ANDREW P. GORDON, District Judge.
This dispute arises from a series of three marriages between plaintiff Vy Nhu Hoang Dinh ("Dinh"), a Vietnamese citizen, and three American citizens: Jason Prince ("Prince"), Joey Duran ("Duran"), and plaintiff Man Van Chau ("Chau"). Dinh is presently married to Chau.
In March 2002, Dinh entered the United States on an F-1 non-immigrant student visa.
One month later, on June 2, 2004, Dinh met with Hoa in person in Utah. She paid him $12,000 and he introduced her to Prince. That same day, Dinh and Prince were married. Immediately after the ceremony, Dinh returned to Las Vegas. About ten days later, she received a "divorce paper" from Hoa concerning her marriage to Prince. (AR 126.) Dinh contacted her mother, who told Dinh to do as Hoa said. Dinh's divorce from Prince was final on October 27, 2004. (AR 503-05.)
Sometime between November 2 and 22, 2004, Dinh applied to two colleges in Utah: University of Utah College of Nursing and Westminster College International. (AR 105-09.)
Hoang ordered Dinh to go to Utah in late November 2004. Upon arriving in Utah, Hoa introduced her to Duran.
Dinh immediately returned to Las Vegas to finish the academic semester at CSN. She claims that she intended to return to Utah in January 2005 to cohabitate with Duran and establish a married life with him.
By January 2005, however, Dinh asserts that Duran had stopped returning her phone calls and she understood that he did not want to establish a life with her. Dinh called her mother, who gave Dinh permission to divorce Duran. Dinh claims that she instructed her mother to tell Hoa to cancel the arrangement and not to file any of the immigration paperwork associated with Dinh's marriage to Duran. Hoang agrees that she "called if off." (Hoang Aff., AR 130.) It is unclear if Hoa or Duran ever received the message that Dinh did not want the immigration paperwork to be filed.
Later in January 2005, Dinh traveled to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to visit a friend in dental school. While there, she met Chau. They immediately hit it off and began dating. (Dinh Aff. ¶¶ 12-13, AR 118.)
On March 30, 2005, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ("USCIS") received the Form I-485 signed by Dinh and a Form I-130 Petition for Alien Relative with Duran as the petitioner and Dinh as the beneficiary. The Form I-130 Petition serves to classify the beneficiary as an immediate family member of the petitioner; the Form I-485 serves to adjust the beneficiary's status to temporary legal permanent resident ("LPR") once the immediate family classification is granted.
On August 30, 2005, the divorce decree for the Dinh-Duran marriage was entered in Utah. (AR 500-01.)
On March 6, 2006, USCIS rejected the immigration forms filed in March 2005 in relation to the Dinh-Duran marriage. (AR 538.)
On October 4, 2006, Dinh and Chau married in Las Vegas. After finishing dental school, Chau moved to Las Vegas, where he and Dinh still reside. On October 12, 2006, Chau executed a Form I-130 Petition on Dinh's behalf, and Dinh executed another Form I-485 on her own behalf. On October 23, 2006, they submitted these forms to USCIS. (AR 133-36, 514-15.) On the Form I-485, Dinh indicated that she had never before applied for permanent resident status in the United States. (AR 134.)
On October 10, 2007, the U.S. Attorney in Utah charged Duran with misdemeanor aiding and abetting the attempted entry of an illegal alien under 8 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1325(a)(3). (AR 282-83.) Duran pled guilty, and, on November 2, 2007, a judgment and conviction was rendered against Duran. (AR 284.) Hoa was separately indicted for a conspiracy to arrange marriages between American men and Vietnamese women in which the men allegedly received a kickback and the women were allegedly unaware of the scam. (AR 315-87.) Dinh was never criminally indicted.
On February 14, 2008, Plaintiffs filed a petition for writ of mandamus in this Court, seeking a mandate that USCIS adjudicate the pending Form I-130 Petition. Dinh v. Mukasey, 2:08-cv-00196-JCM-LRL. The case was dismissed upon a stipulation by the parties to hold the interview necessary to process the Form I-130 Petition.
On June 16, 2008, USCIS interviewed Dinh and Chau. During the interview, Dinh allegedly learned for the first time about Duran's conviction. On July 1, USCIS issued a Notice of Intent to Deny ("NOID") to Chau under 8 U.S.C. § 1154(b) based on Duran's conviction for marriage fraud in relation to the Dinh-Duran marriage. Chau did not respond to the NOID, and, on December 15, USCIS denied the Form I-130.
