphasis added). Subsection (B) provides no such qualifier or limitation upon individual liability. Thus, the statutory rule of inclusio unius est exclusio alterius applies. See United States v. Koonce, 991 F.2d 693, 698 (11th Cir.1993)(recognizing the well-established canon of statutory construction that the inclusion of one implies the exclusion of others).

In the case sub judice, the district court possessed ample evidence to apply the enhancement. Audrey Hanes, a fraud investigator for AT&T, testified at Singh's sentencing hearing that ninety-nine percent of the telephone calls attributed to Singh were international calls and that ninety percent of the telephone calls were placed to Kuwait and then employed the telephone's three-way calling feature to connect the Kuwaiti party with a party in another country. While it is true that the Government did not produce any evidence regarding the identity or number of co-conspirators in Kuwait or any other country, the fact that the telephone's three-way calling feature was employed ninety percent of the time to place telephone calls to Kuwait and then to other countries implies that there was someone else involved, that that someone else was outside of the United States, and that that someone else took actions outside of the United States in furtherance of the fraudulent scheme. Furthermore, the Government presented evidence that Singh received (at a Western Union office in Mobile, Alabama) a $500.00 wire transfer from someone in Kuwait.

Based upon this evidence, we cannot say that the district court erred in enhancing Singh's sentence by two levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6)(B). The district court made a factual finding that a substantial portion of the conspiracies of which Singh was convicted occurred outside of the United States. See United States v. Bradford, 277 F.3d 1311, 1312 (11th Cir.2002), citing United States v. McClendon, 195 F.3d 598, 600 (11th Cir.1999)(noting that "[t]his Court reviews a district court's factual findings for clear error and their application of the Guidelines to those facts de novo."). The evidence clearly established that some of the conspiracy's acts occurred outside of the United States, and Singh is responsible for these actions by his co-conspirator(s) because these acts were reasonably foreseeable and were taken in furtherance of the conspiracy. Gallo, 195 F.3d at 1281. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's decision to enhance Singh's adjusted offense level by two-levels, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(6)(B), because a substantial part of the fraudulent scheme of which he was convicted was committed from outside of the United States.

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 provides for a two level enhancement for defendants who "willfully obstruct[ ] or impede[ ], or attempt[] to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the course of the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of conviction...." Id. A defendant may obstruct or impede justice by "committing, suborning, or attempting to suborn perjury." U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, comment. (n. 4(b)). Perjury, for purposes of applying this enhancement, has been defined by the United States Supreme Court as "false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory." United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94, 113 S. Ct. 1111, 122 L. Ed. 2d 445 (1993); see United States v. Hubert, 138 F.3d 912, 915 (11th Cir.1998)(holding that "[p]erjury under oath on material matters, not due to confusion or mistake, justifies such an increase."). For purposes of U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, "`[m]aterial' ... means evidence, fact, statement, or information that, if believed, would tend to influence or affect the issue under determination." U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, comment. (n. 6).

When applying this enhancement, "the district court [should] make specific findings as to each alleged instance of obstruction by identifying the materially false statements individually...." United States v. Arguedas, 86 F.3d 1054, 1059 (11th Cir.1996). However, "a general finding that an enhancement is warranted suffices if it encompasses all of the factual predicates necessary for a perjury finding."4 United States v. Lewis, 115 F.3d 1531, 1538 (11th Cir.1997); see United States v. Diaz, 190 F.3d 1247, 1256 (11th Cir.1999)(same). "We review for clear error the district court's factual findings necessary for an obstruction of justice enhancement based on perjury ... [and] accord great deference to the district court's credibility determinations." United States v. Gregg, 179 F.3d 1312, 1316 (11th Cir.1999)(internal citation omitted); 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e). "[W]e give due deference to the district court's application of the guidelines to the facts", United States v. Yount, 960 F.2d 955, 956 (11th Cir.1992), and review the district court's "application of law to those facts de novo." United States v. Trout, 68 F.3d 1276, 1279 (11th Cir.1995); see United States v. Rodriguez, 279 F.3d 947, 951 (11th Cir.2002)(same).

In the present case, the district court made the specific factual findings necessary to support the obstruction of justice enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. After hearing him testify twice, the district court found that Singh had provided false testimony at his sentencing hearing when he denied a Kuwaiti connection to his call sell scheme, when he denied placing the telephone calls himself, and when he denied using the names and social security numbers on his "customer list" in order to fraudulently establish telephone service in the United States as his part of the call sell scheme. In short, the district court found that Singh had only admitted to a minor part of the crime.

We believe that the record supports the district court's finding that Singh committed perjury when he testified during his sentencing hearing. First, we defer to the district court's credibility finding as it had the opportunity to see Singh and to view him while he testified and found him not to be telling the complete truth. Gregg, 179 F.3d at 1316. Second, as noted supra, the evidence established that the calls originated from the United States and that ninety percent of those telephone calls were made to Kuwait and then the telephone's three-way calling feature was employed to connect the Kuwaiti party with a party in some other country. Third, the evidence established that Singh called the same telephone numbers in Kuwait from each location where he fraudulently established telephone service.

Fourth, Singh's testimony that five customers from New York City followed him around the country in order to use his telephone system is unworthy of credence, especially in light of the evidence presented by the Government that neither Singh's neighbors nor his landlord saw anyone but him enter the facilities which he had rented. Fifth, the evidence showed that Singh received a wire transfer of $500.00 from someone in Kuwait.5 Thus, Singh's continued denial of a Kuwaiti connection is incredible, is the result of a willful intent to provide false testimony, and cannot possibly be the result of a mistake, confusion, or faulty memory.6

Accordingly, because the Sentencing Guidelines allow for an enhancement for obstruction of justice when a defendant commits perjury during a sentencing hearing and because the district court correctly applied the appropriate standard in determining that Singh had committed perjury during his sentencing hearing, we cannot say that the district court's decision to enhance Singh's adjusted offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 was clearly erroneous. Therefore, we affirm the district court on this issue.

C. LOSS OF ACCEPTANCE OF RESPONSIBILITY REDUCTION

Finally, under the Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant may receive a two-level or a three-level reduction in his offense level if he accepts responsibility for his offense(s) in a timely manner. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. We review "the district court's determination of acceptance of responsibility only for clear error." United States v. Dodd, 111 F.3d 867, 870 (11th Cir.1997). "A district court's determination that a defendant is not entitled to acceptance of responsibility will not be set aside unless the facts in the record clearly establish that a defendant has accepted personal responsibility." United States v. Sawyer, 180 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir.1999).

In the instant case, we cannot say that the district court committed clear error in denying Singh a reduction in his adjusted offense level for accepting responsibility for his crimes or that the record clearly establishes that Singh has fully accepted personal responsibility for his crimes. As noted supra, the district court did not err in finding that Singh committed perjury when he testified at his sentencing hearing or in finding that Singh only admitted to a minor part of his crimes.

"Conduct resulting in an enhancement under § 3C1.1 ... ordinarily indicates that the defendant has not accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct", U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, comment. (n. 4), and "[a]n adjustment under the guidelines for acceptance of responsibility is not warranted when a defendant's conduct results in an enhancement for obstruction of justice." United States v. Kramer, 943 F.2d 1543, 1547 n. 4 (11th Cir.1991). Here, Singh willfully testified falsely at his sentencing hearing, and no extraordinary circumstances exist which would justify applying adjustments under both U.S.S.G. §§ 3C1.1 and 3E1.1. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's decision not to grant Singh a reduction in his adjusted offense level, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, for acceptance of responsibility.

For these reasons, we affirm Singh's sentence as imposed by the district court.

AFFIRMED.