Dinh's then-counsel, Mr. Albert C. Lum, recommended that she not appeal the ruling, but instead be placed in removal proceedings so she could relitigate the Form I-130 Petition. On May 5, 2009, Dinh was placed in removal proceedings. She was initially charged with immigration fraud under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B) and overstaying her visa under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A). On October 5, the Government withdrew the fraud charge.
On November 15, 2009, Chau filed a new Form I-130 Petition. (AR 486-87.) On February 1, 2010, Dinh and Chau interviewed with USCIS. On April 28, 2010, USCIS denied the Form I-130 Petition on the grounds that there was no evidence that the Dinh-Duran marriage was in good faith. (AR 389-92.)
On May 14, 2010, Chau filed a timely appeal with the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA"). On September 30, 2011, the BIA vacated USCIS's decision and remanded with instructions for USCIS to issue a NOID to Chau. On February 6, 2012, USCIS issued the NOID to Chau. (AR 74-79.)
On March 13, 2012, Chau responded to the NOID. (AR 67-137.) Chau's response contained arguments which are substantially similar to the arguments made in Plaintiffs' response to Defendants' motion for summary judgment. Attached to the response were (i) copies of various websites purporting to explain Vietnamese tradition and custom, including arranged marriages; (ii) e-mails substantiating that Dinh applied to two colleges in Utah for the spring of 2005; (iii) Dinh's CSN transcripts; (iv) affidavits by Dinh and Hoang; (v) Dinh's flight itinerary to Philadelphia in January 2005; and (vi) the Form I-485 that Dinh submitted on October 23, 2006. Chau did not submit any documents showing any property or financial arrangements between Dinh and Duran.
On March 20, 2012, USCIS again denied the Form I-130 Petition. (AR 38-46.) On April 17, Dinh appealed to the BIA. On September 11, 2012, the BIA adopted USCIS's opinion and dismissed the appeal. (AR 4-6.)
On October 11, 2012, Plaintiffs filed the Complaint. (Dkt. No. 1.) The defendants are (i) the United States of America; (ii) Jeh C. Johnson, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security;
Plaintiffs assert that this Court has jurisdiction under section 702 of the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), 5 U.S.C. § 702, the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361, and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended ("INA"), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101-1537. Plaintiffs seek relief pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201-2202, the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, and the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 704-706. In particular, Plaintiffs seek judicial declarations that (1) 28 U.S.C. § 1154(c) does not bar Dinh from receiving immigration benefits; (2) Dinh entered the marriage with Duran in good faith; and (3) Dinh did not seek to obtain the status of LPR based upon the marriage to Duran. Plaintiffs also request an order that USCIS re-adjudicate the operative Form I-130 Petition (relating to the Dinh-Chau marriage) and that USCIS cannot rely on 28 U.S.C. § 1154(c) to deny that petition. Finally, Plaintiffs request costs and fees under 28 U.S.C. § 2412.
Defendants challenge Dinh's standing because she is the intended beneficiary of a Form I-130 Petition rather than a petitioner. The standing inquiry involves "both constitutional limitations on federal-court jurisdiction and prudential limitations on its exercise." Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975).
A party has constitutional standing under Article III of the U.S. Constitution if she has suffered an injury-in-fact that is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant and that likely will be redressed by a favorable decision. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). The agency's denial of the I-130 petition certainly injured Dinh as she was thus prevented from adjusting her status to lawful permanent resident on the basis of being Chau's wife. The denial is obviously traceable to the agency, and this Court is capable of redressing the injury.
Prudential standing refers to a body of "judicially self-imposed limits on the exercise of federal jurisdiction," Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984), "founded in concern about the proper—and properly limited—role of the courts in a democratic society." Warth, 422 U.S. at 498. As relevant here, one of the requirements for prudential standings is that "the plaintiff generally must assert his own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties." Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Am. United for Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 474 (1982) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In other words, third-party standing is not allowed. The applicable standard is "whether the interest sought to be protected by the complainant is arguably within the zone of interest to be protected or regulated by the statute . . . in question." Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 163 (1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Courts have repeatedly held that the beneficiary of a Form I-130 Petition, such as Dinh, is within the zone of interests of 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a), which, among other things, establishes the petitioning procedure for an alien spouse to obtain classification as an "immediate relative." See, e.g., Bangura v. Hansen, 434 F.3d 487, 499 (6th Cir. 2006); Taneja v. Smith, 795 F.2d 355, 357 n.7 (4th Cir. 1986) (collecting cases); Oddo v. Reno, 17 F.Supp.2d 529, 531 (E.D. Va. 1998).
Therefore, Dinh has both constitutional and prudential standing.
Defendants contend the Court lacks jurisdiction under the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1361. (Mot. Summ. J. at 13 n.6, Dkt. No. 13.) They are correct. The Supreme Court has held that mandamus is an "extraordinary remedy" and that "petitioners must show that they lack adequate alternative means to obtain the relief they seek." Mallard v. U.S. Dist. Court for S. Dist. of Iowa, 490 U.S. 296, 309 (1989). Mandamus is unavailable here because the APA provides an alternative means of relief for Plaintiffs. Independence Min. Co., Inc. v. Babbitt, 105 F.3d 502, 507 (9th Cir. 1997); Dong v. Chertoff, 513 F.Supp.2d 1158, 1161 (N.D. Cal. 2007). As a practical matter, however, Defendants gain nothing by nixing the Mandamus Act claim because "the result and the analysis that flow from [the APA and the Mandamus Act] are the same." Dong, 513 F. Supp. 2d at 1161; Independence Min. Co., 105 F.3d at 507 ("[T]he Supreme Court has construed a claim seeking mandamus [under the Mandamus Act], in essence, as one for relief under § 706 of the APA." (citing Japan Whaling Ass'n v. Am. Cetacean Soc'y, 478 U.S. 221, 230 n.4 (1986))); Hernandez-Avalos v. I.N.S., 50 F.3d 842, 845 (10th Cir. 1995) ("A mandatory injunction issued under the APA is essentially in the nature of mandamus." (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). However, the lack of jurisdiction under the Mandamus Act does not mandate dismissal of the case because jurisdiction is afforded under the APA.
This Court has jurisdiction to review a final agency decision denying an I-130 petition on the basis of marriage fraud under the judicial review provisions of the APA. Ginters v. Frazier, 614 F.3d 822, 828-29 (8th Cir. 2010); Sheikh v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 685 F.Supp.2d 1076 (C.D. Cal. 2009). Under the APA, the Court reviews agency decisions to determine if they are "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law[.]" 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). The Court's review is limited to the administrative record that was before the agency when the agency made its decision. See Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973); Baria v. Reno, 94 F.3d 1335, 1340 (9th Cir. 1996). An agency, in reaching its decision, "must examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made." Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, the Court's scope of review is narrow; it should not substitute its judgment for the agency's. J & G Sales Ltd. v. Truscott, 473 F.3d 1043, 1051 (citing Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n, 463 U.S. at 43).
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary adjudication when "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). However, Rule 56's "material-fact" standard does not apply here because the Court's role is limited to reviewing the administrative record. Zemeka, 2013 WL 6085633 at *4, 5. The agency's role is to resolve factual issues. Id. "[T]he function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did." Cottage Health Sys. v. Sebelius, 631 F.Supp.2d 80, 89-90 (D.D.C. 2009) (emphasis supplied). Therefore, Plaintiffs' argument that numerous questions of fact preclude summary judgment is incorrect.
A U.S. citizen may petition for his spouse (the beneficiary) to be classified as an "immediate relative" by filing a Form I-130 Petition for Alien Relative. 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b)(2)(A)(i); 8 C.F.R. §§ 204.1(a)(1), 204.2(a). If granted, this classification allows the spouse to "jump the line" and immediately apply for temporary lawful permanent resident ("LPR") status by filing a Form I-485 Application to Register Permanent Resident or Adjust Status. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151(b)(2), 1255(a).
USCIS, however, cannot approve a Form I-130 Petition if the beneficiary previously entered a sham marriage to evade immigration laws. The applicable statute provides:
8 U.S.C. § 1154(c). Put more simply, "[a] marriage entered into for the purpose of evading immigration laws thus precludes a beneficiary from ever receiving `immediate relative' status from a subsequent I-130 petition." Zemeka, 2013 WL 6085633 at *4.
On behalf of the Attorney General, a USCIS district director determines whether § 1154(c) applies to any given petition. See Matter of Tawfik, 20 I. & N. Dec. 166, 168 (B.I.A. 1990). "In making that adjudication, the district director may rely on any relevant evidence having its origin in prior Service proceedings involving the beneficiary, or in court proceedings involving the prior marriage." Id. However, the district director must make an independent determination of whether the prior marriage was fraudulent based on the evidence before the district director; she may not rely solely upon a prior determination of sham marriage. Id.
To reject an I-130 Petition on these grounds, a "reasonable inference" of a prior sham marriage is insufficient; there must be "substantial and probative evidence" that the "beneficiary entered into a marriage for the primary purpose of obtaining immigration benefits." Id.; Damon v. Ashcroft, 360 F.3d 1084, 1088 (9th Cir. 2004) ("Whether Sung Hee entered into the qualifying marriage in good faith is an intrinsically fact-specific question reviewed under the substantial evidence standard."). It is not necessary that the beneficiary obtained the desired benefit. 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(ii). Under the deferential substantial evidence standard, an agency's findings may not be overturned "unless the evidence presented would compel a reasonable finder of fact to reach a contrary result." Family, Inc. v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., 469 F.3d 1313, 1315 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted, emphasis in original).
"The central question is whether the bride and groom intended to establish a life together at the time they were married." Laureano, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 2; cited with approval in Damon, 360 F.3d at 1088. "Evidence to establish intent could take many forms, including, but not limited to, proof that the beneficiary has been listed as the petitioner's spouse on insurance policies, property leases, income tax forms, or bank accounts; and testimony or other evidence regarding courtship, wedding ceremony, shared residence, and experiences." Id.; see also 8 C.F.R. § 204.2(a)(1)(i)(B) (listing similar types of documents). Evidence of post-marriage conduct is relevant, but only insofar as it sheds light on the parties' subjective intent at the time they were married. Bark v. I.N.S., 511 F.2d 1200, 1202 (9th Cir. 1975); Laureano, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 2.
The legal standard is somewhat illogical. It is not necessarily true that a marriage entered into without the intent to establish a life together was therefore entered into with the primary purpose of evading the immigration laws. See Singh v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 461 F.3d 290, 294 n.3 (2d Cir. 2006) ("[Petitioner's] failure to satisfy his burden of showing good faith is not enough to establish that his first marriage was a sham intended to evade the country's immigration laws." (emphasis in original)); Laura L. Lichter, Litigating the Denial of a Marriage—Based Immigr. Petition Part I: Creating a Strategic Record, 11-09 IMMIGR. BRIEFINGS 1 (2011) (noting the "significant conceptual distinction between the lack of evidence to carry a petitioner's burden and the presence of record materials showing an intent to defraud the government"). In an analogous criminal case addressing fraudulent marriages, the Ninth Circuit elaborated on this point:
United States v. Tagalicud, 84 F.3d 1180, 1185 (9th Cir. 1996).
The Ninth Circuit, however, in a recent opinion collapsed the two inquires. "In determining whether [the beneficiary] entered into her marriage in good faith, and not for the purpose of procuring an immigration benefit, the central question is whether she and [her former husband] intended to establish a life together at the time they were married." Damon, 360 F.3d at 1088. Likewise, the Third Circuit recently held that where substantial evidence sustained the conclusion that a couple did not intend to establish a life together, that marriage was fraudulent as contracted for the purpose of evading the immigration laws. Malik v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 659 F.3d 253, 257-58 (3d Cir. 2011); see also 3A AM. JUR. 2d Aliens & Citizens § 353 (2013) ("[O]therwise valid marriages entered into by parties not intending to live together as husband and wife are not recognized for immigration purposes.").
The result of this collapsed inquiry is not as harsh as it may seem though. The BIA has been deferential to the "myriad permutations of human relations" that may constitute a "life together." Lichter, supra, 11-08 IMMIGR. BRIEFINGS at *1 (citing Matter of Peterson, 12 I. & N. Dec. 663 (B.I.A. 1968)). In Peterson, the BIA held that a marriage was bona fide where the husband admitted marrying his immigrant spouse for the purpose of obtaining a housekeeper. Peterson, 12 I. & N. Dec. at 664.
The Ninth Circuit has taken a similarly broad stance. Agencies and courts should not impose their own subjective views of what constitutes the appropriate behavior of a married couple or "what a `real' marriage is." Damon, 360 F.3d at 1089.
Bark, 511 F.2d at 1202. The proper analytical focus is on the objective evidence of the parties' subjective intent to establish a life together at the time of marriage. Damon, 360 F.3d at 1089 ("An immigration judge's personal conjecture cannot be substituted for objective and substantial evidence." (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
The Government has the burden of providing substantial and probative evidence that the prior marriage was a sham. Matter of Kahy, 19 I. & N. Dec. 803, 806 (B.I.A. 1988) ("[W]here there is evidence in the record to indicate that the beneficiary has been an active participant in a marriage fraud conspiracy, the burden shifts to the petitioner to establish that the beneficiary did not seek nonquota or preference status based on a prior fraudulent marriage."); Laureano, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 2; SARAH B. IGNATIUS & ELISABETH S. STICKNEY, IMMIGR. LAW & FAMILY § 12:11 (2013); see Smolniakova, 422 F.3d at 1041. Although the lead BIA case, Kahy, states that the burden shifts to the petitioner upon the Government's provision of "evidence," not just any amount of evidence places the burden on the petitioner. If it did, then an amount less than "substantial" could ultimately be sufficient for the Government to prevail. The proper measure of the evidence necessary to shift the burden is "substantial evidence." See Abufayad v. Holder, 632 F.3d 623, 631 (holding "that the BIA's determination that the Government met its burden of introducing `some evidence' of Abufayad's inadmissibility [was] supported by substantial evidence"); Zemeka, 2013 WL 6085633 at *6 (holding that "substantial evidence" supported placing the burden on the petitioner to establish the bona fides of his prior marriage).
If USCIS discovers substantial evidence related to marriage fraud, it must issue a NOID to the petitioner. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(iv). "The NOID informs the petitioner of `the derogatory information' in question and affords him the `opportunity to rebut the information and present information in his/her own behalf before the decision is rendered.'" Zemeka, 2013 WL 6085633 at *5 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(8)(iv), (b)(16)(i)). "Upon receiving the NOID, the burden shifts to the petitioner to rebut USCIS's finding of fraud and establish that a prior marriage was not `entered into for the purpose of evading immigration laws.'" Id. (quoting Kahy, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 805 n.2). Of course the burden shifts to the petitioner only if the determination of fraud underlying the NOID is based on substantial evidence. See Kahy, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 806.
In sum, the essential question is whether, as a matter of law, substantial and probative evidence in the record supports the agency's finding that Dinh did not intend to establish a life together with Duran at the time of their marriage. Although the agency may find that a marriage is fraudulent based on either party's lack of bona fide intent and therefore deny an I-130 Petition, the denial of a subsequent I-130 Petition for a prior fraudulent marriage must rely on the beneficiary's (Dinh's) intent to evade immigration laws in that prior marriage rather than the prior petitioner's (Duran's) intentions. In other words, there is no transferred intent from one spouse to another that carries forward to a subsequent I-130 Petition. See Kahy, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 806. However, depending on circumstance, the prior petitioner's (Duran's) intent to evade immigration laws may be evidence of the beneficiary's (Dinh's) same intent.
Because the BIA's opinion expressly adopts and supplements USCIS's decision, the Court reviews both. Salazar-Paucar v. I.N.S., 281 F.3d 1069, 1073 (9th Cir. 2002) ("When the BIA conducts a de novo review of the IJ's decision, as here, we review the BIA's decision rather than the IJ's, except to the extent that the BIA expressly adopts the IJ's ruling.").
Plaintiffs contend that § 1154(c) is inapplicable because Dinh did not seek "to be accorded" immediate relative status as Duran's wife. Although Dinh admits she signed the Form I-485 Application, she avers that she did not date that form and that, one month after the marriage and several months before the Form I-485 was submitted to USCIS, she instructed her mother to tell Hoa and Duran not to file the immigration forms. Dinh also argues that because the Form I-485 was "rejected" rather than "accepted" or adjudicated, she did not seek "to be accorded" immediate relative status.
Defendants argue that Dinh "sought to be accorded" immigration benefits because she signed the Form I-485 and that Form was then submitted to USCIS (albeit several months later).
The Court is unaware of any precedent interpreting the phrase "sought to be accorded." There is evidence in the record that, as of about one month after the wedding, Dinh communicated her desire that the immigration papers not be filed. (Dinh Aff. ¶ 17, AR 119.) However, she knowingly and voluntarily signed the Form I-485 immediately after the wedding, and she delegated the form's filing to Hoa or Duran. The Court must infer that Dinh intended the form to be filed, at least during the one month before she instructed her mother to tell Hoa not to file the form, and therefore she "sought to be accorded . . . preference status as the spouse of a citizen of the United States." A signature alone may not be enough to establish that a person "sought to be accorded" preference status, but signing the form and doing nothing to prevent the filing from occurring for one month is.
Section 1154(c) is not inapplicable on this ground. Dinh "sought to be accorded" immediate relative status as Duran's spouse.
Dinh argues that her communication to her mother that she did not want to marry Duran and not to file the immigration papers amounted to a withdrawal from the conspiracy. This is presumably a reaction to the second part of § 1154(c), which provides that a Form I-130 Petition must be denied if "the alien has attempted or conspired to enter into a marriage for the purpose of evading the immigration laws." However, neither the USCIS decision nor the BIA affirmance held that Dinh conspired in this manner, nor is there any evidence in the record of a conspiracy. The Court assumes that Dinh is not admitting to this type of conspiracy in order to establish that she withdrew from it. Because conspiracy is not at issue, this argument is irrelevant.
On March 20, 2012, USCIS found that the Dinh-Duran marriage was fraudulent. (AR 38-46.) Of note, the agency considered (i) affidavits by Dinh and Hoang (Dinh's mother); (ii) briefings submitted by Plaintiffs' current counsel, Mr. Xavier Gonzales; (iv) briefings by Plaintiffs' former counsel, Ms. Silvia L. Esparza; and (v) documents submitted by Plaintiffs which purport to document Vietnam and Vietnamese culture, including arranged marriages. USCIS's finding was based on the following evidence in the record:
The BIA adopted USCIS's decision and made the following additional points:
On appeal to this Court, Plaintiffs argue there is not substantial and probative evidence in the record that Dinh intended a sham marriage with Duran. Moreover, they argue USCIS and the BIA misinterpreted the record evidence and ignored various facts which militate in Dinh's favor. In particular, Plaintiffs highlight the following:
As noted above, the Court's role is not to assess the affiants' credibility or to weigh the evidence. The review is more holistic: is there "substantial and probative evidence" in the record that Dinh did not intend to establish a life with Duran at the time they were married.
The Agency
Although the Agency was free to weigh this evidence as it saw fit, the Court cannot "reasonably discern" the "[A]gency's path" from the smattering of inconsistent evidence about arranged marriages in the Vietnamese culture to the finding that Dinh's marriage to Duran did not constitute a culturally acceptable arranged marriage. Nw. Motorcycle Ass'n v. U.S. Dep't of Agriculture, 18 F.3d 1468, 1478 (9th Cir. 1994) ("A court may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency's action that the agency itself has not given. However, a court can uphold an agency decision of less than ideal clarity if the agency's path may reasonably be discerned." (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). In the absence of a reasoned basis to selectively rely on one portion of the conflicting evidence about arranged marriages, it appears the Agency inappropriately imposed its own subjective views of what a culturally proper arranged marriage should look like. See Damon, 360 F.3d at 1089; Bark, 511 F.2d at 1201-02.
Even viewed collectively, the remainder of the evidence relied upon by the agency is not "substantial and probative." Duran's guilty plea cannot be imputed to prove Dinh's intent. Just because USCIS had never seen a one-sided fraudulent marriage scheme where the alien is the unknowing party does not mean they do not exist. The Indictment against Hoa alleges a conspiracy in which U.S. citizens were paid between $500 and $10,000 to marry Vietnamese nationals by marriage arrangers, who were paid approximately $30,000 by each Vietnamese national. (AR 324-27.) This scheme did not appear to depend on the Vietnamese nationals obtaining any immigration benefit. The arrangers and the U.S. citizens apparently obtained huge sums for the effort of recruiting Vietnamese nationals and making sure that a marriage occurred. What transpired after the marriages seems immaterial to the U.S. citizens and the arrangers. Whether or not the charges in the Indictment are true, this alleged conspiracy shows that a one-sided fraudulent marriage with an unknowing alien participant could occur.
There is evidence in the record that Dinh applied to two colleges in Utah, although these applications preceded the Duran marriage. Therefore, Dinh did not make plans to attend college in Utah so that she could establish a married life with Duran. Dinh averred that she "always had the intention to establish a married life with whomever my mother chose for me to marry." (Dinh Aff. ¶ 7, AR 258.) This appears consistent with the Vietnamese custom of accepting a parent's choice of spouse, and does not necessarily prove that Dinh did not intend to establish a married life with Duran. It also seems consistent with the $12,000 payment to arrange the Prince marriage and the nearly immediate arrangement to marry Duran once the Prince marriage failed. (See Dinh Aff., AR 126-27.) The $12,000 fee appears to have been for the arrangement of a marriage for Dinh, even if it took several spouses to find the "right" spouse. (See id.)
Cutting against Dinh is that there is no documentation of joint property or financial arrangements with Duran, and no evidence that any friends or colleagues attended the wedding. On the other hand, it seems quite natural that few, if any, of Dinh's friends or coworkers could attend a hastily-organized wedding in another state. It is also unclear why she did not take more affirmative steps to communicate with Duran (possibly in person, by traveling to Utah) in January 2005 when he would not return her phone calls. These facts support a reasonable inference, but nothing more, that the marriage was a sham.
It seems true, as the agency concluded, that four months is sufficient time to decide not to move forward with the filing of immigration papers. And toward the beginning of these four months Dinh decided just that—she instructed that the immigration forms not be filed. Her divorce from Duran while the immigration forms were pending with USCIS is an objective indication that she did not marry Duran with the primary purpose of evading the immigration laws. See Tawfik, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 169 ("[W]hile the petition filed by the beneficiary's first United States citizen wife was still pending . . ., the beneficiary divorced that wife, without knowledge as to what the outcome of the petition might be. . . . [H]is divorce, prior to a decision on the petition which may have been to his favor, tends to reflect the bona fide nature of the marriage that he chose to terminate.").
Dinh's lack of knowledge that the immigration forms were filed also supports Plaintiffs' position. In Kahy, the BIA dismissed an appeal of the denial of a Form I-130 Petition in part because "the petitioner ha[d] submitted no evidence that the visa petition was filed without the knowledge or approval of the beneficiary." 19 I. & N. Dec. at 807. Here, there is evidence in the record (Dinh's affidavit) that Dinh was unaware that the forms were filed. If Dinh had married Duran with the primary purpose of evading the immigration laws, it seems she would have proactively followed up to ensure the immigration forms were filed; she likely would not have allowed Duran to sit on them for four months before filing them. Also, it seems she would not have sought a divorce from Duran as it could have raised red flags within USCIS. Further, it seems she would not have knowingly lied on her October 23, 2006 Form I-485 (in relation to the Dinh-Chau marriage) by indicating that she had never before applied for LPR status if she were aware of the filing of the Dinh-Duran immigration forms, which included a Form I-485. (AR 134.)
The Agency also points to Dinh's failure to provide a reasonable explanation as to why someone other than her would be motivated to submit and pay for applications on her behalf. Because there was not substantial and probative evidence that the Duran marriage was a fraud, the burden of proof did not shift to Dinh. Thus, her lack of rebuttal evidence is of no moment.
The Court agrees that self-serving affidavits are suspect, especially when there is no supporting documentation. But all affidavits are self-serving to some extent; if not, they would have no evidentiary value for the affiants. S.E.C. v. Phan, 500 F.3d 895, 909 (9th Cir. 2007). And here, there is objective evidence that (i) Dinh intended to return to Utah to study, albeit with whomever she ended up marrying there; (ii) she divorced Duran before USCIS ruled on her immigration applications; (iii) she did not need an immediate change of immigration status, although the Court understands that obtaining LPR status is of enormous long-term benefit even if one is not in imminent need of a change in status; and (iv) she indicated in her application for LPR status following the Chau marriage that she had never before applied for LPR status.
Several reasonable inferences could be drawn from the record evidence. However, reasonable inferences do not amount to "substantial and probative evidence." Tawfik, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 168. Based on the evidence in the record as to Dinh's intentions, a reasonable factfinder would be compelled to find that Dinh intended to establish a life with Duran at the time they were married, even if that life was motivated by short-term financial gain and did not align with the traditional notion of marriage for romantic purposes. See Tagalicud, 84 F.3d at 1185; Peterson, 12 I. & N. Dec. at 664.
Accordingly, section 1154(c) does not bar the approval of the Form I-130 Petition that Chau filed on Dinh's behalf.
In accord with the above, the Court hereby ORDERS:
